Whiskey-class submarine
 S-189 preserved and on display as a museum boat in Saint Petersburg.
| |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Operators | See operators |
| Preceded by | S class |
| Succeeded by |
|
| Built |
|
| Completed | 236 (215 in the USSR + 21 in China) |
| Preserved | 2 |
| General characteristics (Project 613) | |
| Type | Diesel-electric attack submarine |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | 76 m (249 ft 4 in) |
| Beam | 6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) to 6.5 m (21 ft 4 in) |
| Draft | 4.55 m (14 ft 11 in) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed |
|
| Range |
|
| Endurance | Submerged: 166 h |
| Complement | 52 |
| Armament |
|
Whiskey-class submarines (known in the Soviet Union as Projects 613, 640, 644, and 665) are a class of diesel-electric attack submarines that the Soviet Union built in the early Cold War period.
Design
[edit]
The initial design was developed in the early 1940s as a sea-going follow-on to the S-class submarine. As a result of war experience and the capture of German technology at the end of the war, the Soviet Union issued a new design requirement in 1946. The revised design was developed by the Lazurit Design Bureau based in Gorkiy. Like most conventional submarines designed between 1946 and 1960, the design was heavily influenced by the World War II German Type XXI U-boat.[1]
Patrol variants
[edit]Between 1949 and 1958 a total of 236 of an envisaged 340[2] submarines of this type were commissioned into the Soviet Navy. The vessels were initially designed as coastal patrol submarines. These patrol variants are known in the west as Whiskey I, II, III, IV, and V and were called Project 613 in the Soviet Union.
- Whiskey I − twin 25 mm (1.0 in) guns mounted on the conning tower[3]
- Whiskey II − twin 57 mm (2.2 in) guns and twin 25 mm guns[3]
- Whiskey III − guns removed[3]
- Whiskey IV − 25 mm guns and fitted with a snorkel[3]
- Whiskey V − no guns - streamlined conning tower and snorkel, most Whiskey-class were modified to this variant[3]
Missile variants
[edit]
In the 1950s and 1960s, some Whiskey submarines were converted to guided missile submarines, with the capability to fire one to four SS-N-3 Shaddock cruise missiles. In 1956, the first prototype was ready. It was a regular Whiskey class modified with a launch tube aft of the sail containing a single SS-N-3c. This vessel was known in the West as Whiskey Single Cylinder. Between 1958 and 1960, six additional Whiskey-class submarines were converted to carry guided missiles. These boats had two missile tubes behind the sail, and were known in the west as the Whiskey Twin Cylinder, and Project 644 boats by the Soviets.[4]
Between 1960 and 1963, six boats received an extended sail that could contain four Shaddock missiles. These were called Whiskey Long Bin in the West and Project 665 in the Soviet Union.[4] All guided missile variants of the Whiskey class carried the P-5/ NATO SS-N-3c Shaddock land-attack missile, and had to surface in order to fire their missiles. The boats of the single and twin cylinder class also had to raise their missile tubes, which were normally positioned horizontally.
The "Long Bin" boats did not handle well, with the launch tubes causing stability problems, and water flow around the missile fittings was very noisy.[5] All were soon retired from service. Some were converted to Project 640 radar picket boats (called Whiskey Canvas Bag in the West).[6] While others were converted for intelligence-gathering missions.[3] In the Soviet Navy, the patrol variants of this class were replaced by the Romeo class. The guided missile variants were replaced by the Juliett class.
Production programme
[edit]
The Soviet Union built a total of 236 or 215 Whiskeys (sources vary; it appears the initial 21 Chinese-built boats are often included with the Soviet boats). Vice Admiral Burov, head of the Soviet Defense Ministry's Shipbuilding Institute from 1969 to 1983, confirms 215 units built.[4]
| Year | Gorkiy | Nikolayev | Baltic | Komsomolsk | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
| 1952 | 4 | 5 | – | – | 9 |
| 1953 | 19 | 11 | – | – | 30 |
| 1954 | 29 | 14 | – | 1 | 44 |
| 1955 | 37 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 67 |
| 1956 | 26 | 15 | 4 | 4 | 49 |
| 1957 | – | 9 | 3 | 2 | 14 |
| 1958 | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
| Total | 116 | 72 | 16 | 11 | 215 |
Operators
[edit]The Whiskey-class had a long service life, with 45 still on the active list of the Soviet Navy in 1982. All Whiskey-class submarines are now decommissioned.[3][a]
Albania − 4 vessels were left behind by the Soviets in 1964 following their expulsion from the country.[8] Only two were operational in 1991.[9] Three were sold as scrap metal while as of 2022, the Albanian government was considering converting the remaining submarine into a museum ship[10]
Bulgaria − 2[3]
China − 26 vessels, 21 of which were built locally with Soviet-supplied parts as the Type 03[3]
Egypt − 7[3]
Indonesia − 14[3]
North Korea − 4 vessels,[3] remained in the Korean People's Army Navy inventory as late as 2004[7]
Poland − 4[3]
Soviet Union − 20 were still in active service in 1991[11]
Incidents involving Whiskey-class submarines
[edit]- On 27 January 1961, S-80 was lost due to accidental flooding while the boat was submerged. The valve that should have prevented water from entering the snorkel did not work properly.[citation needed]
- In 1964, when Enver Hoxha decided to expel all Soviet personnel from Albania, four submarines were sabotaged by their former crews before being abandoned.[b] They were later repaired by Chinese technicians and returned to service.[8]
- On 24 November 1972, the Kobben-class submarine HNoMS Sklinna of the Royal Norwegian Navy had "contact" with what they presumed was a Whiskey-class submarine, after 14 days of "hunt" in Sognefjord. Military documents released in 2009 confirmed this episode.[13]
- On 21 October 1981, S-178 was run down by the merchant vessel Refrizherator-13 in Golden Horn Bay, Vladivostok.[citation needed]
- On 27 October 1981, S-363 ran aground in Swedish territorial waters near the Karlskrona naval base.[14]
- On 19 June 1984, a Whiskey-class submarine was caught in a fishing-net and surfaced within the Norwegian exclusive economic zone (EEZ).[15]
- On 14 December 1989 a decommissioned Whiskey-class submarine under tow for scrapping in Nakskov was sunk 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Bornholm. Attempts to raise it in 1991 failed and it sunk nearby in deeper water.[16]
- On 5 February 2007, the decommissioned S-194 took on water and sank off the coast of Denmark while being towed to become part of a naval museum.[17]
- In 2009 a previously unknown and unidentified sunken Whiskey-class submarine was discovered within Sweden's EEZ close to the island of Gotland. It was a decommissioned submarine which sank while under tow to be scrapped in Denmark. News of the discovery was not made public until March 2011.[18][19]
Surviving examples
[edit]S-189 is preserved as a museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. KRI Pasopati (ex-S-290) is preserved in Surabaya, Indonesia.[20] As of 2022[update], Albania's #105 existed at Pasha Liman Base in south Albania, though it was deteriorating.[21]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ross and Bishop make a possible exception for North Korea. According to the IISS, 4 Whiskey-class submarines remained in North Korean inventories until 2004 (listed as possibly unserviceable).[7]
- ^ According to the Military Review, one Whiskey-class was damaged beyond repair and scrapped, a claim that's contradicted by other sources, such as the The Statesman's Year-Book.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ Friedman, pp. 396–397
- ^ Kuzin, V.P.; Nikolskiy V.I. Voyenno-morskoy Flot SSSR 1945-1991. Istoricheskoye Morskoye Obshchestvo, Sankt Peterburg, 1996
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ross & Bishop 2016, p. 298.
- ^ a b c Burov, V.N. Otechestvennoye Voyennoye Korablestroyeniye v Tretem Stoletii Svoyey Istorii, Sudostroyeniye, Sankt Peterburg, 1995. 5-7355-0508-4
- ^ Weir and Boyle 2003
- ^ a b IISS 2004, p. 178.
- ^ a b Garland 1964, p. 106.
- ^ Zickel, Iwaskiw & Keefe 1992, p. 223.
- ^ Semini, Llazar (26 May 2022). "Albania offers ex-Soviet built naval base to NATO". AP News. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- ^ IISS 1991, p. 39.
- ^ Paxton 2016, p. 733.
- ^ [1][dead link] Aftenposten (Norwegian Language) (including pictures)
- ^ "Military search reminiscent of Sweden's Cold War days". Sverige Radio. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ Bogen, Øystein; Aune, Aage; Dale, Kjetil H. (21 October 2014). "Skipperen Onar (68) fikk denne russiske ubåten i trålen". TV2.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2020-04-05.
- ^ "Russisk U-båd". vragguiden.dk. Retrieved 19 August 2024.[unreliable source?]
- ^ Dansk Dykkerservice ApS (Danish Language) Archived 2008-09-25 at the Wayback Machine (including pictures)
- ^ "Flere ubåde sank i Sverige". jp.dk. Archived from the original on 2011-04-06. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
- ^ "Sjunken ubåt hittad söder om Gotland" (in Swedish). Forsvarsmakten. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
- ^ "History of KRI Pasopati 410 at the Surabaya Submarine Monument". www.daerahkita.com. 20 June 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- ^ "Refused to sink, Albania's Soviet-era submarine awaits its fate". Daily Sabah. Agence France-Presse. 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
Bibliography
[edit]- Friedman, Norman (1995). "Soviet Union 1947–1991: Russian Federation and Successor States 1991–". In Chumbley, Stephen (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 337–426. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
- Garland, Lt. Col. Albert N, ed. (August 1964). "Military Notes". Military Review. 44 (8). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College: 99–106. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- Hampshire, Edward (2018). Soviet Cruise Missile Submarines of the Cold War. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-47282-499-8.
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (1991). The Military Balance: 1991-1992. Brassey's. ISBN 978-0-08-041324-2.
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (January 2004). "East Asia and Australasia". The Military Balance. 104 (1): 161–193. doi:10.1080/725292368. ISSN 0459-7222. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- Paxton, John, ed. (2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1973-74: The Encyclopaedia for the Businessman-of-the-World. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-27102-9.
- Pavlov, A. S. (1997). Warships of the USSR and Russia 1945–1995. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-671-X.
- Polmar, Norman & Moore, Kenneth J. (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Washington, D. C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
- Polmar, Norman & Noot, Jurrien (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718–1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-570-1.
- Vilches Alarcón, Alejandro A. (2022). From Juliettes to Yasens: Development and Operational History of Soviet Cruise-Missile Submarines. Europe @ War (22). Warwick, UK: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-915070-68-5.
- Ross, David; Bishop, Chris (2016). Submarines: WWI to the Present. Book Sales. ISBN 978-0-7858-3446-5.
- Understanding Soviet Naval Developments. Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Department of the Navy. 1985. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- Weir, Gary E., and Boyle, Walter J. Rising Tide: The Untold Story of the Russian Submarines That Fought the Cold War Basic Books, 2003.
- Zickel, Raymond E.; Iwaskiw, Walter R.; Keefe, Eugene K. (1992). Albania: a country study (PDF). Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Breemer, Jan S. (1989). Soviet Submarines: Design, Development and Tactics. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group. ISBN 0710605269.
- Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław, eds. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
External links
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