Weinstein's neighbourhood theorem
In symplectic geometry, a branch of mathematics, Weinstein's neighbourhood theorem refers to a few distinct but related theorems, involving the neighbourhoods of submanifolds in symplectic manifolds and generalising the classical Darboux's theorem.[1] They were proved by Alan Weinstein in 1971.[2]
Darboux-Moser-Weinstein theorem
[edit]This statement is a direct generalisation of Darboux's theorem, which is recovered by taking a point as .[1][2]
Let be a smooth manifold of dimension , and and two symplectic forms on . Consider a compact submanifold such that . Then there exist
- two open neighbourhoods and of in ;
- a diffeomorphism ;
such that and .
Its proof employs Moser's trick.[3][4]
Generalisation: equivariant Darboux theorem
[edit]The statement (and the proof) of Darboux-Moser-Weinstein theorem can be generalised in presence of a symplectic action of a Lie group.[2]
Let be a smooth manifold of dimension , and and two symplectic forms on . Let also be a compact Lie group acting on and leaving both and invariant. Consider a compact and -invariant submanifold such that . Then there exist
- two open -invariant neighbourhoods and of in ;
- a -equivariant diffeomorphism ;
such that and .
In particular, taking again as a point, one obtains an equivariant version of the classical Darboux theorem.
Weinstein's Lagrangian neighbourhood theorem
[edit]Let be a smooth manifold of dimension , and and two symplectic forms on . Consider a compact submanifold of dimension which is a Lagrangian submanifold of both and , i.e. . Then there exist
- two open neighbourhoods and of in ;
- a diffeomorphism ;
such that and .
This statement is proved using the Darboux-Moser-Weinstein theorem, taking a Lagrangian submanifold, together with a version of the Whitney Extension Theorem for smooth manifolds.[1]
Generalisation: Coisotropic Embedding Theorem
[edit]Weinstein's result can be generalised by weakening the assumption that is Lagrangian.[5][6]
Let be a smooth manifold of dimension , and and two symplectic forms on . Consider a compact submanifold of dimension which is a coisotropic submanifold of both and , and such that . Then there exist
- two open neighbourhoods and of in ;
- a diffeomorphism ;
such that and .
Weinstein's tubular neighbourhood theorem
[edit]While Darboux's theorem identifies locally a symplectic manifold with , Weinstein's theorem identifies locally a Lagrangian with the zero section of . More precisely
Let be a symplectic manifold and a Lagrangian submanifold. Then there exist
- an open neighbourhood of in ;
- an open neighbourhood of the zero section in the cotangent bundle ;
- a symplectomorphism ;
such that sends to .
Proof
[edit]This statement relies on the Weinstein's Lagrangian neighbourhood theorem, as well as on the standard tubular neighbourhood theorem.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Cannas Silva, Ana (2008). Lectures on Symplectic Geometry. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45330-7. ISBN 978-3-540-42195-5.
- ^ a b c Weinstein, Alan (1971-06-01). "Symplectic manifolds and their lagrangian submanifolds". Advances in Mathematics. 6 (3): 329–346. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(71)90020-X. ISSN 0001-8708.
- ^ Moser, Jürgen (1965). "On the volume elements on a manifold". Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 120 (2): 286–294. doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1965-0182927-5. ISSN 0002-9947.
- ^ McDuff, Dusa; Salamon, Dietmar (2017-06-22). Introduction to Symplectic Topology. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198794899.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-879489-9.
- ^ Gotay, Mark J. (1982). "On coisotropic imbeddings of presymplectic manifolds". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 84 (1): 111–114. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1982-0633290-X. ISSN 0002-9939.
- ^ Weinstein, Alan (1981-01-01). "Neighborhood classification of isotropic embeddings". Journal of Differential Geometry. 16 (1). doi:10.4310/jdg/1214435995. ISSN 0022-040X.