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Wajid Ali Khan Burki

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Lieutenant General
Wajid Ali Khan Burki
CBE FCPS FRCP FRCPE FRCPGlas
واجد علی خان برکی
Portrait, c. 1962
Founding President
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan
In office
1962 – 17 January 1989
Ambassador of Pakistan to Scandinavia
In office
21 October 1963 – 1966
Director General Medical Services
Pakistan Armed Forces
In office
27 September 1954 – 29 October 1958
Preceded byLt. Gen. Shaikh Mohamed Afzal Faruki
Succeeded byLt. Gen. M. N. Mahmood
Special Assistant to President Ayub Khan
In office
9 June 1962 – 19 October 1963
Federal Minister of Education & Scientific Research, Kashmir Affairs & Minority Affairs
In office
2 March 1962 – 7 June 1962
Minister for Health, Labour and Social Welfare
In office
17 February 1960 – 7 June 1962
Succeeded byAbdul Monem Khan
Minister for Health, Social Welfare, and Village Aid
In office
28 October 1958 – 17 February 1960
President Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan
In office
19 December 1957 – 20 February 1959
Personal details
Born(1900-10-28)28 October 1900
Jullundur, Punjab, British India
Died17 January 1989(1989-01-17) (aged 88)
Pakistan
Cause of deathLung cancer
Spouse
Iqbal Bano
​
(m. 1935)​
Children5, (including Javed Burki & Jamshed Burki)
RelativesBaqa Jilani (cousin)
Humayun Zaman (cousin)
Jahangir Khan (cousin)
Ahmed Raza (cousin & brother-in-law)
Majid Khan (nephew)
Imran Khan (nephew)
Bilal Omer Khan (nephew)
Asad Jahangir (nephew)
Ijaz Khan (nephew)
EducationGovernment School, Jullundur
Forman Christian School, Jullundur
Government College Lahore (FSc)
University of St. Andrews (MB ChB) (M.D.) (LL.D, Hon)
Moorfields Eye Hospital (DOMS)
RAMC Centre Mill Hill
Punjab University (LL.D, Hon)
University of Maryland, Baltimore (LL.D, Hon)
Known forFounder of Armed Forces Pathological Laboratory
Founder of AFPGMI
Founder of National Health Laboratories
Founder of Army Dental School
Founder of CPSP
Founder of PM&DC
Founder of PHRC
Co-Founder of Islamabad
Introducing Jersey cattle to Pakistan
Setting up the first Wage Board for journalists in Pakistan[1]
Nickname(s)W. A. Burki
W.A.K. Burki
Wajid Ali Khan
General Burki[2]
Military service
Branch/service British Indian Army
 Pakistan Army
Years of service1926-66
Rank Lieutenant General
UnitIndian Medical Service (1926-47)
Pakistan Army Medical Corps (1947-66)
Commands
[4]
Battles/wars
Awards(2) Mentioned in despatches
MBE (1942)
CBE (1945)
Medallion of Deucalion (1956)[b][5]
Nishan-e-Humayun of Iran (1960)
Service numberMZ.3816 (1926-47)[3]
PA100002 (1947-66)

Wajid Ali Khan Burki (Urdu: واجد علی خان برکی; 28 October 1900 – 17 January 1989) known as the Father of Medical Services in Pakistan, was both a distinguished ophthalmologist widely recognized as an expert in the field of eye care, doctor, agriculturist, diplomat, and author who was a three-star rank general of the Pakistan Army Medical Corps. He left a lasting legacy as the founder of the Armed Forces Pathological Laboratory, AFPGMI, Founding Chairman of the PM&DC, CPSP, and the National Health Laboratories. Wajid had a reputation for the very competent management of the Pakistan Army Medical Corps. Furthermore, he was elected as the first president of the Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan in 1957 and played a key role in co-founding Islamabad, the new capital city.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Wajid was further known for introducing Jersey cattle to Pakistan, setting up the first Wage Board for journalists in Pakistan earning him praise from them for considering their wellbeing, setting up a hospital for workers, and as a strong advocate for labourers rights, he prescribed 'shock treatment' for mill owners in order to make them treat their workers better.[15][1]

His career began in the British IMS in 1926, after two decades of service, Roy Bucher appointed him to a committee tasked with organizing and integrating army medical services into a single corps.[6] With the advent of World War II, Wajid was given command of a field ambulance in the 5th Indian Division participating in the East African campaign and served as the acting assistant director medical services of the division in the Western Desert campaign. For his distinguished services, he was awarded the MBE and assumed the role of assistant director medical services for the 7th Indian Infantry Division during the Burma campaign. In this capacity, he played a crucial role in controlling the incidence of malaria and other infectious diseases among British and Indian soldiers. Wajid was twice mentioned in despatches, first during the Abyssinian campaign and then for his participation in the Battle of the Admin Box; he also took part in the Battle of Imphal and Battle of Kohima. His exceptional contributions led to the award of the CBE for distinguished services.[16]

After the Independence of Pakistan, Wajid was appointed Deputy Director General Medical Services of the Pakistan Armed Forces. In 1954, he was promoted to Lieutenant General and Director General, served as the first Surgeon General of the Pakistan Armed Forces, and was the Colonel Commandant of the Pakistan Army Medical Corps. Recognized for his adept management, he was appointed as the Minister for Health and Social Welfare in the first cabinet of President Ayub Khan. In this role, he established the rural health scheme that persists today and implemented various public health initiatives, including village dispensaries, malaria and smallpox eradication, tuberculosis control, and the establishment of eye camps.[17][18][19]

In instances of President Ayub Khan's overseas visits, Wajid assumed the role of acting President of Pakistan on multiple occasions. Notably, during Premier Nikita Khrushchev's claim in May 1960 that an American aircraft flew from Peshawar Air Station over Soviet territory for a photographic mission, Wajid, as acting President, convened an emergency meeting and denied Khrushchev's claim. In Ayub's second cabinet, he served in several key ministerial roles, allowing many Pakistani workers to move to Britain in the 1960s and forcefully negotiating with the British government to enable free immigration. This not only benefited the Pakistani economy but also set the stage for increased immigration of Pakistanis to the Middle East. Additionally, he introduced new labor laws and created Pakistan's second labor policy.[20][21][22][23]

During the Bradford smallpox outbreak of 1962, Wajid cracked down on poor vaccination and isolation practices in Karachi. He criticized the British Government for solely blaming and singling out Pakistani immigrants for the outbreak when India also had nearly identical levels of smallpox and why the Brits didn't hold Indians to the same standard. Wajid consistently raised this issue during meetings with British representatives in Pakistan, expressing his dismay over the physical assaults endured by Pakistani immigrants at the hands of British individuals, alongside the slander propagated by the British press against Pakistanis. He vehemently argued that "much of the anti-Pakistan agitation in Britain was due to fear of unemployment amongst British workpeople, and consequent resentment towards Pakistanis."[24] He was considered a friend of Field Marshal Ayub Khan, with Ayub writing in his diary that Wajid would come to visit him while he was ill.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

He held various distinguished roles, including serving as Vice Prime Minister and Vice President of Pakistan.[36][37][38]

Early life and education

[edit]

Wajid Ali Khan was born in Basti Baba Khel, Jullundur, Punjab, British India on 28 October 1900, in a Sunni Muslim Ormur family to his father Khan of Baba Khel, Jehan Khan Burki, a landowner. He had four younger brothers, youngest Abdul Shaafi Khan Burki (1916-1969) was a champion of pole vault and led the All India team to the British Empire Games in 1934.[6][39]

He received his early education at Government School Jullundur and Forman Christian School Jullundur (1906–16), Government College Lahore (1916-19) and then went to the United Kingdom to study medicine at the University of St. Andrews (1919–24).[16][6][40] After graduation, Wajid began working as junior clinical assistant at the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital from 1924 to March 1925 and then as a senior clinical assistant.[6]

Wajid received his M.D. degree from University of St Andrews in 1926 and joined the Indian Medical Service. He worked in military hospitals at Jullundur, Bakloh, Quetta, and from 1928 to 1932 in Karachi. After returning to the UK for further studies in medicine, obtained his DOMS degree in ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital in 1932, having trained under John Herbert Parsons and publishing three papers on exophthalmia and microphthalmia. He was then appointed as an eye specialist at the British Indian Military Hospital in Meerut.[6][16][41][42][43][44]

Personal life and hobbies

[edit]

Wajid married Iqbal Bano Khanum, a Pashtun, in 1935 and they had five children, three sons Javed Burki, Jamshed Burki, Dr. Nausherwan K. Burki and twin daughters.[6]

He was known for his strict discipline and meticulous attention to detail. Courteous in manner, he commanded total and willing obedience from those under his leadership. In retirement, he resided in Rawalpindi, reminiscing about the old days. Despite his country gentleman demeanor, he enjoyed engaging in activities like shooting and fishing. Described as an amiable and jovial person, he was frank, forthright, and outspoken. His colleagues write that "maintaining popularity with him required constant alertness and being on one's toes." He shared a wealth of fishermen tales and also contributed to cattle breeding, introducing the Jersey strain to Pakistan. Burki had a keen interest in horses and held the positions of chairman at the Rawalpindi Race Club and steward at the Jockey Club in Pakistan.[16][42]

British Indian Army career

[edit]
Wajid's military portrait

Standing at 6 feet tall, Wajid was commissioned into the Indian Medical Service of the British Indian Army in 1926, ranking as top officer among the only four officers selected from a field of over sixty foreign qualified candidates.[45]

During WWII, his military career advanced significantly. He was promoted to Lt Colonel and tasked with leading a field ambulance in the 5th Infantry Division (India) during the East African campaign from 1940-41. He served as the acting Assistant Director of Medical Services of the division in the Western Desert campaign from 1941-42. In recognition of his outstanding services, he was awarded the MBE, promoted to full colonel in 1942, and took on the role of assistant director medical services of the 7th Indian Infantry Division in the Burma campaign. Here, he played a crucial role in controlling malaria and other diseases among British and Indian soldiers. He was twice mentioned in despatches, for participating in the Abyssinian campaign and Battle of the Admin Box. Wajid also took part in the Battle of Imphal and Battle of Kohima and earned the CBE for distinguished services.[45]

In April 1945, Colonel Wajid was selected as Commandant I.A.M.C No. 2 Centre (North) at Lucknow.[46]

Pakistan army career

[edit]
General Burki and General Azam taking oath as Ministers in President Ayub Khan's first cabinet (1958)
General Burki, M. Shoaib, Governor State Bank Abdul Qadir, IG Police Fareed Khan, General Azam, listening to President Ayub Khan addressing guests at the foundation stone laying ceremony of the North Karachi Township (1959)

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, S.M.A. Faruki and Burki were the two most senior medical officers. They were assigned special numbers, with PA100001 going to Faruki and PA100002 to Burki.[47]

Wajid became the first deputy director of the Army Medical Corps and was approved as Major General before partition but promoted in 1951.[6] On 27 September 1954, he was promoted to Lieutenant General and succeeded Lieut-Gen S.M.A. Faruki as the Director General of the Armed Forces Medical Services. He became the Colonel Commandant of Pakistan Army Medical Corps in 1955.[48][6]

General Burki did not see eye to eye with fellow Medical Corps General Mohammad Akram.[27]

During the 1956 survey of Pakistan, it was reported that as the Surgeon General of the Pakistan Armed Forces, Wajid was thanked along with the rest of his colleagues for their cooperation by the Nutrition Survey Team who arrived from the United States.[49][50][51]

On 13 October 1958, C-in-C of the Pakistan Army General Ayub Khan assigned Wajid the task of improving the efficiency of hospitals and health agencies. Within days, Karachi hospitals showed significant improvement, and the medical services took on a new outlook. When questioned by the press about the "new look" in medical administration, Wajid with typical candor remarked, "When a doctor becomes greedy, he is no longer a good doctor. I want to eliminate greed in the medical profession and restore it to its former position of respect and honor." Wajid had earlier expressed dissatisfaction with the administration of civil hospitals in Lahore and Karachi, stating, "We must put such institutions under the charge of army officers to clean up the rot."[52][45]

General Azam, General Burki, and General Khalid M. Shaikh were ordered by Ayub Khan to go to Major General President Iskandar Ali Mirza and tell him to resign, which he did on 27 October 1958. Iskandar sent a secret telegram to the Secretary of State in Washington on 6 November 1958 about the confrontation.[53][54][55][56]

M. N. Mahmood was promoted to Lieutenant General and succeeded Burki as Director General of Medical Services on 30 October 1958.[57]

First Ayub Khan cabinet

[edit]
Ayub Khan and Burki at the site of where the new capital Islamabad is to be built (c. 1960)
General Burki and a young Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (biting his thumb) pictured at a winter wedding of Pashtuns in Jalandhar (December 1961)
Burki with Dr. Shannon and Dr. Woodward at the NIH (1962)
In a series of clips, Burki hosts FLOTUS Jacqueline Kennedy during her visit to Pakistan, showcasing moments with Ambassador McConaughy at the US Embassy & laying a wreath at Quaid-e-Azam's grave alongside Jacqueline & Burki's wife, Iqbal Bano. Furthermore, he is seen seated beside Jacqueline in a convertible, driving past a welcoming crowd of Pakistanis (1962)

Wajid played an influential role in advising and formulating the health reforms and policies of President Ayub Khan's military administration.[6] He was appointed Federal Minister for Health and Social Welfare on 12 October 1958 taking oath on 28 October. Burki was pro-Western medicine and tried to ban Unani Tibb in 1959, calling it Quackery, but Hakeem Muhammad Saeed led a campaign in support of Tibb which led to President Ayub Khan passing a law legalizing Tibb and Burki withdrawing his proposal.[58][59][60]

He was elected the first President of the Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan on 19 December 1957 at the King Edward Medical University in Lahore, but resigned on 20 February 1959 due to commitments as Health Minister.[30]

During Queen Elizabeth II's visit to the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in November 1959, she formally signed the Roll. To commemorate this notable event in the history of the college, Burki was among those offered Honorary Fellowship and was one of the nine individuals who accepted the honor.[61]

Burki announced that Pakistan would spend $21,000,000 on family planning during the second five-year plan which was launched in 1960.[62]

In 1959, as a part of a voluntary effort, the local people along with the Government of Pakistan, began a project to establish a primary health center in Shahabad, a village located about 45 miles from Peshawar. The local community donated five acres of land for the center, which received funding from the International Cooperation Administration. The center, with plans for three sub-centers in neighboring villages, aimed to serve the healthcare needs of 90,000 people and provide training for new nurses. Construction took eight months to complete. The site, chosen by Health Minister Burki, was strategically located on the right bank of the Indus, half a mile from the junction with the Kabul River.[63] He announced the second labour policy of Pakistan in February 1959.[64]

In 1960, he said a curb on the high birth rate was necessary to prevent food shortage across the country and that most families barely manage to subsist.[65][66] He visited Pahlavi Iran from 19 April 1960 to 25 April 1960, on an invitation from the Iranian Minister of Health, where he was awarded Iran's Nishan-e-Humayun award.[67]

On 1 August 1960, he tasked the Pakistan Army to assist in fighting cholera which had wreaked havoc, causing 200 deaths in 8 districts of West Pakistan in two months. The same month, he was elected as an honorary member of the rotary club of Pakistan.[68][69]

He laid the foundation stone for the SEATO Technical Training Centre in Karachi on 16 September 1960. The same year, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London.[70] In November 1960, Burki inaugurated the Sixth All-Pakistan Medical Conference at the Pakistan Military Academy House.[71]

A strong advocate for labourers rights, he prescribed 'shock treatment' for mill owners in order to make them treat their workers better in a speech given on 20 August 1961.[15] He accompanied President Ayub Khan on his visit to East Pakistan in 1962 where they were received by Governor Ghulam Faruque Khan.[72]

Burki stated to the press that he had agreed to allot five seats in the medical colleges of Pakistan for students from Saudi Arabia and augment the strength of the medical mission in Saudi Arabia. Further stating that if land was allotted, Pakistan may build a hospital in Saudi Arabia.[73]

He was commended by the Association of American Medical Colleges in their 1962 edition of The Journal of Medical Education, for his contributions to enhancing medical education and community health conditions in Pakistan. The journal highlighted that Burki was instrumental in fostering collaboration between the Government of Pakistan and the UMSOM to establish the International Center for Medical Research and Training at the Institute of Hygiene in Lahore.[74]

Hosting VPOTUS Johnson & FLOTUS Jacqueline Kennedy

[edit]
Burki and his wife, Iqbal Bano, bid farewell to FLOTUS Jacqueline Kennedy as she leaves Pakistan after her five-day visit (1962)
Main article: Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan

On 20 May 1961, Burki welcomed Vice President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson, Lady Bird Johnson, and Jean Kennedy Smith at Karachi airport.[73][75] Afterwards, Burki hosted FLOTUS Jacqueline Kennedy and her sister Lee Radziwill during their visit to Pakistan from 21–26 March 1962.[76][77]

Second Ayub Khan cabinet

[edit]

On 17 February 1960, Burki took oath as Minister of Health, Labour, and Social Welfare. He was designated as Federal Minister of Education & Scientific Research, Kashmir Affairs & Minority Affairs on 2 March 1962.[78]

Special Assistant

[edit]
Burki in Helsinki passing the Guard of Honour (1963)
Burki meeting President of Finland Kekkonen & Minister of Foreign Affairs Veli Merikoski (1963)

Burki was appointed as Special Assistant to President Ayub Khan on 9 June 1962, with the privileges of a minister but without a position in the Cabinet, serving until 19 October 1963.[79][80]

His alma mater, University of St. Andrews conferred him with an Honorary doctorate on 10 October 1962. During his visit abroad, the University of Maryland, Baltimore awarded him the LL.D on 24 October 1962.[36][81][82][83]

Diplomatic career

[edit]

General Burki was appointed as Ambassador of Pakistan (resident in Stockholm) to the Scandinavian countries Norway, Denmark, Sweden, and acredited to Finland, arriving in Helsinki on 21 October 1963 where he presented his letters of Credence to President Urho Kekkonen.[84][85][86][87][88]

Later life, illness and death

[edit]

Burki lived a quiet life after retirement and kept himself busy at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan as President.

The Ophthalmological Society of Pakistan in its meeting in 1981 awarded Burki the Ramzan Ali Syed Gold Medal presented by the Chief Guest Prince Karim Aga Khan but Burki refused it, telling the organization to award it to Prof. Raja Mumtaz, who Burki said was "an institution in himself and a great anthropologist". Raja reluctantly accepted the award and was awarded officially in 1986.[89]

In 1988, Wajid noticed a persistent cough and after undergoing tests, was diagnosed with lung cancer in December 1988. Despite his earlier days as a heavy smoker, he and Field Marshal Ayub Khan had quit smoking on the advice of Prof Charles Wells, who had come to Pakistan to guide the Medical Reforms Commission. Wajid, however, chose to keep his diagnosis a secret, even from his wife, and explicitly instructed his doctors not to inform anyone, with his oldest son, Dr. Nausherwan Burki, being the only one who was aware of his condition.

On 15 January 1989, two days before his death, he had chaired a meeting at the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan and the news of his passing came as a shock to the medical and journalist communities, and his family who had no knowledge of his illness. President Ghulam Ishaq Khan mourned his death and General Burki was buried with full military honours.[1]

Commemorations

[edit]

Awards and recognition

[edit]

Publications

[edit]

Burki, W. A. (1961). "Ordinances passed by General Burki" (PDF). pp. 77–8, 162, 185.

Burki, W. A. (April 1962). Post-Revolution Labor Policy and Planning [in Pakistan]. Eastern Worker, Bureau of Labor Publications, Karachi.[93][94]

Burki, Wajid A. (1988). Autobiography of an army doctor in British India and Pakistan. Rawalpindi: Burki House.[95]

Effective dates of promotion

[edit]
Insignia Rank Branch Promotion date

Lieutenant General Pakistan Army 28 September 1954[48][96]

Major General Pakistan Army 1951[96][97]

Brigadier Pakistan Army 1947[96]
Colonel British Indian Army 7 May 1946[98]
Lieutenant Colonel British Indian Army 10 November 1945[99][100]
Major British Indian Army 1 April 1937[101][102]
Captain British Indian Army 10 May 1929[103]
Lieutenant British Indian Army 10 May 1926[104][105]

Awards & Decorations

[edit]
Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
(MBE)
1942

Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
(CBE)
1945

Pakistan Medal

(Pakistan Tamgha)

1947

Tamgha-e-Qayam-e-Jamhuria

(Republic Commemoration Medal)

1956

1939-1945 Star Africa Star Burma Star
Italy Star War Medal 1939-1945 India Service Medal

1939–1945

Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

(1953)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Assistant Director Medical Services
  2. ^ The Medallion of Deucalion was awarded to Generals Burki, Chaudhuri, Gorby, Hall, Hayes, and Brigadier Shier at the D.G.A.M.S. Annual Exercise, hosted by Major General F.M. Richardson in 1956.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Pakistan & Gulf Economist. Vol. 8. Economist Publications. 1989.
  2. ^ Annals. Le Collège. 1992. p. 66.
  3. ^ "CENTRAL CHANCERY OF THE ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD" (PDF). 15 November 1945. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2010.
  4. ^ The Asia Who's who (Part 4). Vol. 3. Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance. 1960. p. 533.
  5. ^ Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. 1956. p. 128.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Wajid Ali Khan Burki (a profile)". Royal College of Physicians UK website. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Over 500 doctors get degrees at CPSP convocation". www.dawn.com. 27 April 2015.
  8. ^ Khan, M. D. (2011). "Birth of the ophthalmological society of Pakistan". Eye. 25 (4): 415–424. doi:10.1038/eye.2010.186. PMC 3171255. PMID 21252948.
  9. ^ S & T Establishments of Pakistan. National Science Council of Pakistan. 1982. p. 11.
  10. ^ Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. Great Britain Army Royal Army Medical Corps. 1958. p. 110.
  11. ^ "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MEDICAL SERVICE OF PAKISTAN ORDER" (PDF). pp. 71, 73, 80.
  12. ^ Jawaid, S. A. (3 March 2018). "Proceedings of 4th National Conference of Pakistan Association of Medical Editors held at Khyber Medical University, Peshawar". Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 34 (2): 511–517. doi:10.12669/pjms.342.15180. PMC 5954408. PMID 29805437.
  13. ^ "Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal". 31 August 2015.
  14. ^ Queen's Medical Magazine. Vol. 52–53. 1960.
  15. ^ a b Feldman, Herbert (2001). The Herbert Feldman omnibus. Oxford University Press. pp. 134, 241, 333. ISBN 978-0-19-579399-4.
  16. ^ a b c d The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London: Continued to 1993. Royal College of Physicians of London. 1994. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-873240-96-0.
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  18. ^ Biennial Report of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health and Medical) to the Secretary of Defense. 1956.
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  31. ^ The U.S. Government and the Future of International Medical Research. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1961. p. 905.
  32. ^ "Medicine: Swift Smallpox". Time. 2 February 1962.
  33. ^ a b "250 doctors awarded CPSP fellowship degrees". 30 April 2015.
  34. ^ Bivins, R. (2007). ""The people have no more love left for the Commonwealth": Media, migration and identity in the 1961-2 British smallpox outbreak". Immigrants & Minorities. 25 (3): 263–289. doi:10.1080/02619280802407376. PMC 2899858. PMID 20622927.
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  42. ^ a b Who's who in Pakistan. Barque. 1963. p. 25.
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  46. ^ Thapar, Daya Ram (1965). The Morale Builders Forty Years with the Military Medical Services of India. Asia Publishing House. p. 112,192,246.
  47. ^ Nawaz, Shuja (2008). Crossed Swords Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-547660-6.
  48. ^ a b NEW PAMC CHIEF. Civil & Military Gazette (Lahore). 28 September 1954. PAMC CHIEF RAWALPINDI, Sept. 27. Major-General W. A. Burki, C.B.E., Director of the Pakistan Army Medical Services has been appointed Director General of Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Services and promoted to the 'rank of Lieut.-General
  49. ^ Public Health Reports. Vol. 75. U.S. Department of Health. 1960. p. 682.
  50. ^ Third Far East Symposium on Nutrition, Manila, Philippines, February 14-21, 1967. National Institutes of Health. 1967. p. 215.
  51. ^ Nutrition Survey: Pakistan. The Committee. 1956.
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  53. ^ "The Martial Law of 1958". www.dawn.com. 8 October 2011.
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  55. ^ Mirza, Humayun (2002). From Plassey to Pakistan The Family History of Iskander Mirza, the First President of Pakistan. University Press of America. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-7618-2349-0.
  56. ^ Chin, John J.; Wright, Joseph; Carter, David B. (13 December 2022). Historical Dictionary of Modern Coups D'état. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 839. ISBN 978-1-5381-2068-2.
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  62. ^ Around the World News of Population and Birth Control. International Planned Parenthood Federation. 1956.
  63. ^ Pakistan Affairs. Vol. 12–16. 1959.
  64. ^ Labor Developments Abroad. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 1959. pp. 10, 17, 18, 23.
  65. ^ Population Review. Vol. 4. Indian Institute for Population Studies. 1960. p. 72.
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