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Vilayet of the Archipelago

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Vilayet of the Archipelago
ولايت جزائر بحر سفيد (Ottoman Turkish)
Vilâyet-i Cezair-i Bahr-i Sefid
Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire
1867–1913
Flag of Vilayet of the Archipelago
Flag
Coat of arms of Vilayet of the Archipelago
Coat of arms

The Vilayet of the Archipelago and the Vilayet of Crete in 1890
CapitalKale-i Sultaniye, Chios, Rhodes
Area 
• 1885[1]
12,850 km2 (4,960 sq mi)
Population 
• 1885[1]
325,866
History 
1867
• Disestablished
1913
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Eyalet of the Archipelago
Kingdom of Greece
Italian Aegean Islands
British Cyprus
Hüdavendigâr vilayet
area does not include Cyprus

The Vilayet of the Archipelago (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت جزائر بحر سفيد, Vilâyet-i Cezair-i Bahr-i Sefid,[2][3] "Vilayet of the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea") was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire extant from 1867 to 1912–13, including, at its maximum extent, the Ottoman Aegean islands, Cyprus and the Dardanelles Strait.

At the beginning of the 20th century, it reportedly had an area of 4,963 square miles (12,850 km2), while the preliminary results of the first Ottoman census of 1885 (published in 1908) gave the population as 325,866.[1] The accuracy of the population figures ranges from "approximate" to "merely conjectural" depending on the region from which they were gathered.[1]

History

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It was established in 1867 as the successor of the homonymous "Eyalet of the Archipelago", which was established in 1533.[4][5] Until 1876/7, when it was transferred to the Istanbul Vilayet,[6] the sanjak (sub-province) of Biga was the capital (pasha-sanjak), with the seat of the governor at Kale-i Sultaniye, while the other sanjaks were those of Rodos (Rhodes), Midilli (Lesbos), Sakiz (Chios), Limni (Lemnos), and Kıbrıs (Cyprus).[4]

Vilayet of the Archipelago (1881) Boundaries and Ethnic Makeup

Cyprus, which had been ruled as an independent mutasarrifate under the direct jurisdiction of the Porte since 1861, was included in the vilayet in April 1868,[7] only to be made a separate mutasarrifate again after 1870.[8] In 1878, Cyprus came under British rule.[4] After the separation of Biga, Rhodes became pasha-sanjak, then Chios in 1880, and then Rhodes again in 1888.[9]

The Dodecanese islands were occupied by Italy during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–12, and the remaining islands of the eastern Aegean were captured by Greece during the First Balkan War (1912–13), leading to the vilayet's dissolution.[4] Of the Aegean islands, Imbros and Tenedos remained finally under Turkish rule according to the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), while the Dodecanese passed to Greece after World War II.[4]

Administrative divisions

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Map of subdivisions of Vilayet of the Archipelago in 1907

Sanjaks until 1876:[4]

  1. Sanjak of Biga (pasha-sanjak)
  2. Sanjak of Rhodes
  3. Sanjak of Midilli
  4. Sanjak of Sakiz
  5. Sanjak of Lemnos
  6. Sanjak of Cyprus

References

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  1. ^ a b c Asia by A. H. Keane, page 459
  2. ^ Salname-yi Vilâyet-i Cezair-i Bahr-i Sefid ("Yearbook of the Vilayet of Cezair-i Bahr-i Sefid"), Cezair-i Bahr-i Sefid vilâyet matbaası, Rodos [Greece], 1293 [1876]. in the website of Hathi Trust Digital Library.
  3. ^ سالنامئ ولايت جزائر بحر سفيد
  4. ^ a b c d e f Beckingham, C.F. (1991). "D̲j̲azāʾir-i Baḥr-i Safīd". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume II: C–G. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 521–522. ISBN 90-04-07026-5.
  5. ^ Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 101. ISBN 9783920153568.
  6. ^ Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. pp. 103, 113. ISBN 9783920153568.
  7. ^ George Hill (2010-09-23). A History of Cyprus. Cambridge University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-108-02065-7. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  8. ^ George Hill (2010-09-23). A History of Cyprus. Cambridge University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-108-02065-7. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  9. ^ Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 107. ISBN 9783920153568.
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