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Vancouver East (federal electoral district)

Coordinates: 49°16′19″N 123°04′23″W / 49.272°N 123.073°W / 49.272; -123.073
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For the defunct provincial electoral district of the same name, see Vancouver East (provincial electoral district). For the area of Vancouver, see East Vancouver.

Vancouver East
British Columbia electoral district
Vancouver East in relation to other electoral districts in Vancouver
Federal electoral district
LegislatureHouse of Commons
MP
 
 		 
Jenny Kwan
New Democratic
District created1933
First contested1935
Last contested2021
District webpageprofile, map
Demographics
Population (2021)[1]118,675
Electors (2015)85,900
Area (km²)[1]21.66
Pop. density (per km²)5,479
Census division(s)Metro Vancouver
Census subdivision(s)Vancouver

Vancouver East (French: Vancouver-Est) is a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1935. It is currently represented by New Democratic Party MP Jenny Kwan.

The riding of Vancouver East is the poorest in Canada with a median individual income of $24,374 (2010).

Vancouver East is known as a New Democratic Party stronghold; the NDP and its Co-operative Commonwealth Federation predecessor have won all but two elections in the riding since its creation in 1933. Both losses (1974 and 1993) have come at the hands of Liberal candidates who failed to retain the seat at the next election. The Conservative Party and its right-leaning predecessors have always fared poorly in the riding, rarely garnering more than 20 percent of the vote.

In the 2006 federal election, the NDP won a higher percentage of the vote in Vancouver East than in any other riding in the country: 56.6 percent. In the 2011 election, the NDP increased its majority win to 62.83 percent.

Geography

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The district includes the City of Vancouver neighbourhoods of Downtown Eastside, Mount Pleasant, Grandview–Woodland, and Hastings–Sunrise.

Federal riding associations

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Riding associations are the local branches of the national political parties:

Party Association name CEO HQ address Neighbourhood
Green Green Party of Canada Vancouver East Electoral District Association Jim Hankle 210 West Hastings Street Downtown Eastside
Conservative Vancouver East Conservative Association Edward Sem 3189 East 4th Avenue Hastings–Sunrise
Liberal Vancouver East Federal Liberal Association Mark Elyas 460-580 Hornby St. Financial District
New Democratic Vancouver East Federal NDP Riding Association Caelan Griffiths 138-2416 Main Street Mount Pleasant
Marijuana Vancouver East Parti Marijuana Party Electoral District Association Dan Crysler 240-2915 Kaslo Street Renfrew Heights

Demographics

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Though Vancouver East is home to a predominantly impoverished underclass populace, it is also home to a prominent industrial and working-class riding. The district is well-known for hosting North America's largest Chinatown, in addition to being one of the poorest areas in the Metro Vancouver Regional District, known as the Downtown Eastside. 42 percent of the riding's inhabitants are immigrants and 22 percent are of Chinese ancestry. A high number, 63 percent, of residents are renters. 24 percent of residents over age 25 have a university certificate or degree. Manufacturing, tourism, shipping, accommodation and food service industries are vital to the employment base in this riding. The average family income is over CA$61,000. The unemployment rate is about 7.7 percent.[2]

The ethnically diverse area is home to many of the city's artists and socio-political activists. In recent years,[when?] the area has been negatively affected by an influx of hard drugs and the concomitant social consequences associated with their use.

The riding is the least religious in Canada, with 55.1 percent of the population not adhering to any religion.[3]

Panethnic groups in Vancouver East (2011−2021)
Panethnic group 2021[4] 2016[5] 2011[6]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[a] 58,615 51.5% 58,580 53.3% 52,315 50.34%
East Asian[b] 25,600 22.49% 26,880 24.46% 27,590 26.55%
Southeast Asian[c] 9,270 8.15% 8,975 8.17% 10,500 10.1%
Indigenous 5,940 5.22% 5,880 5.35% 5,055 4.86%
South Asian 3,850 3.38% 2,760 2.51% 2,310 2.22%
Latin American 3,330 2.93% 1,975 1.8% 1,950 1.88%
African 2,165 1.9% 1,685 1.53% 1,445 1.39%
Middle Eastern[d] 1,710 1.5% 1,065 0.97% 835 0.8%
Other[e] 3,320 2.92% 2,115 1.92% 1,925 1.85%
Total responses 113,805 95.9% 109,905 94.97% 103,920 94.39%
Total population 118,675 100% 115,724 100% 110,097 100%
Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
Demographics based on 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries.

History

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The electoral district was created in 1933 from Vancouver South and Vancouver—Burrard ridings.

Vancouver East was one two electoral districts in British Columbia that saw no changes to its boundaries proposed following the 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution.

Historical boundaries

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  • 1933 representation order
    1933 representation order
  • 1947 representation order
    1947 representation order
  • 1952 representation order
    1952 representation order
  • 1966 representation order
    1966 representation order
  • 1976 representation order
    1976 representation order
  • 1987 representation order
    1987 representation order
  • 1996 representation order
    1996 representation order
  • 2003 representation order
    2003 representation order
  • 2013 representation order
    2013 representation order
  • 2023 representation order
    2023 representation order

Members of Parliament

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Parliament Years Member Party
Vancouver East
Riding created from Vancouver South and Vancouver—Burrard
18th  1935–1940     Angus MacInnis Co-operative Commonwealth
19th  1940–1945
20th  1945–1949
21st  1949–1953
22nd  1953–1957 Harold Edward Winch
23rd  1957–1958
24th  1958–1961
 1961–1962     New Democratic
25th  1962–1963
26th  1963–1965
27th  1965–1968
28th  1968–1972
29th  1972–1974 Paddy Neale
30th  1974–1979     Art Lee Liberal
31st  1979–1980     Margaret Mitchell New Democratic
32nd  1980–1984
33rd  1984–1988
34th  1988–1993
35th  1993–1997     Anna Terrana Liberal
36th  1997–2000     Libby Davies New Democratic
37th  2000–2004
38th  2004–2006
39th  2006–2008
40th  2008–2011
41st  2011–2015
42nd  2015–2019 Jenny Kwan
43rd  2019–2021
44th  2021–present

Current member of Parliament

[edit]

Its member of Parliament (MP) is Jenny Kwan. Kwan has served in the House of Commons since 2015. Prior to her federal service, she was a member of Vancouver City Council and the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. She is a member of the New Democratic Party.

Election results

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Graph of election results in Vancouver East (minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)


2021 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Jenny Kwan 27,969 56.4 $70,443.58
Liberal Josh Vander Vies 9,797 19.8 $41,387.88
Conservative Mauro Francis 5,399 10.9 $9,491.11
Green Cheryl Matthew 3,826 7.7 $5,835.22
People's Karin Litzcke 1,382 2.8 $3,823.14
Libertarian Gölök Buday 831 1.7 $0.00
Communist Natasha Hale 387 0.8 $0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 45,591 – – $119,373.85
Total rejected ballots 528
Turnout
Eligible voters
Source: Elections Canada[7]
2019 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Jenny Kwan 29,236 52.6 +2.66 $86,021.45
Liberal Kyle Demes 10,085 18.1 -10.06 $25,852.88
Green Bridget Burns 8,062 14.5 +5.31 $51,975.81
Conservative Chris Corsetti 6,724 12.1 +1.33 $4,528.19
People's Karin Litzcke 679 1.2 – $7,718.34
Libertarian Gölök Z. Buday 562 1.0 – $182.20
Communist Peter Marcus 177 0.3 -0.59 $476.56
Marxist–Leninist Anne Jamieson 86 0.2 -0.16 $0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit 55,611 100.0
Total rejected ballots 537
Turnout 56,148 61.1
Eligible voters 91,951
New Democratic hold Swing +6.36
Source: Elections Canada[8][9]
2015 Canadian federal election: Vancouver East
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Jenny Kwan 29,316 49.94 -12.89 $107,948.45
Liberal Edward Wong 16,532 28.16 +18.25 $103,236.57
Conservative James Low 6,322 10.77 -8.13 $10,430.75
Green Wes Regan 5,395 9.19 +1.54 $29,914.97
Communist Peter Marcus 525 0.89 – –
Independent D. Alex Millar 216 0.37 – –
Marxist–Leninist Anne Jamieson 214 0.36 -0.35 –
Pirate Shawn Vulliez 188 0.32 – –
Total valid votes/Expense limit 58,708 100.00   $226,454.95
Total rejected ballots 405 0.69 –
Turnout 59,113 67.44 –
Eligible voters 87,657
New Democratic hold Swing -15.57
Source: Elections Canada[10][11][12]
2011 Canadian federal election: Vancouver East
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Libby Davies 27,794 62.83 +8.41
Conservative Irene Yatco 8,361 18.90 +3.37
Liberal Roma Ahi 4,382 9.91 -7.32
Green Douglas Roy 3,383 7.65 -3.73
Marxist–Leninist Anne Jamieson 318 0.72 +0.31
Total valid votes 44,238 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 275 0.62 +0.03
Turnout 44,513 56.21 +2
Eligible voters 79,184
New Democratic hold Swing +2.52
2008 Canadian federal election: Vancouver East
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Libby Davies 22,506 54.42 -2.15 $72,187
Liberal Ken Low 7,127 17.23 -6.19 $80,088
Conservative Ryan Warawa 6,422 15.53 +2.22 $45,821
Green Mike Carr 4,708 11.38 +5.38 $2,396
Work Less Betty Krawczyk 423 1.02 –
Marxist–Leninist Anne Jamieson 171 0.41 –
Total valid votes/Expense limit 41,357 100.0     $83,047
Total rejected ballots 270 0.65 +0.18
Turnout 41,639 54 -2.4
New Democratic hold Swing +2.02
2006 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Libby Davies 23,927 56.57 +0.11 $75,177
Liberal Dave Haggard 9,907 23.42 -2.50 $22,205
Conservative Elizabeth M. Pagtakhan 5,631 13.31 +3.32 $76,377
Green Christine Ellis 2,536 6.00 +0.31 $156
Canadian Action Bryce Bartholomew 293 0.69 – $200
Total valid votes 42,294 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 200 0.47 -0.26
Turnout 42,494 56.4 -1.76
New Democratic hold Swing +1.30
2004 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Libby Davies 23,452 56.46 +14.19 $64,940
Liberal Shirley Chan 10,768 25.92 -7.81
Conservative Harvey Grigg 4,153 9.99 -7.53 $44,993
Green Ron Plowright 2,365 5.69 +3.24 $1,157
Marijuana Marc Boyer 399 0.96 -0.85
Christian Heritage Gloria Anne Kieler 250 0.60 +0.25
Independent Louis James Lesosky 147 0.35 –
Total valid votes 41,534 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 305 0.73 0.73 -0.37
Turnout 41,839 58.16 +2.28
New Democratic hold Swing +11.00
Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservative vote in the 2000 election.
2000 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Libby Davies 16,818 42.27 +0.02 $56,481
Liberal Mason Loh 13,421 33.73 -3.33 $58,199
Alliance Sal Vetro 5,536 13.91 +1.81 $14,808
Progressive Conservative Michael Walsh 1,439 3.61 +0.89 $7,603
Green Kelly Elizabeth White 975 2.45 -0.99 $177
Marijuana David Malmo-Levine 724 1.81 –
Canadian Action Brian Bacon 432 1.08 – $2,648
Independent Edna Mathilda Brass 196 0.49 –
Independent Gloria Anne Kieler 143 0.35 -0.28
Natural Law Rosemary F. Galte 97 0.24 –
Total valid votes 39,781 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 444 1.10 -0.03
Turnout 40,225 55.88 -4.00
New Democratic hold Swing +1.68
Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform Party vote in the 1997 election.
1997 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
New Democratic Libby Davies 14,961 42.25 +11.22 $52,043
Liberal Anna Terrana 13,123 37.06 +1.00 $52,663
Reform Keith Mitchell 4,287 12.10 +0.16 $11,525
Green Stuart Parker 1,221 3.44 +1.99 $2,871
Progressive Conservative Jerry Cikes 964 2.72 -6.10 $5,167
Christian Heritage Gloria Kieler 226 0.63 – $844
Natural Law Wayne Melvin 185 0.52 -0.45
Independent Kimball Cariou 161 0.45 -0.41 $5,097
Marxist–Leninist Charles Boylan 158 0.44 +0.23
Independent Ryan Bloc Québécois Bigge 121 0.34 –
Total valid votes 35,407 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 403 1.13
Turnout 35,810 59.88
New Democratic gain from Liberal Swing +5.11
1993 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Anna Terrana 14,357 36.06 +6.29
New Democratic Margaret Anne Mitchell 12,357 31.03 -20.17
Reform Joan Stewart 4,754 11.94 –
Progressive Conservative Susan Tom 3,513 8.82 -7.09
National Bruce Frank Wright 2,403 6.04 –
Libertarian Wayne Marsden 811 2.04 +1.33
Green Kelly Elizabeth White 579 1.45 +0.43
Natural Law David Grayson 386 0.97 –
Independent Kimball Cariou 343 0.86 –
Independent Will Offley 103 0.26 –
Marxist–Leninist Brian Sproule 84 0.21 –
Independent Joe Young 71 0.18 –
Independent Alan Imrie 56 0.14 –
Total valid votes 39,817 100.0  
Liberal gain from New Democratic Swing +13.23
1988 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Margaret Anne Mitchell 20,108 51.20 -0.59
Liberal Raymond Leung 11,692 29.77 +4.40
Progressive Conservative Paul E. Nielsen 6,248 15.91 -4.32
Green Robert J. Light 401 1.02 –
Libertarian Heinz Holzschuher 278 0.71 -0.22
Rhinoceros Ruff Tuff Duff Duff Scott 277 0.71 -0.25
Communist Kim C. Zander 180 0.46 -0.27
Independent Cheryl Stephens Soroka 88 0.22 –
Total valid votes 39,272 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing -2.50
1984 Canadian federal election: Vancouver East
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Margaret Anne Mitchell 18,464 51.79 +7.88
Liberal Shirley Maple Wong 9,044 25.37 -14.64
Progressive Conservative Jack J. Volrich 7,210 20.22 +5.61
Rhinoceros Cameron H. McCabe 342 0.96 +0.35
Libertarian Sandy MacDonald 330 0.93 –
Communist Miguel Figueroa 259 0.73 +0.17
Total valid votes 35,649 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing +11.26
1980 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Margaret Anne Mitchell 14,245 43.91 +1.21
Liberal Arthur John "Art" Lee 12,979 40.01 +0.97
Progressive Conservative David N. Kilbey 4,742 14.62 -1.92
Rhinoceros Dandy Randy Lyttle 198 0.61 –
Communist J. Fred Wilson 179 0.55 +0.02
Independent Paul Tetreault 61 0.19 –
Marxist–Leninist Chaouac Ferron 34 0.10 -0.03
Total valid votes 32,438 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing +0.12
1979 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Margaret Anne Mitchell 13,697 42.71 +6.44
Liberal Arthur John "Art" Lee 12,522 39.04 +2.57
Progressive Conservative Cecil H. Leng 5,304 16.54 -8.91
Social Credit Carlo Dallavalle 334 1.04 –
Communist J. Fred Wilson 170 0.53 -0.59
Marxist–Leninist Brian K. Sproule 44 0.14 -0.55
Total valid votes 32,071 100.0  
New Democratic gain from Liberal Swing +1.94
1974 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Arthur J. "Art" Lee 9,671 36.48 +5.13
New Democratic C.P. Paddy Neale 9,614 36.26 -12.55
Progressive Conservative Hartley Hubbs 6,747 25.45 +8.91
Communist Maurice Rush 298 1.12 +0.38
Marxist–Leninist Charles Boylan 181 0.68 –
Total valid votes 26,511 100.0  
Liberal gain from New Democratic Swing +8.84
1972 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic C. Paddy Neale 13,525 48.81 -1.20
Liberal John Minichiello 8,687 31.35 -5.21
Progressive Conservative John G. Balan 4,584 16.54 +7.63
Social Credit Walter Stunder 613 2.21 -0.51
Independent Maurice Rush 206 0.74 –
Independent Ian R. Hyman 92 0.33 –
Total valid votes 27,707 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing +2.00
1968 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Harold Edward Winch 13,339 50.02 -6.87
Liberal Robert Kennedy 9,750 36.56 +17.51
Progressive Conservative Max E. Meyer 2,377 8.91 -0.21
Social Credit P. Daniel Emanuele 726 2.72 -10.91
Communist Charles Caron 477 1.79 –
Total valid votes 26,669 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing -12.19
1965 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Harold Edward Winch 11,854 56.89 +2.59
Liberal Alexander C. Sharp 3,969 19.05 -4.65
Social Credit Walter W. Campbell 2,840 13.63 +5.91
Progressive Conservative Gladys Chong 1,900 9.12 -5.16
Progressive Workers Jerry Le Bourdais 274 1.31 –
Total valid votes 20,837 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing +3.62
1963 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Harold Edward Winch 12,688 54.30 -0.04
Liberal Alexander Charles Sharp 5,538 23.70 +4.10
Progressive Conservative Gladys Guy Chong 3,335 14.27 -0.69
Social Credit Dorothy Jean Munnik 1,804 7.72 -0.51
Total valid votes 23,365 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing -2.07
1962 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
New Democratic Harold Edward Winch 12,329 54.35 +5.79
Liberal Marino Culos 4,447 19.60 +10.41
Progressive Conservative Oris Kirk 3,395 14.97 -21.62
Social Credit Michael John McCann 1,867 8.23 +2.57
Communist Thomas Alexander McEwen 648 2.86 –
Total valid votes 22,686 100.0  
New Democratic hold Swing -2.31
New Democrat vote is compared to the Co-operative Commonwealth vote in the 1958 election.
1958 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Co-operative Commonwealth Harold Edward Winch 11,486 48.56 +0.97
Progressive Conservative Norman Mullins 8,654 36.59 +18.45
Liberal Alexander Charles Sharp 2,175 9.20 -1.64
Social Credit Michael John McCann 1,338 5.66 -17.79
Total valid votes 23,653 100.0  
Co-operative Commonwealth hold Swing -8.74
1957 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Co-operative Commonwealth Harold Edward Winch 10,782 47.59 -2.99
Social Credit John Chmelyk 5,312 23.44 -0.80
Progressive Conservative Norman Douglas Mullins 4,110 18.14 +12.99
Liberal Alexander Charles Sharp 2,454 10.83 -5.41
Total valid votes 22,658 100.0  
Co-operative Commonwealth hold Swing -1.10
1953 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Co-operative Commonwealth Harold Edward Winch 10,192 50.58 +3.49
Social Credit Raymond McCarthy 4,885 24.24 –
Liberal William Reid 3,272 16.24 -17.78
Progressive Conservative Benjamin A.R. Morley 1,038 5.15 -9.12
Labor–Progressive Maurice Rush 764 3.79 -0.82
Total valid votes 20,151 100.0  
Co-operative Commonwealth hold Swing -10.38
1949 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Co-operative Commonwealth Angus MacInnis 14,056 47.09 +2.40
Liberal William Reid 10,154 34.02 +12.28
Progressive Conservative Joseph Friend Day 4,261 14.28 -5.29
Labor–Progressive Charles McGregor Stewart 1,377 4.61 -7.35
Total valid votes – 100.0  
Co-operative Commonwealth hold Swing -4.94
1945 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Co-operative Commonwealth Angus MacInnis 16,003 44.69 +1.71
Liberal William Reid 7,786 21.74 -9.90
Progressive Conservative William Ward 7,008 19.57 –
Labor–Progressive Harold James Pritchett 4,283 11.96 +7.15
Democratic William Nicholas Wallace 729 2.04
Total valid votes 35,809 100.0  
Co-operative Commonwealth hold Swing +5.80
Labor-Progressive vote is compared to the Communist vote in the 1940 election.
1940 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Co-operative Commonwealth Angus MacInnis 12,490 42.98 -7.93
Liberal John Henderson 9,196 31.65 +5.16
New Democracy William Wilfred Derpak 5,975 20.56 –
Communist Fergus McKean 1,398 4.81 -1.00
Total valid votes 29,059 100.0  
Co-operative Commonwealth hold Swing -6.54
1935 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes %
Co-operative Commonwealth Angus MacInnis 13,629 50.91
Liberal J. Lorne MacDougall 7,090 26.48
Conservative Thomas Todrick 3,364 12.57
Communist Malcolm Bruce 1,555 5.81
Reconstruction Clifford Norman Borton 1,134 4.24
Total valid votes 26,772 100.0  
This riding was created from Vancouver South and Vancouver—Burrard, which elected an Independent Labour and a Liberal, respectively, in the previous election. Angus MacInnis was the Independent Labour incumbent from Vancouver South.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • "Vancouver East (federal electoral district) (Code 59030) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 6, 2011.

Notes

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  1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  2. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
  1. ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts: Canada and federal electoral districts (2013 Representation Order)". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
  2. ^ Vancouver East, CBC.ca, 2008.
  3. ^ National Household Survey (NHS), January 15, 2001
  4. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  5. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  6. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  7. ^ "Confirmed candidates — Vancouver East". Elections Canada. September 1, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  8. ^ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  9. ^ "Election Night Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  10. ^ Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Vancouver East, 30 September 2015
  11. ^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates
  12. ^ "Résultats du soir d'élection – Circonscriptions".
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49°16′19″N 123°04′23″W / 49.272°N 123.073°W / 49.272; -123.073

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