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Rodney Alcala

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Rodney Alcala
June 1979 mugshot of Alcala
Born
Rodrigo Jacques Alcala

(1943-08-23)August 23, 1943
San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
DiedJuly 10, 2021(2021-07-10) (aged 77)
Corcoran, California, U.S.
Other namesDating Game Killer
John Berger
Conviction(s)Battery, kidnapping, murder, probation violation, rape, providing cannabis to a minor
Criminal charge1 count of battery
1 count of kidnapping
Violation of probation
2 counts of rape
1 count of providing cannabis to a minor
5 counts of first-degree murder (2010)
PenaltyDeath
Details
Victims8 confirmed
130+ possible
Span of crimes
1968–1979
CountryUnited States
State(s)Washington
California
New York
Wyoming
Date apprehended
July 24, 1979[1]
Imprisoned atCalifornia State Prison, Corcoran and San Quentin State Prison

Rodney James Alcala (born Rodrigo Jacques Alcala; August 23, 1943 – July 24, 2021) was an American serial killer and convicted sex offender who was sentenced to death in California for five murders committed between 1977 and 1979. He also pleaded guilty and received a sentence of 25 years to life for two further murders committed in New York. He was also indicted for a murder in Wyoming, although the charges filed there were dropped.[2] While Alcala has been conclusively linked to eight murders, the true number of victims remains unknown and could be as high as 130.[3]

Alcala compiled a collection of more than 1,000 photographs of women, teenage girls, and boys, many in sexually explicit poses. In 2016, he was charged with the 1977 murder of a woman identified in one of his photos.[4] Alcala is known to have assaulted one other photo subject and police have speculated that others could be rape or murder victims as well.[5]

Prosecutors have said that Alcala "toyed" with his victims, strangling them until they lost consciousness then waiting until they revived, sometimes repeating this process several times before finally killing them.[5][6] One police detective described Alcala as "a killing machine",[7] and others have compared him to Ted Bundy.[8] Alcala is often referred to as the Dating Game Killer, as he appeared on the television show The Dating Game in 1978 during the midst of his murder spree.[9]

Early life

[edit]

Rodney Alcala was born in San Antonio, Texas, the third of four children born to a Mexican American couple,[10] Raul Alcala Buquor and Anna Maria Gutierrez.[11] In 1951, Alcala's father moved the family to Mexico, then abandoned them three years later.

In 1954, when Alcala was aged 11, his mother moved him and his two sisters to suburban Los Angeles.[12] Alcala was an academically gifted student who was reasonably popular among his peers and was supported by his family. He attended various private schools during his youth before graduating from Cantwell-Sacred Heart of Mary High School. He was on the yearbook planning committee and on the track and cross-country teams.

In 1961, at the age of 17, Alcala joined the United States Army to become a paratrooper, and served as a clerk. During his service, he was noted by his commanding officer as being manipulative, vindictive, and insubordinate. Alcala was disciplined on several occasions for assaulting young women. In 1964, after what was described as a nervous breakdown—during which he went AWOL and hitchhiked from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, to his mother's house in California—Alcala was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder,[13] and estimated to have an IQ of 135 by a military psychiatrist. He was subsequently discharged from the army on medical grounds.[14] Other diagnoses later proposed by various psychiatric experts at his trials included: narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and malignant narcissism with psychopathy and sexual sadism comorbidities.[15]

After being discharged from the army, Alcala graduated from the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture. He later studied film under Roman Polanski at New York University (NYU).[5]

Criminal history

[edit]

Shapiro assault

[edit]

On September 25, 1968, a passing motorist named Donald Haines called police after witnessing Alcala lure Tali Shapiro, aged eight, into his Hollywood apartment. Shapiro, who was residing at the Chateau Marmont with her family, was approached by Alcala on her way to school when he pulled up beside her in his car and asked if she needed a ride. Shapiro initially refused, but when she heard him say that he knew her parents, she got into his car. Alcala then took her to his apartment, where he told Shapiro he wanted to show her a picture. When the police arrived, Shapiro was found alive, having been raped and beaten with a steel bar; Alcala had fled. Shapiro was in a coma for 32 days, and spent months in recovery.

Move to New York

[edit]

To evade the arrest warrant stemming from the Shapiro assault, Alcala left California and enrolled at NYU, using the name "John Berger." In 1971, he obtained a counseling job at a New Hampshire arts camp for children using a slightly different alias, "John Burger."

Crilley murder

[edit]

Cornelia Crilley, a 23-year-old Trans World Airlines flight attendant, was found raped and murdered in her Manhattan apartment on June 12, 1971. Alcala had strangled her with her own nylon stockings, leaving her dead in her apartment at 427 East 83rd Street.[16] It's believed that Crilley met Alcala as she moved into her new apartment and she accepted his help in moving some furniture. Her murder remained unsolved until 2011.[17]

Identification and arrest

[edit]
FBI poster issued for Alcala c. 1971

The FBI added Alcala to its list of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives in early 1971.[14] A few months later, two children attending an arts camp noticed his photo on an FBI poster at the post office. Alcala was arrested and extradited to California. By then, Shapiro's parents had relocated their entire family to Mexico and refused to allow Shapiro to testify at the trial.[18] Since the authorities were unwilling to charge him with rape and attempted murder without their primary witness, Alcala was convicted of child molestation,[19] and sentenced to three years.[20] Alcala was paroled in 1974 after seventeen months. Less than two months after his release, he was re-arrested for assaulting a 13-year-old girl identified in court records as "Julie J.", who had accepted what she thought would be a ride to school. Alcala was again paroled in 1976 after serving two years.[21]

Hover disappearance

[edit]

After Alcala's second release in 1977, his Los Angeles parole officer took the unusual step of permitting a repeat offender—and known flight risk—to travel to New York City. New York Police Department investigators now believe that a week after returning to Manhattan, Alcala killed Ellen Jane Hover, 23-year-old daughter of nightclub owner Herman Hover and goddaughter of Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr. Hover was last seen at her New York apartment on July 15, 1977. Her datebook showed that she had an appointment to meet with one "John Berger" that same day.[22]

Later in 1977, a tip to the FBI was made about how Alcala had been arrested by the police a few years previously for the Shapiro case in New Hampshire. Alcala admitted to knowing Hover under questioning, but investigators could not arrest him since they had not found her body. Her remains were eventually discovered buried under heavy rocks on a hillside overlooking the Hudson River, near a location on the John D. Rockefeller Estate where an aspiring model would later report that "Berger" had taken photos of her.[23]

Move to Los Angeles

[edit]

In 1978, Alcala worked briefly at the Los Angeles Times as a typesetter, and was interviewed by members of the Hillside Strangler task force as part of their investigation of known sex offenders. Although Alcala was ruled out as the Strangler, he was arrested and served a brief sentence for marijuana possession.[14] During this period, Alcala convinced hundreds of young men and women that he was a professional fashion photographer and took pictures of them for his "portfolio". A Times co-worker later recalled that Alcala shared his photos with workmates. "I thought it was weird but I was young, I didn't know anything," she said. "When I asked why he took the photos, he said their moms asked him to. I remember the girls were naked."[24] "He said he was a professional so in my mind I was being a model for him," said a woman who allowed Alcala to photograph her in 1979. The portfolio also included "... spread after spread of [naked] teenage boys," she said.[5] Most of the photos are sexually explicit,[25] and most of the subjects remain unidentified. Police fear that some of the subjects may be additional cold case victims.[5]

Dating Game appearance

[edit]

In 1978, Alcala was a contestant on the popular game show The Dating Game. Host Jim Lange introduced him as a "successful photographer ... Between takes you might find him skydiving or motorcycling." Jed Miles, a fellow "bachelor" contestant on the episode, later described Alcala as a "very strange guy" with "bizarre opinions".[9] Alcala won the competition and a date with the episode's bachelorette, Cheryl Bradshaw, who subsequently refused to go out with him because she found him "creepy".[5][9]

California crime spree

[edit]
  • On November 9, 1977, Alcala murdered Jill Terry Barcomb, an 18-year-old girl from Oneida, New York, and disposed of her body on a dirt path near Mulholland Drive in Los Angeles. Barcomb was found in a knee-to-chest position and naked from the waist down. There were signs of sexual assault and she had been strangled with a pair of blue rope ties and beaten.[26] She also had three bite marks on her right breast. Originally, authorities thought Barcomb had been a victim of the Hillside Strangler. However, her case was ultimately decided by authorities to have been unrelated after the arrests of perpetrators Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, neither of whom confessed to nor were ever convicted of the murder.[27]
  • On December 16, 1977, 27-year-old nurse Georgia Marie Wixted was discovered dead in her Malibu apartment. She was last seen when she drove another nurse, Barbara Gale, home from a bar. When she did not show up for work the next day, Gale and their co-workers reported her missing. Police arrived at Wixted's apartment to find signs of forced entry. Wixted was posed naked on her bedroom floor, strangled with her nylons.[26] She had been sexually assaulted, her skull had been bashed in and her genitals had been mutilated. Prosecutors used DNA evidence and a handprint found at the scene to convict Alcala.[27]
  • On June 24, 1978, Charlotte Lee Lamb, a 31-year-old legal secretary from Santa Monica, was found dead in the laundry room of the apartment complex where she was living in El Segundo. She had been sexually assaulted, beaten and strangled with a shoelace and was posed with her hands behind her back. DNA at the scene would match that of Alcala and DNA on a pair of earrings found in his storage locker after Robin Christine Samsoe's 1979 murder would eventually prove to match Lamb's DNA.[27][14]
  • On February 14, 1979, Alcala picked up 15-year-old hitchhiker Monique Hoyt in Riverside County.[28] He drove Hoyt to his apartment, where he raped her. They then traveled to a secluded mountainous area in Joshua Tree, California, where Alcala took photos of her in her underwear as well as photos of him raping her once again. He bound and gagged her, began a sustained assault, which included further rape and sodomy. Alcala bludgeoned Hoyt in the head with a rock but Hoyt escaped when Alcala entered a gas station bathroom on the drive back to Riverside County. She filed a police report about her ordeal but Alcala's mother posted his bail.[28]
  • On June 13, 1979, Jill Marie Parenteau, a 21-year-old computer keypunch operator, left work early to go to a baseball game. When she did not make it to work the following morning, police went to her Burbank apartment and found signs of forced entry. Parenteau was dead, naked on her bathroom floor. She was posed with pillows under her shoulders. She had been sexually assaulted, beaten and strangled. Her killer cut himself crawling through a window and blood evidence would later identify Alcala as the perpetrator. Parenteau's friend, Katharine Bryant, testified that she and Parenteau had met Alcala at a club several times before.[5][27]
  • Robin Christine Samsoe, a 12-year-old girl from Huntington Beach, disappeared as she rode a borrowed bicycle from her Huntington Beach home to her ballet class on June 20, 1979. Her decomposing body was found 12 days later in the Los Angeles foothills, dumped off Santa Anita Canyon Road.[29][30] She had been beaten, raped and stabbed with a knife. Samsoe's friends told police that a stranger had approached them on the beach asking to take their pictures. Detectives circulated a sketch of the photographer and Alcala's parole officer recognized him.[14]

Arrest, trials and conviction

[edit]

Alcala was arrested in July 1979 and held without bail. He went on trial for Samsoe's murder, was found guilty in May 1980 and sentenced to death in June.[31][32] However, the verdict was overturned by the California Supreme Court in 1984 because jurors had been improperly informed of his prior sex crimes.[33][18] In May 1986, after a second trial virtually identical to the first except for omission of the prior criminal record testimony, he was again convicted and sentenced to death in August.[34][35]

In 1992, the California Supreme Court upheld the verdict but Alcala filed a federal habeas corpus petition and in 2001, a United States district court judge granted it, overturning Alcala's second conviction.[36][37] That decision was upheld in 2003 by a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals panel, in part because a witness was not allowed to support Alcala's contention that the park ranger who found Samsoe's body had been "hypnotized by police investigators".[38][14]

While preparing for their third prosecution in 2003, Orange County investigators learned that Alcala's DNA, sampled under a new state law[39] over his objections, matched semen left at the rape-murder scenes of two women in Los Angeles.[18] Additional evidence, including another cold case DNA match in 2004, led to Alcala's indictment for the murders of four additional women: Jill Barcomb, 18, a New York runaway found "rolled up like a ball" in a Los Angeles ravine in 1977,[27] and originally thought to have been a victim of the Hillside Strangler; Georgia Wixted, 27, bludgeoned in her Malibu apartment in 1977; Charlotte Lamb, 31, raped, strangled and left in the laundry room of an El Segundo apartment complex in 1978; and Jill Parenteau, 21, killed in her Burbank apartment in 1979.[5]

All of the bodies were found "posed...in carefully chosen positions".[27] Another pair of earrings found in Alcala's Seattle storage locker had residue that matched Lamb's DNA.[14] During his incarceration between the second and third trials, Alcala wrote and self-published a book, You, the Jury, in which he claimed innocence in the Samsoe case and suggested a different suspect. He also filed two lawsuits against the California penal system for a slip-and-fall incident and for refusing to provide him a low-fat diet.[14][40]

In 2003, prosecutors entered a motion to join the Samsoe charges with those of the four newly discovered victims. Alcala's attorneys contested it as one of them explained, "If you're a juror and you hear one murder case, you may be able to have reasonable doubt but it's very hard to say you have reasonable doubt on all five, especially when four of the five aren't alleged by eyewitnesses but are proven by DNA matches."[41] In 2006, the California Supreme Court ruled in the prosecution's favor[18] and in February 2010, Alcala stood trial on the five joined charges.

For the third trial, Alcala elected to act as his own attorney.[42] He took the stand in his own defense, and for five hours played the roles of both interrogator and witness, asking himself questions and addressing himself as "Mr. Alcala" in a deeper-than-normal voice, followed by answering them.[41] During this self-questioning and answering session, he told jurors, often in a rambling monotone, that he was at Knott's Berry Farm applying for a job as a photographer at the time Samsoe was kidnapped.[30] He showed the jury a portion of his 1978 appearance on The Dating Game in an attempt to prove that the earrings found in his Seattle locker were his, not Samsoe's.[43] Jed Mills, the actor who competed against Alcala on the show, told a reporter that earrings were not yet a socially acceptable accoutrement for men in 1978. "I had never seen a man with an earring in his ear," he said. "I would have noticed them on him."[27]

Alcala made no significant attempt to dispute the four added charges, other than to assert that he could not remember killing any of the women.[9] As part of his closing argument, he played the Arlo Guthrie song "Alice's Restaurant", in which the protagonist tells a psychiatrist that he wants to "kill".[44] After less than two days, the jury convicted him on all five counts of first-degree murder. A surprise witness during the penalty phase of the trial was Shapiro.[18][28] Richard Rappaport, a psychiatrist paid by Alcala and the only defense witness, testified that borderline personality disorder could explain Alcala's claims that he had no memory of committing the murders.[45][46] The prosecutor argued that Alcala was a "sexual predator" who "knew what he was doing was wrong and didn't care".[47] In March 2010, Alcala was sentenced to death for a third time.[48]

After his 2010 conviction, New York authorities announced that they would no longer pursue Alcala because of his status as a convict awaiting execution.[41] Nevertheless, in January 2011, a Manhattan grand jury indicted him for the murders of Crilley and Hover in 1971 and 1977.[17][16] In June 2012, he was extradited to New York, where he initially entered not guilty pleas on both counts.[49] In December 2012, he changed both pleas to guilty, citing a desire to return to California to pursue appeals of his death penalty conviction.[50] On January 7, 2013, a Manhattan judge sentenced Alcala to an additional 25 years to life.[2] The death penalty has not been an option in New York State since 2007.[51]

Additional victims

[edit]

Unidentified photographs

[edit]

In March 2010, the Huntington Beach, California and New York City Police Departments released 120 of Alcala's photographs and sought the public's help in identifying them in the hope of determining if any of the women and children he photographed were additional victims.[5][52] Approximately 900 additional photos could not be made public, police said, because they were too sexually explicit.[25] In the first few weeks, police reported that approximately 21 women had come forward to identify themselves,[53][54] and "at least six families" said they believed they recognized loved ones who "disappeared years ago and were never found".[55] None of the photos were unequivocally connected to a missing person case or unsolved murder until 2013.[41][4] One hundred and ten of the original photos remain posted online, and police continue to solicit the public's help with further identifications.[56]

Morgan Rowan

[edit]

Following Alcala's death in 2021, 68-year-old Morgan Rowan contacted Steve Hodel, one of the original investigators on the Shapiro case, and described being attacked by Alcala in July 1968, when she was 16.[57] Rowan claimed that while she was living in Hollywood, she was approached by Alcala at a teen nightclub on the Sunset Strip and entered his car believing he would be driving to an IHOP restaurant.[58] Instead, Alcala drove to his apartment a few blocks away, where he said he was having a party. When they arrived, Alcala dragged Rowan into his bedroom, barred the door, and then beat and raped her. Rowan was rescued by friends and acquaintances who broke into the room through a window. Alcala fled, and Rowan was pulled from the apartment by her friends.[59]

Pamela Lambson

[edit]

In March 2011, investigators in Marin County, California, north of San Francisco, announced that they were "confident" that Alcala was responsible for the October 9, 1977, murder of 19-year-old Pamela Jean "Pam" Lambson, who disappeared after making a trip to Fisherman's Wharf to meet a man who had offered to photograph her. Her battered, naked body was subsequently found in Marin County near a hiking trail. With no fingerprints or usable DNA, charges were never filed, but police claimed that there was sufficient evidence to convince them that Alcala committed the crime.[60]

Christine Thornton

[edit]

In September 2016, Alcala was charged with the murder of 28-year-old Christine Ruth Thornton. Thornton and her lover moved away from her family to live in San Antonio, Texas. After they split up in Biloxi, Mississippi, in June 1977, she was last seen hitchhiking and was never heard from again. In 2013, an image made public by Huntington Beach PD and NYPD of a dark-haired woman riding a motorcycle while wearing a yellow shirt was recognised by Thornton's sister.

Her body was found in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, along Interstate 80, in 1982, but was not identified until 2015 when DNA supplied by Thornton's relatives matched tissue samples from her remains.[4][61] Alcala admitted taking the photo, but not to killing the woman, who was approximately six months pregnant at the time of her death. Thornton is the first alleged murder victim linked to the Alcala photos made public in 2010.[62] The 73-year-old Alcala was reportedly too ill to make the journey from California to Wyoming to stand trial on the new charges.[63][64][65][66]

Other cases

[edit]

In 2010, Seattle police named Alcala as a "person of interest" in several unsolved murders in Washington state since Alcala had rented a Seattle-area storage locker in which investigators later found jewelry belonging to two of his California victims in 1979.[67][68] Other cold cases were reportedly targeted for reinvestigation in California, New York, New Hampshire, and Arizona.[69]

  • Cherry Ann Greenman, 20, was last seen in Waterville, Washington on September 14, 1976, after she was released from Douglas County Jail.[70] A photograph found in Alcala's locker was shown to Greenman's family and they confirmed it was not her.[71]
  • Antoinette Jean Whitaker, 13, was a student who had been living in a foster home when she walked out with an unidentified man on the night of July 9, 1977. A week later, her body was found, fully clothed and propped up on her hands and knees, in a vacant lot in Lake City, Seattle. She had been stabbed to death; there was no evidence that she had been sexually assaulted.[69]
  • On February 17, 1978, Joyce Francine Gaunt, 17, was found at a picnic area at Seward Park, Seattle. She was nude and lying on her face; her skull had been crushed. The developmentally disabled teen had also been beaten, strangled and sexually assaulted. She had been living in a group home on Capitol Hill when she was last seen leaving to meet with an unidentified man on February 16.[69]

Death

[edit]

Alcala died of a heart attack at a hospital in Kings County on July 24, 2021 at age 77.[72]

In media

[edit]

On September 25, 2010, the true crime series 48 Hours Mystery broadcast on CBS did an episode about Alcala called Rodney Alcala: The Killing Game.[73]

On November 18, 2017, the true crime series Murder Made Me Famous broadcast on Reelz did an episode about Alcala called The Dating Game Killer.[74]

A biographical film about Alcala's life titled The Dating Game Killer was directed by Peter Medak and broadcast on the American television network Investigation Discovery on December 3, 2017.[75][76]

On January 8, 2021, the series 20/20 broadcast on ABC did an episode about Alcala called The Dating Game Killer.[77][78][79]

On November 3, 2022, a three-part television documentary series about Alcala was released called Dating Death.[80]

In 2024, Netflix released a biographical film, titled Woman of the Hour, directed by and starring Anna Kendrick. The film depicts several of Alcala's murders as well as his appearance on The Dating Game in the midst of his killing spree. The film was released on October 18, 2024.[81]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Handel, Sarah (March 11, 2010). "Serial Killer Rodney Alcala's Photo Trove Found". NPR.
  2. ^ a b Rudegeair, Peter (January 7, 2013). "'Dating Game' killer sentenced for 1970s murders". Reuters. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  3. ^ "'Dating Game Killer' Rodney James Alcala, accused of murdering 130 people, dies in US". WION. July 26, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c "Woman's picture links serial killer to another cold case slaying". CBS News. May 31, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tresniowski, Alex; Breuer, Howard (April 19, 2010). "The Eye of a Killer: Police Discover a Chilling Cache of Photos". People. pp. 86–90. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  6. ^ Pelisek, Christine (March 20, 2010). "Orange County Judge Sentences Serial Killer and Dating Game Winner Rodney Alcala to Deat". LA Weekly. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
  7. ^ Baum, Geraldine; Esquivel, Paloma (January 28, 2011). "Serial killer Rodney Alcala faces charges in New York slayings". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
  8. ^ Allen, Nick (February 26, 2010). "US serial killer Rodney Alcala could be 'new Ted Bundy'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved November 3, 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d "Convicted serial killer won on 'Dating Game'". CNN. March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  10. ^ "Rodney Alcala: The Dating Game Killer Who Appeared on a Gameshow in the Midst of His Murder Spree". The Lineup. February 19, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  11. ^ "Vital Records – Bexar County, TX – Births 1943 (Names: Aagesen – Bermudes)". Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  12. ^ Montaldo, Charles: "Profile of Serial Killer Rodney Alcala" Archived January 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. About.com. Retrieved October 25, 2011
  13. ^ Rodriguez, Jennifer (June 9, 2010). "Rodney Alcala: The Dating Game Killer". Yahoo.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Pelisek, Christine (January 21, 2010). "Rodney Alcala: The Fine Art of Killing". LA Weekly. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  15. ^ Sands, Stella (2011). The Dating Game Killer: The True Story of a TV Dating Show, a Violent Sociopath, and a Series of Brutal Murders. New York City: St. Martin's True Crime. p. 367. ASIN B009LRGNLI.
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  23. ^ Treaster, Joseph P. (June 15, 1978). "Skeleton of East Side Woman Found in Westchester". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
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  26. ^ a b “Dating Game Killer”
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Pelisek, Christine (February 12, 2010). "Seinfeld Actor Jed Mills met 'creepy' alleged Dating Game Serial Killer Rodney Alcala in ABC's green room". Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  28. ^ a b c Frere, Eileen (March 2, 2010). "Victim speaks out at Alcala sentencing" Archived June 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. KABC. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
  29. ^ Carpio, AC (July 14, 2014). "35 years later, Huntington Beach may honor 12-year-old murder victim". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
  30. ^ a b "Serial Killer Alcala Convicted on All Counts" Archived March 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (February 25, 2010). KABC. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
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  33. ^ People v. Alcala, 36 Cal.3d 604 (Cal. August 23, 1984).
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  36. ^ People v. Alcala, 4 Cal.4th 742 (Cal. December 31, 1992).
  37. ^ Hicks, Jerry (April 3, 2001). "Federal Judge Overturns Alcala Conviction". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  38. ^ Alcala v. Woodford, 334 F.3d 862 (9th Cir. June 27, 2003).
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  42. ^ Esquivel, Paloma (February 24, 2010). "As Rodney Alcala's third murder trial winds to a close, victim's brothers wait for closure, justice". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
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  48. ^ Martinez, Edecio (March 30, 2010). "Serial Killer Rodney Alcala Gets Death Sentence; Will it Stick This Time?". CBS News. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  49. ^ "'Dating Game Killer' Rodney Alcala Pleads Not Guilty in NY Murders" Archived November 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine (June 21, 2012). KTLA. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
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