User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Sukkalmah dynasty

Etymology

The Sukkalmah Dynasty (c. 1900-1500 BCE), also Epartid Dynasty after the founder Eparti/Ebarat, was an early dynasty of West Asia in the ancient region of Elam, to the southeast of Babylonia. It corresponds to the latest part of the Old Elamite period (dated c. 2700-1600 BC). The Sukkalmah dynasty followed the Shimashki Dynasty (c. 2200-1900 BCE). The name of the dynasty comes from the name Sukkalmah meaning "Grand Regent", the title used by Elamite rulers. Sukkalmah was a Sumerian title first attested in the Pre-Sargonic texts from Girsu, where it seems to have had the meaning of "prime minister" or "grand vizier." The title was well-attested under the powerful Ur III state, where it remained associated with Girsu and nearby Lagash. The Sukkalmahs of Lagash held effective control over the entire ma-da or buffer zone to the north and east of the Ur III core territory, and thus held authority over Susa. The Sukkalmah Arad-Nanna held the title of shagina or military governor of Pashime on the southern coast of Iran, indicating that the influence of the Neo-Sumerian Sukkalmahs could extend quite deep into Elamite territory. The later adoption of the title Sukkalmah by the Elamites probably reflects the considerable political influence that the Neo-Sumerian Sukkalmahs had on Susiana and Elam, and may have also been favored due to similarity between the Sumerian sukkal and the Elamite title sunkir or sukkir meaning "king".

History

Isin-Larsa period (c. 2004 – c. 1813 BC)

Further information: Isin-Larsa period

The founder of the dynasty was a ruler named Shilhaha, who described himself as "the chosen son of Ebarat", who may have been the same as King Ebarti mentioned as the 9th King of the Shimashki Dynasty. Ebarat appears as the founder of the dynasty according to building inscriptions, but later kings rather seem to refer to Shilhaha in their filiation claims.

Numerous cuneiform documents and inscriptions remain from this period, particularly from the area of Susa, making the Sukkalmah period one of the best documented in Elamite history. The names of Ebarat and Shilhaha, the founding members of the Sukkalmah Dynasty, have been found on the Gunagi silver vessels, inscribed in the Linear Elamite script. The Gunagi vessels were discovered recently (2004). French archaeologist François Desset identified repetitive sign sequences in the beginning of the Gunagi inscriptions, and guessed they were names of Kings, in a manner somewhat similar to Grotefend's decipherment of Old Persian cuneiform in 1802-1815. Using the small set of letters identified in 1905-1912, the number of symbols in each sequence taken as syllables, and in one instance the repetition of a symbol, Desset was able to identify the only two contemporary historical rulers that matched these conditions: Shilhaha and Ebarat, the two earliest kings of the Sukkalmah Dynasty. Another set of signs matched the well-known God of the period: Napirisha.

The dynasty was roughly contemporary with the Old Assyrian Empire, and the Old Babylonian period in Mesopotamia. During this time, Susa was under Elamite control, but Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as Larsa and Isin continually tried to retake the city.

Shimashki during the Isin-Larsa period

Further information: Shimashki

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
9th		Eparti II	r. c. 1973 – c. 1953 BC	Unclear succession
10th	Idaddu II		r. c. 1953 – c. 1940 BC
11th	Idaddu-napir		r. c. 1940 – c. 1928 BC
12th	Idaddu-temti		r. c. 1928 – c. 1894 BC
1st	Kuk-Sanit		r. c. 1894 BC	He may have been the son of Palar-Ishshan
2nd	Tem-Sanit		Uncertain	Sons of Kuk-Kirwash
3rd	Kuk-Nahhunte

Sukkalmahs at Shimashki during the Isin-Larsa period

Further information: Sukkalmah

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkalmah	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
1st		Eparti II	r. c. 1973 – c. 1953 BC	Unclear succession
2nd	Palar-Ishshan		Uncertain

Sukkals at Shimashki during the Isin-Larsa period

Further information: Sukkal

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkal	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
1st	Kuk-Kirwash		Uncertain	Son of Lan-Kuku Nephew of Palar-Ishshan

Table of contemporaneous rulers at Shimashki and neighboring regions during the Isin-Larsa period

Year	Sukkalmah	Sukkal
1973 BCE
1972 BCE
1971 BCE
1970 BCE
1969 BCE
1968 BCE
1967 BCE
1966 BCE
1965 BCE
1964 BCE
1963 BCE
1962 BCE
1961 BCE
1960 BCE
1959 BCE
1958 BCE
1957 BCE
1956 BCE
1955 BCE
1954 BCE
1953 BCE
1952 BCE
1951 BCE
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1940 BCE
1939 BCE
1938 BCE
1937 BCE
1936 BCE
1935 BCE
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1932 BCE
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1930 BCE
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1926 BCE
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Susa during the Isin-Larsa period

Further information: Susa

Sukkalmahs at Susa during the Isin-Larsa period

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkalmah	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
1st		Eparti II	r. c. 1973 – c. 1953 BC	Unclear succession
2nd	Shilhaha		r. c. 1953 – c. 1940 BC	Son of Eparti II

Sukkals at Susa during the Isin-Larsa period

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkal	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
1st	Kuk-Nashur I		r. c. 1940 – c. 1928 BC	Son of Shilhaha
2nd	Atta-hushu		r. c. 1928 – c. 1894 BC	These two may have been sons of Kuk-Nashur I
3rd	Tetep-Mada		r. c. 1890 BC

Table of contemporaneous rulers at Susa and neighboring regions during the Isin-Larsa period

Year	Sukkal of Elam	Sukkalmah of Susa	Sukkal of Susa	King of Susa	King of Isin	King of Larsa	King of Babylon
1973 BC
1972 BC
1971 BC
1970 BC
1969 BC
1968 BC
1967 BC
1966 BC
1965 BC
1964 BC
1963 BC
1962 BC
1961 BC
1960 BC
1959 BC
1958 BC
1957 BC
1956 BC
1955 BC
1954 BC
1953 BC
1952 BC
1951 BC
1950 BC
1949 BC
1948 BC
1947 BC
1946 BC
1945 BC
1944 BC
1943 BC
1942 BC
1941 BC
1940 BC
1939 BC
1938 BC
1937 BC
1936 BC
1935 BC
1934 BC
1933 BC
1932 BC
1931 BCE
1930 BCE
1929 BCE
1928 BCE
1927 BCE
1926 BCE
1925 BCE
1924 BCE
1923 BCE
1922 BCE
1921 BCE
1920 BCE
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1918 BCE
1917 BCE
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1914 BCE
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1911 BCE
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1907 BCE
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Anshan during the Isin-Larsa period

Further information: Anshan (Persia)

Sukkalmahs at Anshan during the Isin-Larsa period

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkalmah	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
1st		Eparti II	r. c. 1973 – c. 1953 BC	Unclear succession
2nd	Shilhaha		r. c. 1953 – c. 1894 BC	Son of Eparti II

Table of contemporaneous rulers during the Isin-Larsa period

Year	Sukkalmah	Sukkal
1973 BCE
1972 BCE
1971 BCE
1970 BCE
1969 BCE
1968 BCE
1967 BCE
1966 BCE
1965 BCE
1964 BCE
1963 BCE
1962 BCE
1961 BCE
1960 BCE
1959 BCE
1958 BCE
1957 BCE
1956 BCE
1955 BCE
1954 BCE
1953 BCE
1952 BCE
1951 BCE
1950 BCE
1949 BCE
1948 BCE
1947 BCE
1946 BCE
1945 BCE
1944 BCE
1943 BCE
1942 BCE
1941 BCE
1940 BCE
1939 BCE
1938 BCE
1937 BCE
1936 BCE
1935 BCE
1934 BCE
1933 BCE
1932 BCE
1931 BCE
1930 BCE
1929 BCE
1928 BCE
1927 BCE
1926 BCE
1925 BCE
1924 BCE
1923 BCE
1922 BCE
1921 BCE
1920 BCE
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1918 BCE
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1915 BCE
1914 BCE
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1911 BCE
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1907 BCE
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1872 BCE
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1869 BCE
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Genealogy during the Isin-Larsa period

Eparti II
Shilhaha
Kuk-Nashur I
Atta-hushu

Susa during the Old Assyrian period (c. 1813 – c. 1745 BC)

Further information: Old Assyrian period

Notable Sukkalmah dynasty rulers in Elam during this time include Sirukdukh (c. 1850), who entered into various military coalitions to contain the power of the south Mesopotamian states; Siwe-Palar-Khuppak, who for some time was the most powerful person in the area, respectfully addressed as "Father" by Mesopotamian kings such as Zimrilim of Mari, Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria, and even Hammurabi of Babylon; and Kudur-Nahhunte, who plundered the temples of southern Mesopotamia, the north being under the control of the Old Assyrian Empire.

#	Portrait or inscription	Ruler	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
3rd	Shimut-Wartash I		r. c. 1790 BC	Son of Shirukduh

Sukkalmahs at Susa during the Old Assyrian period

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkalmah	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
3rd	Shirukduh		r. c. 1790 – c. 1778 BC	Unclear succession
4th	Siwe-Palar-Khuppak		r. c. 1778 – c. 1745 BC	Son of Shirukduh

Sukkals at Susa during the Old Assyrian period

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkal	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
4th	Siwe-Palar-Khuppak		r. c. 1778 – c. 1745 BC	Son of Shirukduh

Genealogy during the Old Assyrian period

Shirukduh
Kuduzulush I
Kutir-Nahhunte I
Temti-Agun
Kutir-Shilhaha
Kuk-Nashur III
Shimut-Wartash II
Kuduzulush II

Susa during the Old Babylonian period (c. 1745 – c. 1595 BC)

Further information: Old Babylonian period

But Elamite influence in southern Mesopotamia did not last. Around 1760 BC, Hammurabi drove out the Elamites, overthrew Rim-Sin of Larsa, and established a short lived Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. Little is known about the later part of this dynasty, since sources again become sparse with the Kassite rule of Babylon (from c. 1595).

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkalmah	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
4th	Atta-Merra-Halki		r. c. 1710 BC	He may have been the son of Kuduzulush I
5th	Lila-Irtash		Uncertain	He may have been the son of Kuduzulush I

Sukkalmahs at Susa during the Old Babylonian period

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkalmah	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
5th	Kuduzulush I		r. c. 1745 – c. 1710 BC	Son of Shirukduh
6th	Kutir-Nahhunte I		r. c. 1710 BC	Son of Kuduzulush I
7th	Temti-Agun		Uncertain	Son of Kutir-Nahhunte I

Sukkals at Susa during the Old Babylonian period

#	Portrait or inscription	Sukkalmah	Approximated date and length of reign	Succession and death details	Notes and references
5th	Kuduzulush I		r. c. 1745 – c. 1710 BC	Son of Shirukduh
6th	Tata II		r. c. 1710 BC	Brother of Atta-Merra-Halki
7th	Temti-Agun		Uncertain	Son of Kutir-Nahhunte I

Genealogy during the Old Babylonian period

Tan-Uli
Temti-Halki

References

Sources

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External links

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Geography

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