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Syrians
سُورِيُّون
Sūriyyīn
Total population
19.5 million
(Syria)
10 million
(Syrian diaspora)
Regions with significant populations
 Syria17,693,337 (December 2020 estimate)[1]
 Brazil4,011,480[2]
 Turkey3,600,000[3][4]
 Venezuela2,000,000[5][6][7]
 Argentina1,500,000[8][9]
 Jordan1,200,000[10]
 Lebanon929,624 [11]
 Germany780,000[12]
 Saudi Arabia500,000[13]
 United States281,331 [14][15][16]
 Sudan250,000+[17]
 United Arab Emirates250,000[18]
 Iraq243,000[19]
 Sweden240,717[20][21]
 Chile200,000[22]
 Kuwait150,000[23]
 Egypt114,000 [24]
 Canada77,050[25]
 United Kingdom60,200[26] 9,800 in Scotland[27] and 2,000 in Northern Ireland.[28]
 Qatar54,000[29]
 Algeria50,000[30]
 Austria49,779[31]
 Denmark42,207[32]
 France38,600[33][34]
 Norway36,026[35]
 Spain11,188[36]
 Finland9,333[37]
 Italy8,227 (Syrian born)[38]
 Morocco5,250[39]
 Ireland3,000[40]
Languages
Amoung Syrian Arabs
Arabic 75%
Amoung Syrian Kurds
Kurmanji 10%
Other Neo-Aramaic (Surayt/Turoyo, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Western Neo-Aramaic)
Religion
Mainly Islam (mostly Sunni Islam, minority Shi'as, Alawite)
Christianity (mostly Antiochian Orthodox and Greek Catholic; a minority of Syriac Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic)
Druze
Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Other Semitic-speaking peoples

Syrians (Arabic: سُورِيُّون, Sūriyyīn) are the inhabited the region of Syria for millennia, situated in the Middle East. With a rich cultural heritage and a lengthy and intricate history, Syrians have made notable contributions to various fields, including literature, art, music, and science.

The term ''Syrian'' is generally used to refer to individuals who was either born in Syria or holds Syrian nationality, regardless of their gender or ethnic background. However, in some contexts, it is primarily applied to ''Syrian Arabs''. In 2018, the Syrian Arab Republic had an estimated population of 19.5 million, which includes, aside from the aforementioned majority, the largest Syrian ethnic minority the Kurds, as well as Assyrians, Turks, Armenians and others.

Before the Syrian Civil War, there was quite a large Syrian diaspora, who had immigrated to North America (United States and Canada), European Union member states (including Sweden, France, and Germany), South America (mainly in Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and Chile), the West Indies,[41] Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.[42] Six million refugees of the Syrian Civil War also live outside Syria now, mostly in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Etymology

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Various sources indicate that the name Syria itself is derived from Luwian term "Sura/i", and the derivative ancient Greek name: Σύριοι, Sýrioi, or Σύροι, Sýroi, both of which originally derived from the Akkadian word Aššūrāyu (Assyria) in northern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq [43][44] However, during the Seleucid Empire, this term was also applied to The Levant, and henceforth the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of north Mesopotamia and Arameans of the Levant.[45][46]

Applications of the name

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The terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" were used interchangeably by the Greeks to refer to the indigenous Arameans, Assyrians, and other inhabitants of the Levant and Mesopotamia. The Romans imposed the term "Syrian" upon the Arameans of the modern Levant when they created the province of Syria. The Arabs called the region al-Sham, and the modern national identity of Syria emerged in the 1800s. Throughout history, the designation of "Syrian" has been subject to debate and has been used to refer to various peoples, including Jews and Arameans.[47][48][48][49][50]

History

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Main article: History of Syria

The history of the peoples in Syria is long and complex, with the region being home to a diverse array of ethnic and religious groups for thousands of years. Some of the earliest known inhabitants of the region were the Sumerians, who lived in Mesopotamia, which included parts of modern-day Syria, around 4000 BC. Other early civilizations that inhabited the region included the Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Sasanians. In the centuries that followed, the region was conquered by various groups, including the Greeks under Alexander the Great and the Romans, who established the province of Syria in 64 BC. The Byzantine Empire also controlled the region for several centuries before the rise of Islam in the 7th century AD.

Syria has become Arabised through the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century led to the spread of Islam and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate, which was based in Damascus. Over the centuries that followed, the region was ruled by various Muslim dynasties, including the Abbasids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids.

During the Ottoman period, which lasted from the 16th century until the end of World War I, Syria was part of the Ottoman Empire and was ruled by a series of Ottoman governors.

In the 20th century, Syria gained independence from France in 1946 and was ruled by a series of military and civilian governments until the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011. Today, Syria is home to a diverse array of ethnic and religious groups, including Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, and Assyrians, as well as Sunni and Shia Muslims, Christians, and Druze.

Genetics

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See also: Genetic history of the Middle East
  Arabian Peninsula/East African ancestral components
  Levantine ancestral component
  Other ancestral components

Genetic tests on Syrians were included in many genetic studies.[51][52][53] The paternal Y-DNA haplogroup J1accounted for 33.6% of Syrians.[54] The J2 group accounted for 20.8% of Syrians; other Y-DNA haplogroups include the E1B1B 12.0%, I 5.0%, R1a 10.0% and R1b 15.0%.[53][55] The Syrians are closest to other Levantine populations: the Lebanese, the Palestinians and Jordanians;[56] this closeness can be explained with the common Canaanite ancestry and geographical unity which was broken only in the twentieth century with the advent of British and French mandates.[57] Regarding the genetic relation between the Syrians and the Lebanese based on Y-DNA, Muslims from Lebanon show closer relation to Syrians than their Christian compatriots.[58] The people of Western Syria show close relation with the people of Northern Lebanon.[59]

Mitochondrial DNA shows the Syrians to have affinity with Europe; main haplogroups are H and R.[60] Based on Mitochondrial DNA, the Syrians, Palestinian, Lebanese and Jordanians form a close cluster.[61] Compared to the Lebanese, Bedouins and Palestinians, the Syrians have noticeably more Northern European component, estimated at 7%.[62] Regarding the HLA alleles, Syrians, and other Levantine populations, exhibit "key differences" from other Arab populations;[63] based on HLA-DRB1 alleles, Syrians were close to eastern Mediterranean populations, such as the Cretans and Lebanese Armenians.[64] Studying the genetic relation between Jews and Syrians showed that the two populations share close affinity.[65]

Language

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Further information on Syrian Arabic: Levantine Arabic

Arabic is the mother tongue among Syrian Arabs and others who take it as a mother tongue or as a second language[66] as well as the official state language. The Syrian variety of Levantine Arabic differs from Modern Standard Arabic. In addition to other languages spoken in Syria Kurdish, Turkish, Neo-Aramaic (four dialects), Circassian, Chechen, Armenian, and finally Greek.

Religion and minority groups

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Main articles: Freedom of religion in Syria, Religion in Syria, Islam in Syria, and Christianity in Syria
Clip - Interview with Paolo Dall'Oglio, The Syrian tradition of coexistence and the present scenario of confrontation

Religious differences in Syria have historically been tolerated,[67][68] and religious minorities tend to retain distinct cultural, and religious identities. Sunni Islam is the religion of 74% of Syrians. The Alawites, a variety of Shia Islam, make up 12% of the population and mostly live in and around Tartus and Latakia. Christians make up 10% of the country. Most Syrian Christians adhere to the Byzantine Rite; the two largest are the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.[69][70] The Druze are a mountainous people who reside in Jabal al-Druze who helped spark the Great Syrian Revolt. The Ismailis are an even smaller sect that originated in Asia. Many Armenian and Assyrian Christians fled Turkey during the Armenian genocide and the Assyrian genocide and settled in Syria. There are also roughly 500,000 Palestinians, who are mostly descendants of refugees from the 1948 Israeli-Arab War. The community of Syrian Jews inside Syria once numbered 30,000 in 1947, but has only 200 today.[71]

Cuisine

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Tabbouleh
Further information: Syrian cuisine

Syrian cuisine is dominated by ingredients native to the region. Olive oil, garlic, olives, spearmint, and sesame oil are some of the ingredients that are used in many traditional meals. Traditional Syrian dishes enjoyed by Syrians include, tabbouleh, labaneh, shanklish, wara' 'enab, makdous, kebab, Kibbeh, sfiha, moutabal, hummus, mana'eesh, bameh, and fattoush.

A typical Syrian breakfast is a meze. It is an assortment platter of foods with cheeses, meats, pickles, olives, and spreads. Meze is usually served with Arab-style tea - highly concentrated black tea, which is often highly sweetened and served in small glass cups. Another popular drink, especially with Christians and non-practicing Muslims, is the arak, a liquor produced from grapes or dates and flavored with anise that can have an alcohol content of over 90% ABV (however, most commercial Syrian arak brands are about 40-60% ABV).

Notable people

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Further information: List of Syrians

See also

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Notes

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  2. ^ "Syrian Arabic Republic". www.itamaraty.gov.br. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  3. ^ "UNHCR Turkey: Operational Update - February / March 2021".
  4. ^ (UNHCR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response". unhcr.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  5. ^ Jordan, Levi. "Syria Steps into Latin America". Americas Society Council of the Americas. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Syria hopes will serve as an avenue to attract investment dollars from the one-million-strong community of Venezuelans of Syrian descent
  6. ^ Nachawati, Leila (March 2013). "Cómo será recordado Chávez en Siria" (in Spanish). ElDiario.es. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Se calcula que cerca de un millón de habitantes del país tiene origen sirio, personal o familiar.
  7. ^ Gomez, Diego (February 2012). "EL LEVANTE Y AMÉRICA LATINA. UNA BITÁCORA DE LATINOAMÉRICA EN SIRIA, LÍBANO, JORDANIA Y PALESTINA". distintaslatitudes.net (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 January 2017. de acuerdo con el Instituto de Estadística de Venezuela, cerca de un millón de venezolanos tienen orígenes sirios y más de 20 mil venezolanos están registrados en el catastro del consulado sudamericano en Damasco.
  8. ^ http://amerika.revues.org/2746 Amerika:La emigración Siria-Libanesa a Argentina (the Syrian and Lebanese emigration to Argentina). Retrieved in August 31, 2012, to 14:35pm.
  9. ^ http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/bajarondelosbarcos/Colectividades/Turcos,%20sirios%20y%20libaneses/inmigraci%C3%B3n.htm Sirios, turcos y libaneses. Retrieved in August 31, 2012, to 15:15pm.
  10. ^ (UNHCR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response". unhcr.org. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  11. ^ (UNHCR), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response". unhcr.org. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  12. ^ Hermann, Rainer. "Flüchtlinge aus Syrien: Die Tragödie des 21. Jahrhunderts". Faz.net.
  13. ^ Jawhar, Sabria (10 September 2015). "KSA already home to 500,000 Syrians". Arabnews.com. Arab news. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  14. ^ "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
  15. ^ Hitti, Philip (2005) [1924]. The Syrians in America. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-176-4.
  16. ^ Syrian Americans by J. Sydney Jones
  17. ^ "The New Lost Boys of Sudan". 13 November 2019.
  18. ^ McFarlane, Nyree (28 September 2016). "The UAE is going to start taking in Syrian refugees". swhatson.ae. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  19. ^ "Syrians in Iraq".
  20. ^ "Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2021, totalt" (in Swedish). Statistiska centralbyrån. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  21. ^ Swedish residents born either in Syria or Sweden to two Syrian-born parents.
  22. ^ J. Códoba-Toro (2015). "Árabes en Chile". Iberoamérica Social. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Kuwait extends residency permits for Syrians". UNHCR. 2 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  24. ^ "CBS Statline".
  25. ^ Statistics Canada (2019-02-20). "2016 Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data: Data tables". Retrieved December 7, 2019.
  26. ^ "2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  27. ^ "Country of birth (detailed)" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  28. ^ "Country of Birth – Full Detail: QS206NI". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  29. ^ (Qatar population statistics) (15 August 2019). "Population of Qatar by nationality - 2019 report". priyadsouza.com. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  30. ^ Koundouno, Tamba François (3 January 2019). "Algeria Shuts Border to Syrian Refugees, Invokes Terrorism Threat". Morocco World News. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  31. ^ "Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit" [Population at the beginning of the year since 2002 by detailed nationality] (PDF). Statistics Austria (in German). 14 June 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  32. ^ "POPULATION AT THE FIRST DAY OF THE QUARTER BY REGION, SEX, AGE (5 YEARS AGE GROUPS), ANCESTRY AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN". Statistics Denmark.
  33. ^ "Immigrés par pays de naissance détaillé − Étrangers et immigrés en 2019 | Insee".
  34. ^ "Qui sont les millions de réfugiés afghans, en France et dans le monde ?". Le Monde. 31 August 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  35. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents". Statistics Norway. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  36. ^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas". Statistics Spain. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  37. ^ "11rs -- Origin and background country by language, age (1-year) and sex, 1990-2021". stat.fi. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  38. ^ "Population by country of birth".
  39. ^ "Major Syrian refugee-hosting countries worldwide 2022". Statista. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  40. ^ "'Living a new life now': Syrian children on resettling here". Ireland's National Public Service Media / Meáin Náisiúnta Seirbhíse Poiblí na hÉireann. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  41. ^ "The Caribbean History Archives: Syrian-Lebanese community". 2011-10-03.
  42. ^ Singh, Shubha. "Like India, Syria has a large diaspora (With stories on Syrian president's visit)". Theindian News. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  43. ^ Rollinger, Robert (2006). "The terms "Assyria" and "Syria" again". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 65 (4): 284–287. doi:10.1086/511103. S2CID 162760021.
  44. ^ Frye, R. N. (1992). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 51 (4): 281–285. doi:10.1086/373570. S2CID 161323237.
  45. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, VII.63, s:History of Herodotus/Book 7.
  46. ^ Joseph, John (2008). "Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?" (PDF).
  47. ^ Nigel Wilson (2013-10-31). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. p. 652. ISBN 9781136788000.
  48. ^ a b Nathanael J. Andrade (2013-07-25). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. p. 28. ISBN 9781107244566.
  49. ^ Aryeh Kasher (1985). The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: The Struggle for Equal Rights. p. 153. ISBN 9783161448294.
  50. ^ Flavius Josephus (2004). The Great Roman-Jewish War. p. 34,150,178. ISBN 9780486432182.
  51. ^ Badro et al. 2013.
  52. ^ Haber et al. 2011.
  53. ^ a b El‐Sibai et al. 2009.
  54. ^ El‐Sibai et al. 2009. Quote:"J1 frequencies in Syria, Akka and Jordan were more comparable to Lebanon than to the remaining Arabic countries (58.3% in Qatar and 72.5% in Yemen; Fig. 2G")
  55. ^ Semino et al. 2000.
  56. ^ Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Using genetic distances, correspondence analysis and NJ trees, we showed earlier [61, 62] and in this study that Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other."
  57. ^ Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry, the ancient Canaanites, who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC [97], and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800–3350 BC [98]. The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity, which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization."
  58. ^ Haber et al. 2013. Quote:"Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians."
  59. ^ Haber et al. 2011. Quote:"Syria is contained within the range of variation of the Lebanese samples. West Syrian samples lie closest to LN Sunnis, and not far from LN, LB, and LM Maronites."
  60. ^ Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"The haplogroups' geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant (modern day Lebanon and Syria) and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa (Fig. 1, Table 1). The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R*."
  61. ^ Badro et al. 2013. Quote:"Yemenis and Saudis both associate strongly with Egyptians, whereas the Jordanian, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian populations clustered together."
  62. ^ Marshall et al. 2016. Quote:"Druze and Syrians possess a significantly larger amount of the Northern European component (X = 7%) when compared with their neighbouring populations, such as Palestinians (X = 5%) and Lebanese and Bedouins (X = 2%)."
  63. ^ Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"On the contrary, key differences were noted between Levant Arabs (Lebanese, Palestinians, Syrians), and other Arab populations, highlighted by high frequencies of A*24, B*35, DRB1*11:01, DQB1*03:01, and DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01 haplotype in Levantine Arabs compared to other Arab populations."
  64. ^ Hajjej et al. 2018. Quote:"Syrians are genetically close to Eastern Mediterranean, as Cretans (-0.0001) and Lebanese Armenians (0.0050)."
  65. ^ Hammer et al. 2000. Quote:"This Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations, whereas the other Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations (Saudi Arabians, Lebanese, and Druze) closely surrounded it."
  66. ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
  67. ^ Kamīl Manṣūr, Leila Tarazi Fawaz (2009). Transformed Landscapes: Essays on Palestine and the Middle East in Honor of Walid Khalidi. p. 2. ISBN 9789774162473.
  68. ^ George N. Atiyeh, Ibrahim M. Oweiss (1988-07-08). Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Dr. Constantine Zurayk. p. 299. ISBN 9780887066993.
  69. ^ "Syria". State.gov. 19 September 2008. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
  70. ^ "Guide: Syria's diverse minorities". BBC News. 2011-12-09.
  71. ^ Derhally, Massoud A. (7 February 2011). "Jews in Damascus Restore Synagogues as Syria Tries to Foster Secular Image". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 May 2011. The project, which began in December, will be completed this month as part of a plan to restore 10 synagogues with the backing of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and funding from Syrian Jews.

Sources

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Media related to People of Syria at Wikimedia Commons

References

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