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Potential pipelines under review by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, including the Mountain Valley Pipeline

The Mountain Valley Pipeline (MVP) is a natural gas pipeline constructed from northwestern West Virginia to southern Virginia. The MVP is 303 miles (488 km) long, and there is also a proposed Southgate Extension which will run 75 miles (121 km) from Virginia into North Carolina.[1] The completed pipeline has a capacity of 2 million dekatherms (Dths) of natural gas per day (approximately 200 TWh per year), with gas produced from the Marcellus and Utica shale formations.

The pipeline was met with opposition in the form of legal challenges, regulatory hurdles, direct action and destruction of property. Some of the issues raised by opponents include the seizure of land through eminent domain and negative impacts to the forests, waterways, and protected wildlife. Opponents have also voiced concerns about the project's contribution to climate change, and permits have been denied on the basis of environmental justice laws in the state of Virginia. These challenges have resulted in the project being years behind schedule and billions of dollars over budget.[2][3]

The American Petroleum Institute stated that the pipeline would get a cleaner, cost-effective fuel to market and spur the economy.

In July 2022, West Virginia senator Joe Manchin negotiated with US Democratic Party leadership to ease regulatory barriers for major infrastructure projects in exchange for his support of the Inflation Reduction Act. His proposed legislation would have required the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to take "all necessary actions" to ensure completion of the MVP.[4] This deal prompted protests in Washington, DC in September, led by Indigenous people and others voicing environmental justice concerns.[5][6] Manchin's bill was later withdrawn.[4]

On June 3, 2023, President Biden signed into law the Fiscal Responsibility Act that requires all federal permits needed to complete the project be issued by June 24, 2023. The project developer expects the pipeline to be in-service by mid-year 2024.[7][8]

Project description

[edit]

The MVP project is a natural gas pipeline from northwestern West Virginia to southern Virginia receiving its supply from the Marcellus and Utica shale sites. It is able to provide up to two billion cubic feet of firm capacity per day.[9] The pipeline spans approximately 303 miles (488 km),[10] and its route crosses the Appalachian Trail near Peters Mountain Wilderness in Virginia.[11]

The MVP is owned by Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC (MVP LLC), which is a joint venture between Equitrans Midstream, NextEra Energy Resources, Con Edison Transmission and other midstream partners.[12][13] The MVP would be operated by Equitrans Midstream which is the majority owner. Equitrans Midstream was formed in a June 2020 merger.[14]

The MVP is an interstate pipeline so it is federally regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under United States Natural Gas Act.[10][15] State level ordinances also apply. In October 2015, MVP LLC applied for permits for the pipeline from FERC, and the regulatory commission issued the Final Environmental Impact Statement in June 2017.[16] The pipeline's operation would be regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA).[17]

The evidence of a market demand and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Certificate policy requires at least 25 percent of the Mountain Valley Pipeline's capacity to deliver natural gas be met by service contract agreements in order to justify the need for the project.[18] MVP LLC was able to secure these service contracts allowing them to proceed with the proposed project. The completed pipeline would have the ability to ship 2 million dekatherms (Dts) of natural gas per day for distribution, with a large quantity of that gas being produced from the Marcellus and Utica shale formations.[12]

Opposition to the project

[edit]

Opposition was met during the initial request to obtain a certificate of convenience and necessity from the FERC.[18] Some of the issues raised by citizen groups include the right of eminent domain and the potential for negative impacts to the forests, waterways, and protected wildlife during construction.[19][20] Concerns were raised because the route cuts across the Appalachian Trail.[11] Activists have set up numerous blockades to prevent construction along the pipeline path including a month-long tree-sit near Peters Mountain,[21][22] an aerial blockade in which a woman occupied a platform atop a pole for 57 days,[23] other aerial blockades, and the 932 day yellow finch tree-sit from September 2018 to March 2021.[24][25] Protestors have also blocked construction by parking junk cars on the pipeline route or locking themselves to machinery;[26] in one case, a professor chained herself to construction equipment.[27][28] Obstruction of pipeline construction has been ongoing in spite of significant criminal and civil penalties being levied against protestors.[25][26]

The head of the Jefferson National Forest was reassigned, allegedly due to heavy handed tactics involving the protest, which included running ATVs on a section of the Appalachian Trail,[29] and, according to Outside magazine, blocking food and water supplies to protesters.[30] In Virginia, bumper stickers are appearing on cars that read "No Pipeline". Many articles against the pipeline have been published in The Roanoke Times, and many protests have been organized.[31][32][33][34]

The MVP has been cited by government agencies for violations of Virginia's Stormwater Management Act because of problems with runoff from land clearing while installing the pipeline.[35] The pipeline was challenged in court, including lawsuits during 2018 in which cultural preservation officers from the Rosebud Sioux Tribe and the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe sued FERC for failing to satisfy the requirements of the National Historic Preservation Act after they found evidence of burial mounds along the path of the pipeline. These lawsuits were thrown out by federal courts in February 2019.[36]

Many landowners complain that they are kept up at night by construction, mainly because most of the land used to build the pipeline was taken from private landowners by eminent domain. A ruling by U.S. District Court Judge Elizabeth Dillon on January 31, 2018, granted the right of eminent domain to MVP LLC in a disputed area but required current appraisals and bonds be set forth to compensate for any losses incurred by the land owners.[37]

Landowners located along the pipeline project see the privately owned pipeline as a "government sanctioned land grab" impacting not only the environment, but also the local economies of surrounding towns.[38] In June 2018, a federal court put a hold on a required permit for construction of the pipeline in Monroe County, West Virginia.[39]

Compressor stations that were proposed as part of the Southgate extension were denied permits in Virginia in 2021 when state regulators ruled that the permits would violate state environmental justice laws. Residents were concerned about noise, pollution, and the danger of explosions.[40]

Impacts

[edit]

The American Petroleum Institute stated that the pipeline would get a cleaner, cheaper fuel to market and spur the economy.[41] There are concerns however from communities that will be impacted by the pipeline's construction and from groups who want to preserve historical landmarks, forests, wildlife, waterways, and parks. Questions were raised regarding the need for the project and its purpose. Additional inquiries called in to question whether there were alternatives to avoid impacts to the forest among other things which were detailed in the Final Environmental Impact Statement, along with recommendations by the FERC to minimize the impacts on the environment.[42][18]

The environmental concerns of the pipeline include threats to the streams, rivers, and drinking water along the route. This can include the forests, endangered species, fish nurseries, and the public lands that surround the pipeline.[43] Water contamination has been one of the biggest concerns with the growth of this project, and there are concerns by some about the path of the pipeline, which cuts across sections of national forests including the Jefferson National Forest in Virginia and West Virginia along with the Appalachian Trail.

The Appalachian Trail Conservancy has opposed the pipeline,[44] with the following concerns:

  • The permanent damage of the scenic landscape of the Appalachian trail
  • Concerns for nearby towns due to the lands being picked for the building of the pipeline are most susceptible to soil erosion, landslides, and natural gas leaks
  • In order to push for the building of the MVP, the Forest Service lowered their standard for water quality, visual impacts, and destruction of the forest within the Jefferson National Forest Management Plan. There is a concern that due to this change, there could be an increase in private companies taking advantage of National Parks or forests

The Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental advocacy group, says:

  • Private landowners near the pipeline will lose property to the pipeline company. If the landowners are able to keep their land, the property value will decrease due to the pipeline's presence. Due to the process of eminent domain, the ability for the government to attain private land and make it public land, landowners could have their land taken and given to pipeline companies.[43]
  • Consumers of the pipeline will have to pay additional taxes in their electrical bills to pay for the building of the Mountain Valley Pipeline
  • Loss of ecosystem service value due to the destruction of the water purification and recreational benefits of the land.[45]

Timeline

[edit]

2014-2019

[edit]

June 12, 2014

  • A non-binding open season for the MVP project commences June 12, 2014 and will extend through July 10, 2014. An open season provides all market participants – producers, marketers, industrials, and local distribution companies – the opportunity to subscribe for capacity on the MVP.

October 2014

  • MVP LLC began the voluntary pre-filing process with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)[46]

October 23, 2015

  • MVP LLC filed formal application with FERC[46] targeting an in-service date of late 2018 [47]

October 13, 2017

  • FERC issues MVP LLC a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity and Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)[48]

December 2017

  • Virginia State Water Control Board issues Water Quality Certification for the Mountain Valley Pipeline[49]

December 20, 2017

  • The Bureau of Land Management issued a Rule of Decision granting MVP LLC an operational right of way through the Jefferson National Forest, and adopted the EIS[48]

December 22, 2017

January 31, 2018

  • U.S. District Court Judge Elizabeth Dillon granted the right of eminent domain to MVP LLC in a disputed area but required current appraisals and bonds be set forth to compensate for any losses incurred by the land owners.[37]

2018 (first quarter)

  • Construction began, projected in-service date of the fourth quarter of 2019[46]

July 3, 2018

  • The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reinstated their December 22 verification that the pipeline project complies with the Nationwide Permit 12, with several "special conditions". One notable condition states that river crossings were to be constructed using dry open-cut construction in order to minimize environmental damage.[48]

July 27, 2018

October 2, 2018

  • The 4th Circuit Court of Appeals struck down Nationwide Permit 12, which was issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Huntington District. The court found that the permit overlooked a requirement by West Virginia regulators that pipeline stream crossings must be completed within 72 hours to limit environmental harm.[50]

November 27, 2018

  • The 4th Circuit Court of Appeals elaborated on their October 2 decision regarding the Nationwide Permit 12, concluding that West Virginia did not follow the federally mandated notice-and-comment procedures for waiving special conditions part of the permit.[48]

December 2018

March 1, 2019

  • Virginia State Water Control Board decided they do not have the authority to revoke the water quality certification.[49]

October 11, 2019

  • The Progressive Left 4th Circuit Appeals Court rescinds the Biological Opinion and Incidental Take Statement issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service[52]
  • Virginia issued a statement forcing MVP LLC to submit to court-ordered and court-supervised compliance with environmental protections, imposing additional layers of independent, third-party monitoring on the project, and requiring the payment of a significant $2.15 million civil penalty. This agreement between Virginia and MVP LLC resolved the lawsuit Virginia filed against MVP LLC in December 2018.[53]

October 15, 2019

  • FERC ordered all work on MVP stop except stabilization and restoration activities[52]

2020-Present

[edit]

June 2020

  • MVP project is approximately 92% complete, in-service date revised to early 2021[54]

July 31, 2020

  • Trinity Energy Services, a contractor of MVP LLC, filed a lawsuit in West Virginia demanding enforcement of a mechanic's lien. Trinity claimed it was owed $102.4 million. If a court enforced the lien, MVP LLC would be required to sell the pipeline at auction. Three weeks later, Trinity Energy filed a $103.8 million lawsuit against MVP LLC in Pennsylvania, claiming breach of contract, failure to pay, and enforcement of a mechanics' lien.[55]

August 11, 2020

  • The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality's Division of Water Resources denied MVP LLC's request for a 401 Water Quality Certification and Jordan Lake Riparian Buffer Authorization for the Southgate extension of the Mountain Valley Pipeline. The Division determined that the extension could lead to "unnecessary water quality impacts and disturbance of the environment in North Carolina."[56]
  • Secretary Michael S. Regan issued statement on the Department of Environmental Quality's decision, saying of the MVP, "This has always been an unnecessary project that poses unnecessary risks to our environment and given the uncertain future of the MVP Mainline, North Carolinians should not be exposed to the risk of another incomplete pipeline project."[57]

August 25, 2020

  • MVP LLC applied to FERC for a two-year extension of Certificate for Public Convenience and Necessity (had expiration date in mid October). Certificate is required for interstate pipeline construction[58][59]

September 4, 2020

  • Federal regulators ruled that the pipeline would not jeopardize any of the five endangered or threatened species known to live in its path,[58] reinstating the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Opinion and Incidental Take Statement.[59]

September 11, 2020

  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reissued three permits (two years after being invalidated by federal appeals court), approving a path across almost 1,000 streams and wetlands[60]

September 22, 2020

  • MVP LLC requested that FERC lift the stop work order (issued October 11) by September 25.[61]

October 9, 2020

  • FERC extended the Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity for the Mountain Valley Pipeline.[62]

February 21, 2022

  • NextEra Energy wrote off its investment in the pipeline, saying that "continued legal and regulatory challenges have resulted in a very low probability of pipeline completion". They took a $800 million impairment charge.[63][3]

July 27, 2022

  • Senator Joe Manchin III (D-West Virginia) secured an agreement from Democratic leaders of the U.S. Senate and the Biden administration which would move completion of the pipeline forward.[64] The agreement, to be included in major climate and tax legislation, "would ensure that federal agencies 'take all necessary actions to permit the construction and operation' of the gas line". The legislation ensures that future legal challenges to the pipeline will be heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in the future.[65]

September 8, 2022

  • Manchin's deal with Democratic leadership prompted protests in Washington, DC led by Indigenous people and others voicing environmental justice concerns.[5][6]

May 31, 2023

June 1, 2023

  • During Senate votes on the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, Senator Tim Kaine (D-Virginia) moved to remove the permitting provision. It failed to be removed under a 30-69 vote[67][68]

July 9, 2023

  • FERC approves construction to restart on the MVP, with an estimated finish by the end of 2023. The estimated total cost of the project had risen to $6.6 billion, up from a 2018 estimate of $3.5 billion.[69]

July 10, 2023

  • The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit blocked construction of the pipeline through the Jefferson National Forest until other courts finish reviewing decisions made by the Department of the Interior concerning construction in that forest.[70] The rest of the pipeline's construction remains unaffected. Senators Manchin and Capito of West Virginia voiced opposition to the decision as the Fiscal Responsibility Act striped the 4th Circuit of its jurisdiction over the pipeline.[71]

July 24, 2023

  • Patrick Morrissey (R-West Virginia), the Attorney General of West Virginia, filed a brief to have the Supreme Court lift the "stay in connection with parallel litigation alleging the pipeline would violate the Endangered Species Act".[72]

July 27, 2023

  • The United States Supreme Court struck down the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling of July 10, 2023 that blocked construction of the 303-mile Mountain Valley Pipeline from proceeding. Senator Manchin stated that he was "relieved that the highest court in the land has upheld the law Congress passed and the President signed."[73][74]

August 8, 2023

  • The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled that Congress, in enacting the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023, had stripped it of jurisdiction to consider any further litigation relating to the pipeline. The court also held that, because Congress had ratified agency action relating to the pipeline, the legal dispute over whether it complies with federal laws is moot.[75]

References

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  1. ^ "Overview". MVP Southgate. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  2. ^ "Key U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Delayed as Costs Grow to $6.6 Billion". Bloomberg. May 3, 2022.
  3. ^ a b "NextEra takes $800 mln charge for WV-VA Mountain Valley natgas pipe". Reuters. February 19, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  4. ^ a b Weisbrod, Katelyn (October 7, 2022). "Pressing Safety Concerns, Opponents of the Mountain Valley Pipeline Gear Up for the Next Round of Battle". Inside Climate News. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  5. ^ a b "Appalachian, Indigenous pipeline foes say climate deal 'left us to burn'". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  6. ^ a b "Appalachian, Indigenous pipeline foes protest climate deal". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  7. ^ "Mountain Valley Pipeline To Proceed". Retrieved June 4, 2023.
  8. ^ "Mountain-Valley-Pipeline". Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  9. ^ "Overview - Mountain Valley Pipeline Project". mountainvalleypipeline.info. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Mountain Valley Pipeline Project". mountainvalleypipeline.info. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  11. ^ a b Gayter, Liam (February 21, 2017). "Thru-Hikers in the Blast Zone: Pipelines Will Intersect the Appalachian Trail". Blue Ridge Outdoors. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Overview". mountainvalleypipeline.info. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  13. ^ "THE MONEY BEHIND THE MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE" (PDF). www.priceofoil.org.
  14. ^ Gough, Paul J. "Equitrans, EQM complete merger". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  15. ^ "FERC Strategic Plan" (PDF).
  16. ^ "Overview - Mountain Valley Pipeline Project". www.mountainvalleypipeline.info. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  17. ^ Feridun, Karen (May 30, 2017). "What FERC Is And Why It Matters". Huffington Post.
  18. ^ a b c "Order Issuing Certificates and Granting Abandonment Authority" (PDF). ferc.gov. October 13, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  19. ^ Schmalz, Arthur E. (February 6, 2018). "Virginia District Court Requires Pipeline Company to Obtain Appraisals Before Granting Preliminary Injunctions For Prejudgment Possession of Land". lexology.com. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  20. ^ Mall, Amy (February 26, 2018). "Northam Must Act to Protect Clean Water from Pipelines". nrdc.org. National Resource Defense Council.
  21. ^ Sturgeon, Jeff. "Mountain Valley Pipeline protesters continue tree-top vigil in W.Va". Roanoke Times. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  22. ^ Schneider, Gregory S. (May 5, 2018). "Women sitting in trees to protest pipeline come down after judge threatens fines". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  23. ^ Hammock, Lawrence (May 23, 2018). "Pipeline protester known as 'Nutty' has come down from her pole in Giles County". The Roanoke Times.
  24. ^ Dhillon, Matt (April 16, 2021). "Last Tree-sitters Removed from Path of Mountain Valley Pipeline". The Appalachian Voice.
  25. ^ a b Hammack, Laurence (May 5, 2021). "Pipeline opponents sentenced to spend day in jail for each day in tree-sit protest". The Roanoke Times.
  26. ^ a b Hammack, Laurence (August 30, 2021). "3 Mountain Valley Pipeline protesters convicted, fined for Poor Mountain blockade". The Roanoke Times.
  27. ^ "Why a Virginia Tech professor locked herself to pipeline construction equipment". Yale Climate Connections. December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  28. ^ "Why a Virginia Tech professor locked herself to pipeline construction equipment". Yale Climate Connections. December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  29. ^ Hammack, Laurence (August 15, 2018). "Head of Jefferson National Forest temporarily reassigned as pipeline controversy continues". Roanoke Times. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  30. ^ Miles, Kathryn (April 25, 2018). "The Forest Service Is Arresting Protesters Along the AT". Outside Online. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
  31. ^ Adams, Mason. "How a "bunch of badass queer anarchists" are teaming up with locals to block a pipeline through Appalachia". Mother Jones. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  32. ^ Hammack, Laurence. "Tree-sit protest of Mountain Valley Pipeline escalates, drawing police response". Roanoke Times. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  33. ^ "Photos: Protests at the Mountain Valley Pipeline work site". The Franklin News Post. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  34. ^ "Community Fights Construction of Mountain Valley Pipeline". Pulitzer Center. April 13, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  35. ^ "Virginia DEQ issues violation for Mountain Valley Pipeline". whsv.com. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  36. ^ Riddler, Kevin (October 28, 2020). "The Appalachian Pipeline Resistance Movement: "We're Not Going Away"". The Appalachian Voice.
  37. ^ a b Hammack, Laurence (March 14, 2018). "Judge allows Mountain Valley Pipeline work to proceed on private property". The Roanoke Times. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  38. ^ Adams, Duncan (July 27, 2017). "Landowners along pipeline route sue FERC and Mountain Valley Pipeline". The Roanoke Times.
  39. ^ Mishkin, Kate (June 21, 2018). "Federal court puts Mountain Valley Pipeline water crossing permit on hold". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
  40. ^ "State regulators deny necessary permit for MVP Southgate compressor station in Pittsylvania County". WVTF. December 3, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  41. ^ Tadeo, Michael (December 22, 2016). "VIRGINIA'S CONSUMERS AND ECONOMY WILL BENEFIT FROM THE MOUNTAIN VALLEY PIPELINE". American Petroleum Institute.
  42. ^ ""Final Environmental Impact Statement". FERC Staff Issues Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Mountain Valley Project and Equitrans Expansion Project (CP16-10-000 and CP16-13-000)". ferc.gov. June 23, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  43. ^ a b "10 Reasons to Stop Mtn. Valley & Atlantic Coast Pipelines". NRDC. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  44. ^ "About Mountain Valley Pipeline". Appalachian Trail Conservancy. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  45. ^ Adams, Duncan (May 18, 2016). "Study backed by Mountain Valley Pipeline opponents suggests negative economic impacts for region". The Roanoke Times.
  46. ^ a b c "Frequently Asked Questions | Mountain Valley Pipeline Project". www.mountainvalleypipeline.info. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  47. ^ "Exhibit".
  48. ^ a b c d e f Sierra Club v. USFS, No. 17-2399 (4th Cir. 2018)
  49. ^ a b Dashiell, Joe. "State Water Control Board says it has no authority to revoke pipeline certification". wdbj7.com. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  50. ^ Feld, Lowell (October 2, 2018). "BREAKING: U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals Vacates Nationwide Permit 12 for Entire Mountain Valley Pipeline". Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  51. ^ Vogelsong, Sarah. "Mountain Valley Pipeline agrees to pay Virginia $2.15 million for environmental violations". Virginia Mercury. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  52. ^ a b Vogelsong, Sarah. "Federal commission orders work stopped on Mountain Valley Pipeline". Virginia Mercury. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  53. ^ "October 11, 2019 - MVP LLC to Pay More Than $2 Million, Submit To Court-Ordered Compliance And Enhanced, Independent, Third-Party Environmental Monitoring". www.oag.state.va.us. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  54. ^ "Mountain Valley Pipeline Project |". www.mountainvalleypipeline.info. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  55. ^ Gough, Paul J. (August 17, 2020). "US Trinity Energy Services sues Mountain Valley Pipeline". Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  56. ^ "State Denies Water Quality Certification for MVP Southgate Pipeline | NC DEQ". deq.nc.gov. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  57. ^ "Statement from Secretary Regan on MVP Southgate Decision | NC DEQ". deq.nc.gov. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  58. ^ a b "The 'last pipeline'? Mountain Valley Pipeline remains stalled as it seeks extension from federal regulators". Virginia Mercury. September 10, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  59. ^ a b "Time's up for the Mountain Valley Pipeline > Appalachian Voices". September 22, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  60. ^ Hammack, Laurence. "Mountain Valley Pipeline regains permit to cross streams, wetlands". Roanoke Times. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  61. ^ Eggerding, Matthew, Assistant General Counsel of Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC. “Request to Resume Certain Construction Activities.” Received by Kimberly D. Bose, Secretary of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, September 22, 2020. https://appvoices.org/images/uploads/2020/09/MVP-request-to-resume-construction-Sept-22-2020.pdf
  62. ^ Callahan, Eddie. "FERC approves extension for Mountain Valley Pipeline". wdbj7.com. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  63. ^ "NextEra takes $800M impairment charge on Mountain Valley Pipeline investment". www.spglobal.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  64. ^ Benshoff, Laura (September 6, 2022). "An unfinished natural gas pipeline in West Virginia is back in the national spotlight". NPR News. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
  65. ^ Friedman, Lisa (August 1, 2022). "Manchin Won a Pledge From Democrats to Finish a Contested Pipeline". The New York Times. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
  66. ^ Nilsen, Ella (May 31, 2023). "Manchin could get a gas pipeline out of the debt ceiling deal, and environmental advocates are livid | CNN Politics". CNN. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  67. ^ McElhinny, Brad (June 2, 2023). "Senate passes debt ceiling deal, including Mountain Valley Pipeline approval". WV MetroNews. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  68. ^ "S.Amdt.101 to H.R.3746". www.congress.gov. June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  69. ^ Young, Charles (July 10, 2023). "Mountain Valley Pipeline receives FERC approval to resume construction". WV News. Archived from the original on July 10, 2023. Retrieved July 10, 2023.
  70. ^ Lefebvre, Ben (July 10, 2023). "Appeals court orders temporary halt to Mountain Valley Pipeline construction". POLITICO. Archived from the original on July 11, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  71. ^ HAMMACK, LAURENCE (July 10, 2023). "Federal court stops construction of Mountain Valley Pipeline in national forest". Roanoke Times. Archived from the original on July 11, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
  72. ^ Raby, John (July 24, 2023). "US Supreme Court asked to set aside ruling that blocks construction on Mountain Valley Pipeline". AP News. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  73. ^ Catenacci, Thomas (July 27, 2023). "Supreme Court reinstates major gas pipeline in blow to environmental groups". Fox News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  74. ^ Quinn, Melissa (July 27, 2023). "Supreme Court paves way for construction of Mountain Valley Pipeline to resume - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  75. ^ "Appalachian Voices et al. v. United States Department of Interior" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
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