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Colonial architecture in Jakarta

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Jayakarta circa 1605–8, before its complete destruction by the Dutch, showing earlier pre-colonial structures before Batavia was founded

Colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta include those that were constructed during the Dutch colonial period of Indonesia. The period (and the subsequent style) succeeded the earlier period when Jakarta (known then as Jayakarta/Jacatra), governed by the Sultanate of Banten, were completely eradicated and replaced with a walled city of Batavia.[1] The dominant styles of the colonial period can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Dutch colonial architecture in Jakarta is apparent in buildings such as houses or villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the administrative city of Central Jakarta and West Jakarta.

Below is a list of colonial buildings and structures found in Jakarta. The list is sorted alphabetically according to its official (local) name. The list can also be sorted to each category.

Buildings that were renovated in a manner that significantly changed their appearance are listed separately to distinguish the different architectural form.

Some notable Chinese-style buildings and Islamic mosques that were built during these period are included in the list for comparison.

Dutch East India Company period – 17th to late 18th century

[edit]
A map of Batavia

The first type of colonial architecture grew from the early Dutch settlements in the 17th century when settlements were generally within walled defenses to protect them from attack by other European trade rivals and native revolt. Following the siege of Jayakarta (previously known as Sunda Kelapa) and its demolition by the Dutch in 1619, it was decided to build the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company on the site. Simon Stevin was commissioned to design a plan for the future settlement based on his concept of the 'ideal city'. His response was a rectangular, walled town, bisected by the river Ciliwung which was to be channeled into a straight canal (later known as also known as Grote Rivier or Kali Besar or "Big River" in this area). This new city is called Batavia (now Jakarta). In accordance with Stevin's model, the fortress of Batavia was the most prominent building in the city, symbolizing the center of power, while townhall, markets, and other public buildings were distributed. This layout of Jakarta can still be clearly recognized today in Jakarta Old Town through the layout of the streets and canals, although most of the original 17th-century structures had been destroyed or replaced with newer early 20th-century structures.[2]

The architecture style of this period was the tropical counterparts of 17th-century Dutch architecture. Typical features include the typically Dutch high sash windows with split shutters,[2] gable roofs,[2] and white-coral painted wall (as opposed to exposed brick architecture in the Netherlands). This earlier period of Jakarta had many of the buildings solidly built with relatively enclosed structures, a structure that is not very friendly to tropical climate as compared to the architecture of the next period in Jakarta.[2] The best examples of these types of buildings were located along the Tygersgracht (now Jalan Muka Timur) and all of them were demolished.[2] The best surviving example is Toko Merah.

Several types of Portuguese colonial architecture also exist, usually outside the walled city of Batavia. Tugu Church and Sion Church, with their plain facades and domed windows, are some surviving examples.

In 1808, Daendels officially moved the city center to the south because of the deteriorating condition of the inner town as well as the malaria outbreak. As a result, many buildings and structures from this period were left to deteriorate. Because of financial issues, many buildings were demolished in the 19th century and the debris was used to construct newer structure in the south, such as the Palace of Governor-General Daendels (now the Financial Department of Indonesia) from the debris of Batavia Castle, and Batavia Theater (now Gedung Kesenian Jakarta) from the debris of the Spinhuis.

Later, these empty lots in Jakarta Old Town were filled with newer 20th-century structures. Surviving 17th–18th structures were later converted as Jakarta's cultural heritage, e.g. Toko Merah, Gereja Sion and Jakarta History Museum.

Other dominant architecture styles from this period were the Chinese merchant houses, many were built during the 18th century. Many of these structures show an eclectic mix of Dutch and Chinese influences.[2]

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
18th-century Dutch mansion at Kali Besar Barat Bank of China, formerly Firma Tels & Co[3] 18th century anonymous 6°08′11″S 106°48′41″E / 6.136367°S 106.811372°E / -6.136367; 106.811372
Arsip Nasional Reynier de Klerck house[4] 1760 Reynier de Klerck 6°09′14″S 106°49′01″E / 6.153761°S 106.817036°E / -6.153761; 106.817036
Baijen's Country House and the Outer Hospital (demolished, replaced by Citadel Prins Frederik) Baijen's Country House and the Buiten-hospital[5] before 1669, later a hospital, from 1743 until 1820.[5] anonymous 6°10′13″S 106°49′51″E / 6.170386°S 106.830742°E / -6.170386; 106.830742
Bastion Amsterdam (demolished) Amsterdam 1632–1635[6] anonymous 6°07′46″S 106°48′54″E / 6.129527°S 106.815078°E / -6.129527; 106.815078
—
Bastion Buren (demolished) Buren before 1650[7] anonymous 6°07′41″S 106°48′28″E / 6.128014°S 106.807904°E / -6.128014; 106.807904
—
Bastion Cuylenburg (demolished, on its site stands Menara Syahbandar) Cuylenburg, Cullenburch, Culemborg[8] 1645[3][7][9] anonymous 6°07′39″S 106°48′33″E / 6.127527°S 106.809071°E / -6.127527; 106.809071
Bastion Diest and gate (demolished) Diest, Diestpoort 1632–1635 (bastion),[6] 1638 (gate),[10] 1657 (gate strengthened with stone)[10] anonymous 6°08′12″S 106°48′42″E / 6.136733°S 106.811704°E / -6.136733; 106.811704
Bastion Enkhuizen (demolished) Enkhuizen 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°08′05″S 106°48′59″E / 6.134680°S 106.816474°E / -6.134680; 106.816474
Bastion Friesland (demolished) Friesland 1632–1635[7] anonymous 6°07′55″S 106°48′22″E / 6.131831°S 106.806058°E / -6.131831; 106.806058
—
Bastion Gelderland (demolished) Gelderland, Punt Gelderland 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°08′15″S 106°49′00″E / 6.137472°S 106.816785°E / -6.137472; 106.816785
Bastion Grimbergen (demolished) Grimbergen 1635–1650[6] anonymous
—
Bastion Groningen (demolished) Groningen 1632–1635 (replacing the older Buren fortification)[6] anonymous 6°07′37″S 106°48′17″E / 6.126864°S 106.804796°E / -6.126864; 106.804796
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Bastion Hollandia (demolished) Hollandia 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°08′19″S 106°48′46″E / 6.138544°S 106.812822°E / -6.138544; 106.812822
Bastion Middelburg (demolished) Middelburg 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°07′51″S 106°48′55″E / 6.130719°S 106.815397°E / -6.130719; 106.815397
—
Bastion Nassau (demolished) Nassau 1632–1635[6] anonymous 6°08′14″S 106°48′38″E / 6.137265°S 106.810689°E / -6.137265; 106.810689
Bastion Oranje (demolished) Oranje 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°08′15″S 106°48′52″E / 6.137377°S 106.814514°E / -6.137377; 106.814514
Bastion Overrijsel (demolished) Overrijsel 1632–1635[6] anonymous 6°07′47″S 106°48′20″E / 6.129746°S 106.805465°E / -6.129746; 106.805465
—
Bastion Rotterdam (demolished) Rotterdam 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°07′58″S 106°48′57″E / 6.132779°S 106.815928°E / -6.132779; 106.815928
Bastion Utrecht and portal (demolished) Utrecht Poort 1635–1650[6] anonymous 6°08′07″S 106°48′25″E / 6.135285°S 106.806872°E / -6.135285; 106.806872
Bastion Vierkant (demolished) Vierkant 1627–1632[nb 1] anonymous 6°07′36″S 106°48′28″E / 6.126775°S 106.807857°E / -6.126775; 106.807857
—
Bastion Zeeburg (demolished) Zeeburch poort 1632–1635[6] anonymous 6°07′34″S 106°48′28″E / 6.126119°S 106.807639°E / -6.126119; 106.807639
—
Bastion Zeeland (demolished) Zeeland poort 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°08′16″S 106°48′28″E / 6.137890°S 106.807708°E / -6.137890; 106.807708
Batavia City Hall (1st) and church (demolished between 1622 and 1627.) Kerk en Stadhuis 1619–1622[6] anonymous 6°07′57″S 106°48′42″E / 6.132411°S 106.811770°E / -6.132411; 106.811770
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Batavia City Hall (2nd) (replaced with Batavia City Hall (3rd)) Batavia Stadhuis 1627 6°08′07″S 106°48′48″E / 6.135348°S 106.813372°E / -6.135348; 106.813372
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Binnenhospital, "Inner Hospital" (closed in 1808, demolished in 1910 for De Javasche Bank)[11] Binnenhospital[5] 1641[11] anonymous 6°08′14″S 106°48′46″E / 6.137185°S 106.812856°E / -6.137185; 106.812856
Chinese hospital and home for the aged (formally closed in 1912,[12] later demolished) Sinees Sieken Huys 1646[12] anonymous 6°08′05″S 106°48′27″E / 6.134812°S 106.807577°E / -6.134812; 106.807577[7]
—
De Middelpunt, "the middle point" De Middelpunt 1650–1667[6] anonymous 6°08′03″S 106°48′40″E / 6.134163°S 106.811096°E / -6.134163; 106.811096[6]
De Portugese Stadskerk (burned down in 1808)[13] De Portugese Stadskerk, De Portugese Binnenkerk 1650–1667,[6] 1669–1672[14]
—
 6°08′02″S 106°48′37″E / 6.133806°S 106.810358°E / -6.133806; 106.810358[6]
Fort Ancol (demolished) Fort Zouteland, Schaans Zouteland[8] 1656[15] anonymous 6°07′36″S 106°50′43″E / 6.126605°S 106.845150°E / -6.126605; 106.845150
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Fort Angke (demolished) See Fort Anké 1657[16] anonymous
—
Fort Jacatra (Nassau and Mauritius) (dismantled between 1627 and 1632)[6] Fort Jacatra before 1619[6] 6°07′43″S 106°48′36″E / 6.128640°S 106.809979°E / -6.128640; 106.809979
—
Fort Jacarta Buiten Batavia (demolished) Fort Jacarta Buiten Batavia anonymous 6°08′43″S 106°49′50″E / 6.145389°S 106.830442°E / -6.145389; 106.830442
—
Fort Meester Cornelis (demolished) Fort Meester Cornelis 1734 anonymous 6°12′05″S 106°51′00″E / 6.201325°S 106.850101°E / -6.201325; 106.850101
Fort Noordwijk (demolished in 1808) Fort Noordwijk[8] 1658 anonymous 6°10′04″S 106°49′51″E / 6.167773°S 106.830801°E / -6.167773; 106.830801
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Fort Zevenhoek (demolished) Fort Zevenhoek 1657[16] anonymous
—
Fort Rijswijk (abandoned in 1697, demolished in 1729)[17] Fort Rijswijk[8] August 1656[17] anonymous 6°10′03″S 106°49′08″E / 6.167574°S 106.818830°E / -6.167574; 106.818830
Galangan VOC Restaurant and Ta San Yen Carpenter's shop of the Dutch East Indies 1627–1632[6] or before 1650[7] or 1727[18] anonymous 6°07′42″S 106°48′32″E / 6.128344°S 106.808937°E / -6.128344; 106.808937
Gedung Candra Naya (1957)[19] Landhuis Kroet / Landhuis Van Majoor der Chinezen Khouw Kim An or "residence of Chinese Mayor Khouw Kim An"[20] 18th century[20] Khouw Tjoen (first resident)[20] 6°08′50″S 106°48′55″E / 6.147337°S 106.815284°E / -6.147337; 106.815284
Gerbang Amsterdam or "Amsterdam Gate" (demolished in the 1950s) Amsterdamsepoort, Pinangpoort, Kasteelpoort 1744[21] 6°07′51″S 106°48′43″E / 6.130834°S 106.812062°E / -6.130834; 106.812062 1947
Gereja Sion De Portugese Buitenkerk 1695[14] E. Ewout Verhagen 6°08′17″S 106°49′05″E / 6.138009°S 106.817920°E / -6.138009; 106.817920
Gereja Tugu Portuguese Church 1676–1678, rebuilt in 1737, and later in 1748. Melchior Leidecker, later rebuilt by Julius Vinck[22] 6°07′26″S 106°55′27″E / 6.123844°S 106.924070°E / -6.123844; 106.924070
Government House or a 'Playhouse' (demolished) Huis van de Generaal/Speelhuis 1632-1650[6][7] anonymous 6°08′31″S 106°48′55″E / 6.141976°S 106.815156°E / -6.141976; 106.815156
—
Great Palace of Weltevreden (demolished in 1820, now Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital)[23][24] Great Palace of Weltevreden / Landhuis Weltevreden[24] 1761[23] for Jacob Mossel[23][nb 2] 6°10′36″S 106°50′12″E / 6.176726°S 106.836608°E / -6.176726; 106.836608
—
Groeneveld (estate) Tandjoeng Oost Huis, "Gedong Tinggi"[26][27] 1756–1760[28] Pieter van de Velde (first owner)[28] 6°18′10″S 106°51′23″E / 6.302771°S 106.856292°E / -6.302771; 106.856292
Jembatan Gantung Kota Intan Engelse Brug[29] / Het Middelpuntbrug[30] / Grote Boom or "Large Tree Bridge"[30] / Djembatan Hoenderpasser Kali Besar or Hoenderpasserbrug or "Chicken Market Bridge" (1900s)[29][30][31] / Ophaalbrug Juliana (1938)[30] 1655 (after the demolition of earlier English Bridge, located 100 meter to the south),[6][29] 1937 (renovated)[30] 6°07′53″S 106°48′38″E / 6.131259°S 106.810579°E / -6.131259; 106.810579
Kasteel Batavia Kasteel Batavia 1619[6] anonymous 6°07′40″S 106°48′41″E / 6.127854°S 106.811338°E / -6.127854; 106.811338
Mesjid Luar Batang, Luar Batang Mosque Mesjid Luar Batang 1739 (established)[32] Sayid Husein bin Abubakar Alaydrus (founder)[32] 6°07′26″S 106°48′24″E / 6.123765°S 106.806533°E / -6.123765; 106.806533
Mohr Observatory (demolished in 1812) Mohr Observatory 1765 Johan Maurits Mohr 6°08′38″S 106°48′46″E / 6.143863°S 106.812911°E / -6.143863; 106.812911
Museum Bahari Warehouse 1652–1771 anonymous 6°07′36″S 106°48′30″E / 6.126753°S 106.808279°E / -6.126753; 106.808279
Museum Sejarah Jakarta Batavia City Hall (3rd) 1706–1710[33] W.J. van der Velde 6°08′07″S 106°48′48″E / 6.135348°S 106.813372°E / -6.135348; 106.813372
Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk, "New Church of Holland" (destroyed by earthquake in 1808, Wayang Museum is now on its site) Nieuwe Hollandse Kerk, Groote Hollandse Kerk 1736 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E / -6.134882; 106.812603
Nieuwe Poort, "New Gate" (demolished) Nieuwe Poort 1627–1632[6] anonymous 6°08′18″S 106°48′50″E / 6.138424°S 106.813777°E / -6.138424; 106.813777
Old Gelderland defence works (demolished after 1667)[6] Oud Gelderland 1622–1627[6] anonymous 6°08′06″S 106°48′56″E / 6.135031°S 106.815689°E / -6.135031; 106.815689
—
Oude Hollandse Kerk, "Old Holland Church" (demolished in 1732, bottom part still visible)[nb 3] Oude Hollandse Kerk / Kruiskerk, "Cross Church" 1640 anonymous 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E / -6.134882; 106.812603
Oude Utrechtse Poort, "Old Utrecht Gate" (demolished) Oude Utrechtse Poort[nb 4] 1632–1650[6] anonymous 6°08′10″S 106°48′26″E / 6.136034°S 106.807207°E / -6.136034; 106.807207
—
Pasar Ikan, "Fish Market" Vismarkt anonymous
Playhouse of Adriaan van Hafte Playhouse of Adriaan van Hafte 18th century anonymous Tanjung Priok
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Raja Kuring Restaurant Carpenter's shop of the Chinese 1632–1635[6] anonymous 6°07′48″S 106°48′35″E / 6.130012°S 106.809692°E / -6.130012; 106.809692[7]
Spinhuis, "spinning-house for single women" (later merged with Chinese Hospital,[12] then demolished) Spinhuis, Spinhuys 1635–1650[6] anonymous 6°08′03″S 106°48′30″E / 6.134214°S 106.808318°E / -6.134214; 106.808318
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The Latin and Greek School (demolished)[2] The Latin and Greek School 1622-1627[6] anonymous 6°07′55″S 106°48′48″E / 6.131917°S 106.813228°E / -6.131917; 106.813228[6]
—
Toko Merah see Toko Merah 1730[nb 5] for Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff 6°08′09″S 106°48′41″E / 6.135955°S 106.811285°E / -6.135955; 106.811285
Vihara Dharma Bhakti Kim Tek Ie 1650, 1755 (restored)[35] Kwee Hoen (Guo Xun-Gan)[35] 6°08′38″S 106°48′46″E / 6.143973°S 106.812736°E / -6.143973; 106.812736
Vismarkt, "Fish Market" (earlier structure) (demolished) Vismarkt, Vischmarkt 1632–1635[6] anonymous 6°07′50″S 106°48′36″E / 6.130653°S 106.80995°E / -6.130653; 106.80995
Waterkasteel (demolished) Waterkasteel / "Hornwerk"[36] 1741, 1750[37] anonymous 6°06′58″S 106°48′24″E / 6.116205°S 106.806601°E / -6.116205; 106.806601
—
Wooden former office building at Kali Besar Timur (abandoned) Various offices; Chinese shops (early 18th-century)[3] early 18th-century[3] anonymous 6°08′06″S 106°48′43″E / 6.134928°S 106.811904°E / -6.134928; 106.811904

Colonialism – late 18th century to 1870

[edit]

After the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800 the Batavian Republic expanded all the VOC's territorial claims into a fully fledged colony named the Dutch East Indies. From the company's regional headquarters Batavia now evolved into the capital of the colony. In 1808 Daendels moved the old town center to higher ground to the south and urbanized the area known as Weltevreden. During the British interregnum Daendels was replaced by Raffles who governed until 1816.

Map of Batavia in 1840. Multiple villas started to appear to the south of the old Batavia.

As the Dutch become more securely established in the region, towns grew up beyond the walls of the fort.[2] Batavia, together with Semarang and Ujung Pandang, were the most important urban centers.[2] During this time, Batavia became congested and wealthier merchants and other powerful men began to build their residences on the outskirts of town and in the surrounding countryside.[2]

The period shows a gradual adaptation to the tropical climate form on the part of the Dutch colonial architecture. These new form of architecture is called Indische Stijl. Typical style during this period include large roof overhang, high roof and ceiling, and front and rear verandahs that opened on to gardens. Indies style can be described as a mix of Indonesian, Chinese, and European influence. Very often the local Javanese style limasan roof was employed, but with addition of 19th-century European architectural elements such as Tuscan columns, doors, windows, and a flight of three to four steps leading up to a verandah running the full width of the house.[2]

Neoclassicism was a popular style for buildings in Jakarta during this period, which is considered to be the best representation of the greatness of the empire.[38]

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Aley Cramerus Residence anonymous
—
C. Schultze Residence anonymous
—
H. Vaupel Residence
—
J.J. Kunst Residence anonymous
—
M.C. Westerman Residence anonymous
—
W.C. van Benthem Jutting Residence anonymous Kebon Sirih, Weltevreden
—
All Saints Church Engelsekerk, Gereja Inggris (original) / Church of the British Protestant Community (BPC) (1843) / All Saints Church (1950)[39] 1828[39] 6°11′00″S 106°50′06″E / 6.18335°S 106.835011°E / -6.18335; 106.835011
Armenian Church (demolished, now a field within Bank Indonesia Thamrin building) Armeensche kerk 1831[40] 6°10′51″S 106°49′21″E / 6.180893°S 106.822408°E / -6.180893; 106.822408
Asrama Polisi Sektor Palmerah Landhuis Kebayoran Lama / Gedung Tinggi or "tall building"[nb 6] / Rumah Grogol or "Grogol house" / Residence of Andreas Hartink 18th century[41][42] W.J. Van de Velde[41] 6°12′26″S 106°47′22″E / 6.207208°S 106.789482°E / -6.207208; 106.789482
Balai Kota DKI Jakarta see Jakarta City Hall 19th century[43] anonymous 6°10′52″S 106°49′44″E / 6.181220°S 106.828964°E / -6.181220; 106.828964
Biara Santa Ursula, Kapel, dan Sekolah Santa Ursula; "St Ursula cloister, chapel, and school" Ursulinen Klooster, "Kleine Klooster"[44] 1859 (cloister), 1888 (chapel), 1912 (school) anonymous 6°10′07″S 106°50′03″E / 6.168618°S 106.834143°E / -6.168618; 106.834143
Café Batavia (1991)[45] see Café Batavia 1837[45] 6°08′04″S 106°48′46″E / 6.134410°S 106.812740°E / -6.134410; 106.812740
Church of Saint Mary Ascend to Heaven (first form) (renovated in 1859) De Kerk van Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming (original) November 6, 1829 (inauguration) Monseigneur Prinsen (inaugurated) 6°10′08″S 106°49′59″E / 6.169013°S 106.833114°E / -6.169013; 106.833114
Church of Saint Mary Ascend to Heaven (second form) (collapsed in 1890) De Kerk van Onze Lieve Vrouwe ten Hemelopneming (original) 1859 (renovation of the earlier form) 6°10′08″S 106°49′59″E / 6.169013°S 106.833114°E / -6.169013; 106.833114
Citadel Prins Frederik (demolished, on its site stands the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta) Citadel Prins Frederik[5] 1831[5] 6°10′13″S 106°49′51″E / 6.170386°S 106.830742°E / -6.170386; 106.830742
De Club Burger Societeit (demolished) Residence (1815, 1819) / Hotel Marine (1833)[46] 1815 6°10′03″S 106°49′13″E / 6.167613°S 106.820352°E / -6.167613; 106.820352
Dewan Kerajinan Nasional (February 24, 1992)[47] Residence / Office of Hamengkubuwono IX (1945)[47] 1860–1870[47] anonymous Jl. Prapatan No. 42 Kel. Senen, Kec. Senen, Jakarta 10410[47]
Galeri Nasional Indonesia See National Gallery of Indonesia 1817 G.C. van Rijk (commissioner?) 6°10′43″S 106°50′00″E / 6.178529°S 106.833276°E / -6.178529; 106.833276
Gedung A.A. Maramis Palace of Governor-General Daendels / Het Groote Huis / Het Witte Huis[nb 7] March 7, 1809[48] J.C. Schultze, completed by J. Tromp (1828)[48] 6°10′09″S 106°50′14″E / 6.169257°S 106.837096°E / -6.169257; 106.837096
Gedung Kawedri (1987)[49] TNI AD Department of Health[50] / TNI Batalyon Kala Hitam headquarter (1949)[50] / Netherlands/Japanese/Allied Civil Defense Department (1942–1949)[50] / Hogere Burger School (1867)[50]/ Gymnasium Koning Willem III School te Batavia (original)[50] 1860 (school established)[50] anonymous 6°11′56″S 106°51′07″E / 6.198758°S 106.85183°E / -6.198758; 106.85183
Gedung Kesenian Jakarta Stadtsschouwburg / Bataviasch Schouwburg / "Gedung Komidi" / Shintsu Tekijō[51] 1821[nb 8] J.C. Schultze 6°10′00″S 106°50′04″E / 6.166540°S 106.834417°E / -6.166540; 106.834417
Gedung Pancasila, Pancasila Building[52] / Gedung Departemen Luar Negeri or Building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs[53] Residence of Hertog Bernhard (original)[52] / residence of Dutch Royal Army Commander / Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or Raad van Indië (1918) / Dokuritsu Zyunbi Tyoosakai or Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan[53] 1830[53] J. Tromp[53] 6°10′28″S 106°50′01″E / 6.174350°S 106.833632°E / -6.174350; 106.833632
Gereja Immanuel, "Emmanuel Church" Willemskerk or "Williams Church" 1835–1839 J.H. Horst 6°10′36″S 106°49′55″E / 6.176703°S 106.832081°E / -6.176703; 106.832081
Grand Hôtel Java (Demolished in the 1950s and replaced with Markas besar TNI Angkatan Darat (headquarters of the National Indonesian Army Land Forces))[54] Private residence (original)[54] / Grand Hôtel Java (1834) early 19th century anonymous 6°10′06″S 106°49′42″E / 6.168221°S 106.828216°E / -6.168221; 106.828216
Hotel des Indes 1st form (renovated in 1930)[55] a residential / Hotel Chaulan (1828)[nb 9] / Hotel de Provence (1835) / Hotel Rotterdamsch (1854) / Hotel des Indes (May 1, 1856) 1930 ? 6°09′56″S 106°49′11″E / 6.165495°S 106.819806°E / -6.165495; 106.819806
Hotel Dharma Nirmala (demolished and replaced with Bina Graha Presidential Office in 1969)[56] see Hotel der Nederlanden 1794[57] anonymous 6°10′05″S 106°49′30″E / 6.167956°S 106.824918°E / -6.167956; 106.824918
Hotel Sriwijaya (1950)[58] Hotel Cavadino (1863) / Hotel Lion d’Or (1899) / Park Hotel (1941)[58] 1863 for Conrad Alexander Willem Cavadino 6°10′08″S 106°49′47″E / 6.168918°S 106.829860°E / -6.168918; 106.829860
Hotel Wisse (1891, replaced with Hotel des Galeries in 1920) Residence of Governor-General Petrus Albertus van der Parra / Hotel Ernst (1860–1891)[59] around 1750 for Governor-General Petrus Albertus van der Parra 6°10′01″S 106°49′16″E / 6.166930°S 106.821007°E / -6.166930; 106.821007
Istana Merdeka Governor General's Palace or Paleis van de Gouverneur-Generaal, "Gambir Palace" 1873 Drossares 6°10′13″S 106°49′27″E / 6.170170°S 106.824177°E / -6.170170; 106.824177
Istana Negara (1949) Residence of Jacob Andries van Braam (original); Schonburg Building; Paleis Z. E. Gouverneur Generaal te Rijswijk 1796–1804, 1848 (renovated after an earthquake)[60] ? 6°10′05″S 106°49′26″E / 6.168084°S 106.823956°E / -6.168084; 106.823956
Sunda Kelapa Lighthouse[61] Vuurtoren Batavia 1862 anonymous 6°06′18″S 106°48′19″E / 6.105129°S 106.805397°E / -6.105129; 106.805397
Jean Belle Residence (demolished, replaced with Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te Weltevreden in 1910)[62] Jean Belle Residence[62] anonymous
J.P. Coen Statue (demolished on March 7, 1943, during Japanese occupation)[63] J.P. Coen Statue 1869[63] anonymous 6°10′10″S 106°50′13″E / 6.169353°S 106.836808°E / -6.169353; 106.836808
Kimia Farma at Jalan Budi Utomo Loge nummer 14: ‘De Ster in het Oosten’;[64] Rathkamp Apotheek (early 20th century);[65] "Gedung Setan"[65] 1837 (established),[66] 1858? (probably the date of the building)[64] anonymous 6°10′04″S 106°50′09″E / 6.167657°S 106.835955°E / -6.167657; 106.835955
Kimia Farma at Jalan Veteran Volksapotheek te Rijswijk[67] 1857; 1913 (renovated) anonymous; 6°10′05″S 106°49′36″E / 6.168194°S 106.826802°E / -6.168194; 106.826802
Kleedingmagazijn M. De Koning in Noordwijk (Demolished in the 1950s, now Grand Brilliant Palace Restaurant) Kleedingmagazijn M. De Koning in Noordwijk[68] anonymous 6°10′02″S 106°49′39″E / 6.167146°S 106.827491°E / -6.167146; 106.827491
Magazijn Onderlinge Hulp in Noordwijk (demolished, replaced with Kantor Departemen Keuangan RI bagian KPPN (Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara)) Magazijn Onderlinge Hulp in Noordwijk[68] anonymous 6°10′01″S 106°49′37″E / 6.167054°S 106.827050°E / -6.167054; 106.827050
Mahkamah Agung or "Indonesia Supreme Court Building" Hooggerechsgebouw 1828 J.C. Schultze, completed by J. Tromp (1828)[48][69] 6°10′06″S 106°50′12″E / 6.168203°S 106.836664°E / -6.168203; 106.836664
Menara Syahbandar De Uitkijk 1839[9] anonymous 6°07′39″S 106°48′33″E / 6.127527°S 106.809071°E / -6.127527; 106.809071
Mesjid Jami Kebon Jeruk or "Kebon Jeruk Mosque" 1786[70] for Tuan Tschoa (Kapten Tamien Dosol Seeng)[70] 6°09′20″S 106°49′07″E / 6.155555°S 106.818506°E / -6.155555; 106.818506
De Militaire School te Meester Cornelis, Military School at Meester Cornelis (closed in 1892, demolished. Now stands the Army Department of Research and Development) De Militaire School te Meester Cornelis 1852 (opened) 6°12′33″S 106°51′36″E / 6.209288°S 106.860127°E / -6.209288; 106.860127
Military Society Concordia (demolished in the 1960s, now occupied by Gedung A.A. Maramis II Departemen Keuangan) Military Society Concordia / Kantor Pusar DPR[71] September 21, 1833 (inauguration); 1836, 1874, 1990 (building extension) ? 6°10′13″S 106°50′16″E / 6.170186°S 106.837689°E / -6.170186; 106.837689
Museum Nasional, "Museum Gajah" Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Watenschappen, "The Batavian Society of Arts and Science Building"[72] 1862 ? 6°10′35″S 106°49′20″E / 6.176434°S 106.822115°E / -6.176434; 106.822115
Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik Palais van Justitie ("Justice Palace") 1870 ? 6°08′04″S 106°48′51″E / 6.134310°S 106.814212°E / -6.134310; 106.814212
Museum Sumpah Pemuda Customs inspection office / Hotel Hersia (until 1951) / Residence (1937–1951) / Sie Kok Liong's Dormitory for students from outside Java (before 1928)[73] before 1925 anonymous
Museum Tekstil (1978) Residence; Headquarter of Barisan Keamanan Rakyat ("Front of People Safety"); Institution for aged people (1947) 19th century anonymous 6°11′17″S 106°48′35″E / 6.188019°S 106.809620°E / -6.188019; 106.809620
Office (building collapsed because of structural failure in 2015, demolished) NV Koninklijke Boekhandel en Drukkerij G Kolff & Co (1860–1921)[74][75] Before 1860 anonymous 6°08′03″S 106°48′43″E / 6.134228°S 106.811806°E / -6.134228; 106.811806
Oger Frères[76] (demolished, replaced with Singer Building in the 1930s) Oger Frères 1823 (store opened) anonymous 6°10′05″S 106°49′15″E / 6.168118°S 106.820704°E / -6.168118; 106.820704
Oude Katholieke Kerk, "Old Catholic Church" (demolished in 1830) before 1821 anonymous Weltevreden
Passer Baroe, Pasar Baru Passer Baroe 1821[77]
—
 6°09′55″S 106°50′05″E / 6.165375°S 106.834602°E / -6.165375; 106.834602
Percetakan Negara Republik Indonesia, "Indonesian Republic State Printing" ()[78] Landsdrukkerij (original); Gunseikanbu Inatsu Kojo or GIK (1942–1945); Percetakan Republik Indonesia (1950) anonymous 6°11′26″S 106°51′23″E / 6.190694°S 106.856492°E / -6.190694; 106.856492
Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia at Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 6°10′52″S 106°49′37″E / 6.1811°S 106.826916°E / -6.1811; 106.826916
Photographisch Atelier Walter Woodbury (demolished, replaced by Gedung Bina Graha) Residence of Van Dorp (original) / Photographisch Atelier Walter Woodbury (1861–1908)[79] before 1861 anonymous 6°10′04″S 106°49′31″E / 6.167701°S 106.825144°E / -6.167701; 106.825144
Post- en Telegraafkantoor te Weltevreden Post- en Telegraafkantoor te Weltevreden before 1880 anonymous Postweg (now Jalan Pos)
Postkantoor Weltevreden (demolished and replaced with a new building in 1913) Postkantoor Weltevreden 1853 anonymous
Rumah Cililitan Besar (deteriorated and occupied by squatters by the 90's, now made into shanty homes) Landhuis Tjililitan 1775 Hendrik van der Crap (owner) 6°16′08″S 106°52′15″E / 6.268915°S 106.87073°E / -6.268915; 106.87073
Rumah Sakit Cikini or "Cikini hospital" Raden Saleh Residence (original); Hospital and a Nurse Academy (1898)[80] 1852 Raden Saleh 6°11′28″S 106°50′28″E / 6.191153°S 106.841235°E / -6.191153; 106.841235
SKAHA (first floor) Assurantiekantoor Langeveldt – Schröder; Goedang Kakaco (Kerkhoff, Kerstholt & Co., Importeurs)[3] 19th century? anonymous 6°08′12″S 106°48′44″E / 6.136590°S 106.812355°E / -6.136590; 106.812355
SMK Santa Maria Groote Klooster[44] / Mater Dei (1920)[81] 1856[81] anonymous
Societeit Harmonie or "Harmony Society (Batavia, Dutch East Indies)" (demolished for road widening and parking area in 1985)[82] Societeit Harmonie January 18, 1815[nb 10] J.C. Schultze 6°10′05″S 106°49′16″E / 6.167927°S 106.821246°E / -6.167927; 106.821246
Stadsherberg (demolished after 1949) Stadsherberg 1849 anonymous 6°07′30″S 106°48′35″E / 6.125009°S 106.809779°E / -6.125009; 106.809779
Topografische Dienst te Weltevreden Topografische Dienst te Weltevreden anonymous
Villa Nova Villa Nova Before 1870[83] anonymous
Wilhelmina Exposition Pavilion (demolished) Wilhelmina Exposition Pavilion, Wilhelminapaviljoen before 1880 anonymous 6°10′12″S 106°50′13″E / 6.170018°S 106.836928°E / -6.170018; 106.836928
Zoological and Plant Society Main Building (demolished) Zoological and Plant Society Main Building

Post Cultuurstelsel abolition – 1870 to mid 20th century

[edit]
Map of Batavia in 1897

The abolition of the Cultuurstelsel in 1870 made way for the rapid development of private enterprises in the Dutch Indies. Numerous trading companies and financial institutions established themselves in Java, most of them settled in Batavia. Jakarta Old Town's deteriorating structures were replaced with offices, typically along the Kali Besar. These private companies owned or managed plantations, oil fields, and mines. Railway stations were designed during this period, with characteristic style of this period.[2]

Architecturally, neoclassicism fell out of favor to be replaced by Neogothic and Dutch Rationalism. Apparent architectural style were Nieuwe Kunst (e.g. Bank Tabungan Negara), Art Deco or De Stijl, and Amsterdam School. This architecture styles were also the tropical counterpart of the original style, resulting in a style called New Indies Style.

Two dominant architectural bureaus during this period were AIA Bureau (Frans Ghijsels) and AA Fermont and Cuypers Bureau (Eduard Cuypers).[2]

Colonnades are required during this period to provide protection against monsoon rains and tropical sun, which in turn transformed the appearance of buildings in the city centers.[2]

Colonial style in Jakarta lingered some years after the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in 1942, and further after the independence of Indonesia in 1945.

Last official name Former names Year Architect Location Latest image Oldest image
Bioscoop Manggarai or "Manggarai Cinema"
Binnacle (Schakelhuis)
Frans Consulaat Koningsplein
Electrification of the State Railway Company at Meester Cornelis (Electrificatie van de Staatsspoor- en Tramwegen (SS en T) bij het spoorwegstation te Meester Cornelis) 6°07′42″S 106°50′45″E / 6.128221°S 106.845938°E / -6.128221; 106.845938
Modernist villas of Westerpark 1920-1930s
Van Arcken and Co. Shop
Algemeen Delisch Emigratie Kantoor (A.D.E.K.), "General Deli Emigration Office" (demolished, now Inkoppol) Algemeen Delisch Emigratie Kantoor; internment camp ADEK(1942–1944); Bunsho I Kamp 8 (1944–1945); Relief camp (1945–1946)[84] 1920s? anonymous 6°12′14″S 106°50′55″E / 6.203975°S 106.848706°E / -6.203975; 106.848706
Aquarium, Akuarium Aquarium: Het Instituut voor de Zeevisserij (Dept. v. Econ. Z.) en het Kantoor voor de Prauwvaartaangelegenheden (Dept. v. Econ. Z.).[3] 6°07′33″S 106°48′31″E / 6.125700°S 106.808691°E / -6.125700; 106.808691
Artesian well at Batoe Toelis (demolished) Artesian well at Batoe Toelis
Artesian well at Koningsplein (demolished) Artesian well at Koningsplein 6°10′18″S 106°49′32″E / 6.171693°S 106.825636°E / -6.171693; 106.825636[85]
Artesian well at Meester Cornelis (demolished) Artesian well at Meester Cornelis 1881 Meester Cornelis
Artesian well at Postweg (demolished) Artesian well at Postweg
Artesian well at Salemba (Demolished) Artesian well at Salemba 6°11′37″S 106°51′00″E / 6.193574°S 106.849935°E / -6.193574; 106.849935[85]
Asuransi Jasa Indonesia West Java Handel Maatschappij[86] 1920[87] Eduard Cuypers, Hulswit-Fermont 6°08′03″S 106°48′46″E / 6.134176°S 106.812882°E / -6.134176; 106.812882
Asuransi Jasa Indonesia De Nederlanden van 1845 (original)[88][89] 1913[88][89] Hendrik Petrus Berlage[88] 6°08′12″S 106°48′48″E / 6.136561°S 106.813296°E / -6.136561; 106.813296
Asuransi Jiwasraya (1957, original front facade has been demolished for road widening. In 2016, the original front facade was recreated.)[90] Nillmij 1909–1910[91] P.A.J. Moojen and S. Snuyf[91] 6°10′01″S 106°49′24″E / 6.166923°S 106.823224°E / -6.166923; 106.823224
Asuransi Wahana Tata, Wahana Tata Insurance Office 19th century[92] unknown 6°08′06″S 106°48′40″E / 6.134973°S 106.811088°E / -6.134973; 106.811088
Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir (BAPETEN), "Nuclear Energy Regulatory Agency" Gebouw van Burgerlijke Openbare Werken,[93] Department of Public Works[94] before 1920[94] 6°09′50″S 106°49′11″E / 6.163912°S 106.819607°E / -6.163912; 106.819607
Bahtera Jaya Ancol Jachtclub Tandjong Priok[95] / Koninklijke Bataviasche Jachtclub / Kodja Bataviasche Yacht Club / Badan Keamanan Rakyat Laut headquarter[96] 1926[97][95] anonymous 6°06′44″S 106°51′50″E / 6.11211°S 106.863767°E / -6.11211; 106.863767
Bank Mandiri – Jakarta Pintu Besar Nederlandsch Indische Escompto-Maatschappij te Javabankstraat (1920) / Escomptobank NV (June 30, 1949)[98] / Bank Dagang Negara (1960) 1920[99]-1921[100] Eduard Cuypers, Hulswit-Fermont;[99]Van den Berg en Pichel[3] 6°08′11″S 106°48′46″E / 6.136417°S 106.812845°E / -6.136417; 106.812845
Bank Mandiri Nederlandsch Indische Escompto Maatschappij te Noordwijk 1924[101] Hulswit-Fermont en Eduard Cuypers [101] 6°10′00″S 106°49′32″E / 6.166780°S 106.825435°E / -6.166780; 106.825435
Bank Mandiri Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China / Bank Umum Negara (1965)[102] / Bank Bumi Daya (1968)[102] 1920[99]-February 27, 1921[102] Eduard Cuypers, M.J. Hulswit 6°08′12″S 106°48′41″E / 6.136532°S 106.811417°E / -6.136532; 106.811417
Bank Mandiri – Jakarta-Kota branch Bank Export Import / Bank Bumi Daya (1960) / Nederlandsch-Indische Handelsbank, Binnen Nieuwpoortstraat (1940) April 1937 (start), May 25, 1940 (opened)[103] Wolff Schoemaker, assistant architect Ir. J.F.L. Blankenberg[99][104] 6°08′13″S 106°48′49″E / 6.137011°S 106.813704°E / -6.137011; 106.813704
Bank Sinarmas NV. Handelsvereniging / NV. Reiss & Co[105] 1914 Eduard Cuypers, M.J. Hulswit 6°08′09″S 106°48′41″E / 6.135787°S 106.811279°E / -6.135787; 106.811279
Bank Tabungan Negara Office (1968)[106] Kantoor van de Postspaarbank (1920)[106] / Chokin Kyoku (1942)[106] / Bank Tabungan Pos (1945)[107] 1920, 1936 (renovated to current form)[106] RLA Schoenmaker (1920), J. van Gendt (1936)[106] 6°10′02″S 106°49′13″E / 6.167185°S 106.820338°E / -6.167185; 106.820338
Banteng Building – Kantor Advokat dan Pengacara N.V. Gebr. Sutorius & Co. Handel Maatschappij (before 1932)[3] 19th century[3][108] anonymous 6°08′10″S 106°48′41″E / 6.136108°S 106.811337°E / -6.136108; 106.811337
Bappenas or "Board of National Planning and Development" Loge "Adhuc Stat",[66][109] 1858? (probably the date of the building)[64] 1925[109][110] Frans Ghijsels (AIA Bureau)[110] 6°12′02″S 106°49′57″E / 6.200663°S 106.832426°E / -6.200663; 106.832426
Bengkel Praktek Kerja Pendidikan Teknik (1974)[111] Nederlandsch Indie Gas Maatschappij 1924 Jl. Budi Utomo No. 3 Kel. Pasar Baru Kec. Sawah Besar Jakarta 10710
Bhanda Graha Reksa Offices administratiekantoor Tiedeman & van Kerchem and associated firms [nb 11] 1922–1923[3] L.M. van den Berg & J.J. Groenema[3][113] 6°08′10″S 106°48′44″E / 6.136135°S 106.812264°E / -6.136135; 106.812264
Bioscoop Menteng (demolished in 1988, on its site stands Menteng Plaza)[114] Bioscoop Menteng 1949[114]-1950 (opened)[115] Han Groenewegen (Selle, De Bruyn, Reyerse & de Vries)[114] 6°11′00″S 106°50′03″E / 6.183443°S 106.834165°E / -6.183443; 106.834165
BP7 Volksraad or Council of the Indies Building or Raad van Indië (1918) / Dokuritsu Junbi Chōsakai or Badan Penyidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan[38] 1927[116] E. Kühr[116][117] 6°10′31″S 106°49′59″E / 6.175200°S 106.833073°E / -6.175200; 106.833073
Building at Jl. Kunir no. 2[118] Geo. Wehry & Co Office building 1925–1928[3] A.I.A[3][119] 6°07′57″S 106°48′53″E / 6.132514°S 106.814826°E / -6.132514; 106.814826
Canisius College Canisius College AMS 1927 Opening January 11, 1930[120] Fermont-Cuypers [121] 6°11′09″S 106°50′03″E / 6.185809°S 106.834284°E / -6.185809; 106.834284
Carl Schlieper Gebouw (destroyed by fire on December 17, 1920, on its site was built de Factorij) Carl Schlieper Gebouw 1911[122] M.J. Hulswit 6°08′17″S 106°48′47″E / 6.138170°S 106.813085°E / -6.138170; 106.813085
Cipta Niaga Zee en Brand Assurantie[123] / Gebouw van de Internationale Credit en Handelsvereeniging Rotterdam[124] / Tjipta Niaga / Perusahaan Negara Aneka Niaga (ca. 1964)[125] May 25, 1912[123][124] Eduard Cuypers, Hulswit[123] 6°08′04″S 106°48′43″E / 6.134519°S 106.811900°E / -6.134519; 106.811900
Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, "Department of Energy and Mineral Resources" Batavia Police Headquarter[126] 1925 (approximate)[126] 6°10′53″S 106°49′25″E / 6.181321°S 106.823529°E / -6.181321; 106.823529
Département Keuangan, "Department of Monetary" Ika-Daigaku Dormitory[127] 1942[127] Jl. Prapatan No. 10, Kel. Senen, Kec. Senen, Jakarta 10410
Departemen Pertahanan dan Keamanan, "Department of Defense and Security" (1964)[128] Rechts Hoge School[128] 1924[128] J.F. van Hoytema[128] 6°10′38″S 106°49′19″E / 6.177091°S 106.821867°E / -6.177091; 106.821867
Djakarta Lloyd Office (abandoned)[129] Asurantie Kantoor van Ongevallen verzekering mij FATUM en Onderlinge elvensverzekering van EIGEN HULP / Honda (2004)[130] 1890 6°08′03″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134077°S 106.812596°E / -6.134077; 106.812596
Eigen Hulp aan de Molenvliet West (replaced with Postspaarbank office in 1920)[106] Eigen Hulp aan de Molenvliet West 1897[106] 6°10′02″S 106°49′13″E / 6.167185°S 106.820338°E / -6.167185; 106.820338
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, "Medical Faculty of the University of Indonesia" de Geneeskundige Hoogeschool, "Medical College"[131] / School Tot Opleiding Van Inlandse Artsen (STOVIA)[110] 1919–1926[131] Dienst B.O.W./H. von Essen[110] 6°11′42″S 106°50′56″E / 6.194962°S 106.848907°E / -6.194962; 106.848907
Filateli Jakarta Main Post and Telegraph Office 1913[132] new front 1921 [133] J.F. van Hoytema[132] 6°10′02″S 106°50′02″E / 6.167137°S 106.833818°E / -6.167137; 106.833818
Former office of Nederlandsch Indische Handelsbank (NIHB) First office of Nederlandsch Indische Handelsbank (NIHB) 6°07′59″S 106°48′38″E / 6.133186°S 106.810616°E / -6.133186; 106.810616
Galeri Melaka, PT Perusahaan Perdagangan Indonesia N.V. Trading Company Deli – Aceh; Previously Borneo Company 1923 Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit 6°08′13″S 106°48′37″E / 6.137014°S 106.810401°E / -6.137014; 106.810401
Galeri Nasional Indonesia, Gedung B Bataviaasch Lyceum (See National Gallery of Indonesia) 1914[134] M.J. Hulswit [135] 6°10′41″S 106°49′58″E / 6.178118°S 106.832667°E / -6.178118; 106.832667
Gebouw van de Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM) bij de Sluisbrug (Demolished for road widening) Gebouw van de Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (KPM) bij de Sluisbrug 1888 anonymous 6°10′04″S 106°49′53″E / 6.167754°S 106.831296°E / -6.167754; 106.831296
GKI Kwitang Gereformeerde Kerk Kwitang 1924[136] J. Abell, W.F. Pichel[136] 6°10′53″S 106°50′19″E / 6.181490°S 106.838501°E / -6.181490; 106.838501
HAKA Restaurant Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad newspaper 1927[137] Frans Ghijsels 6°09′56″S 106°49′54″E / 6.165510°S 106.831629°E / -6.165510; 106.831629
Kementerian Dalam Negeri, The Ministry of Home Affairs (demolished after 1960) Binnenlands Bestuur 1912–1915[132] J.F. van Hoytema[132] 6°10′09″S 106°49′42″E / 6.169078°S 106.828342°E / -6.169078; 106.828342
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Passagekantoor van de Rotterdamse Lloyd en de Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland[138] 1930[139] Fermont-Cuypers 6°10′20″S 106°49′21″E / 6.172329°S 106.822381°E / -6.172329; 106.822381
Koperasi Jiwasraya Der Levensverzekering Mij. Dordrecht te Weltevreden[140] 1913[140] Ed. Cuypers & Hulswit te Weltevreden[140] 6°10′02″S 106°49′18″E / 6.167095°S 106.821572°E / -6.167095; 106.821572
Gereja Katedral Jakarta (final form) De Kerk van Onze Lieve Vrowe ten Hemelopneming (original) 1901 Antonius Dijkmans, MJ Hulswit 6°10′08″S 106°49′59″E / 6.169013°S 106.833114°E / -6.169013; 106.833114
Gereja Koinonia GPIB Bethel Jemaat Djatinegara (1961) / Bethelkerk (original)[141] March 28, 1889[141] 6°12′50″S 106°51′43″E / 6.213764°S 106.861818°E / -6.213764; 106.861818
Gereja Pniel (1953) "Gereja Ayam" ("Chicken Church") / Haantjes Kerk[142] 1913–1915 (replacing earlier church built in 1850) Eduard Cuypers, Hulswit-Fermont[143] 6°09′39″S 106°50′03″E / 6.160909°S 106.834265°E / -6.160909; 106.834265
Gereja St Paulus (October 31, 1948) See St. Paul's Church, Jakarta 1936[144] Frans Ghijsels (AIA Bureau)[144] 6°12′02″S 106°49′53″E / 6.200499°S 106.831460°E / -6.200499; 106.831460
Gereja St Yoseph Matraman, "St. Joseph's Church" St. Joseph Church Matraman 1906 – June 22, 1909[145] or 1924[146] Frans Ghijsels (AIA Bureau);[146] Ir Erawan Kartawidjaja (renovation in 2001) 6°12′30″S 106°51′35″E / 6.208243°S 106.859596°E / -6.208243; 106.859596
Gereja St Theresia, "St. Theresia's Church" Theresiakerk 1934[147] J.Th. van Oyen[147] 6°11′20″S 106°49′32″E / 6.188929°S 106.825490°E / -6.188929; 106.825490
GKI Pinangsia, "Pinangsia Church" Geredja Keristen Tionghoa April 11, 1952 (opening)[148] 6°08′27″S 106°48′59″E / 6.140808°S 106.816266°E / -6.140808; 106.816266
Pasar Glodok main building Hoofdgebouw Pasar Glodok 1920[149] B.J.K. Cramer[149] 6°08′35″S 106°48′52″E / 6.142926°S 106.814401°E / -6.142926; 106.814401
Hotel Duta Indonesia (demolished in 1972, replaced with Duta Merlin Plaza)[55] Hotel des Indes 1930 Burhoven Jaspers[55] 6°09′56″S 106°49′11″E / 6.165495°S 106.819806°E / -6.165495; 106.819806
Hotel Melati Hotel des Galeries 1914 anonymous 6°10′01″S 106°49′16″E / 6.166930°S 106.821007°E / -6.166930; 106.821007
Jasa Raharja Zee en Brand Verzekerings Maatschapij Sluyters & Co / Assurantiekantoor Blom & Van der Aa, Assurantiekantoor Combinatie Sluyters & Co, and de Java-China-Japan Lijn.[3] / Lloyd Insurance (1950)[150] around 1911[3] anonymous 6°08′08″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135694°S 106.812086°E / -6.135694; 106.812086
Kantor Pelayanan Pajak Jakarta Tambora, "Tambora Tax Office" HSBC[105] 1910–1911[3] Following plan of Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit 6°08′08″S 106°48′40″E / 6.135680°S 106.811241°E / -6.135680; 106.811241
Kantor Pos Cikini, "Cikini Post Office" Tjikini post kantoor Before the 1920s anonymous 6°11′14″S 106°50′12″E / 6.187273°S 106.836711°E / -6.187273; 106.836711
Kantor Pos Kota, "Kota Post Office" Post- en telegraaf kantoor aan het Stadhuisplein 1929[110] R. Baumgartner[110] 6°08′02″S 106°48′48″E / 6.134022°S 106.813279°E / -6.134022; 106.813279
Kerta Niaga (1966)[151] MUCH: Maatschappij voor Uitvoer en Commissiehandel 1915[152] Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit[3] 6°08′09″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135830°S 106.812145°E / -6.135830; 106.812145
Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi – Departemen Perhubungan, "National Committee on Sea Transportation Safety, Ministry of Transportation" Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij (original) / Japanese Marine Department (1942) 1916–1918[153] Frans Ghijsels (AIA Bureau)[153] 6°10′30″S 106°49′51″E / 6.174917°S 106.830969°E / -6.174917; 106.830969
Kunstkring Art Gallery Bataviasche Kunstkring.

see Kunstkring Art Gallery

1913 P.A.J. Moojen 6°11′20″S 106°50′01″E / 6.188898°S 106.833497°E / -6.188898; 106.833497
Lembaga Biologi Molekul Eijkman, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology[154] Eijkman Instituut 1914 (built), 1916 (inauguration)[155] H von Essen[155] 6°11′53″S 106°50′47″E / 6.198011°S 106.846399°E / -6.198011; 106.846399
Lembaga Pendidikan Jurnalistik Antara, "Antara Institute of Journalism" see Gedung Antara 1920 [156] Reyerse & De Vries 6°09′57″S 106°50′02″E / 6.165816°S 106.833924°E / -6.165816; 106.833924
Mesjid Cut Mutiah (1987) N.V. de Bouwploeg (original) / post office, Train Company (1942–1945) / office of Home and Religion (1964–1970). 1922 P.A.J. Moojen 6°11′14″S 106°50′00″E / 6.187285°S 106.833358°E / -6.187285; 106.833358
Metropole Bioscoop Metropol / Megaria 1932 Liauw Goan Sing 6°12′00″S 106°50′37″E / 6.200059°S 106.843688°E / -6.200059; 106.843688
Michiels Monument (demolished between 1942 and 1945)[157] Michiels Monument mid 19th century 6°10′16″S 106°50′00″E / 6.171074°S 106.833451°E / -6.171074; 106.833451
Monument voor de Slag bij Waterloo (demolished) Monument voor de Slag bij Waterloo
Monument for J.B. van Heutsz (demolished in 1960) Monument for J.B. van Heutsz 1927–1932[158] 6°11′13″S 106°50′03″E / 6.186994°S 106.834119°E / -6.186994; 106.834119
Museum Joang '45 (1975)[159] Hotel Schomper[159] / Ganseikanbu Sendenbu (1942–1945) / Asrama Angkatan Baroe Indonesia / Gedung Menteng 31 1920s[159] 6°11′10″S 106°50′12″E / 6.186098°S 106.836601°E / -6.186098; 106.836601
Museum Kebangkitan Nasional, "Museum of the History of National Awakening" STOVIA[131] 1899–1902[131] 6°10′43″S 106°50′17″E / 6.178718°S 106.838034°E / -6.178718; 106.838034
Museum Bank Indonesia De Javasche Bank 1909, extensions 1924–1928 / new frontbuilding 1937 Eduard Cuypers and M.J. Hulswit / Fermont-Cuypers 6°08′14″S 106°48′46″E / 6.137185°S 106.812856°E / -6.137185; 106.812856
Museum Bank Mandiri See Bank Mandiri Museum 1932[160] J.J. de Bruyn, A.P. Smits and C. van der Linde[160] 6°08′17″S 106°48′47″E / 6.138170°S 106.813085°E / -6.138170; 106.813085
Museum Sasmita Loka Ahmad Yani residence of Ahmad Yani / residence 1930[161] 6°12′16″S 106°50′11″E / 6.204564°S 106.836524°E / -6.204564; 106.836524
Museum Taman Prasasti Europese Kerkhof 6°10′20″S 106°49′08″E / 6.172196°S 106.818946°E / -6.172196; 106.818946
Museum Wayang Museum of Old Batavia (1939) / Geo Wehry & Co Warehouse 1912[2] 6°08′06″S 106°48′45″E / 6.134882°S 106.812603°E / -6.134882; 106.812603
Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk (Demolished in 1984, replaced with Kantor Departemen Keuangan RI bagian KPPN (Kantor Pelayanan Perbendaharaan Negara))[62] Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij te 22 Noordwijk / "Factorij"[62] 1910 Eduard Cuypers M.J.Hulswit 6°10′01″S 106°49′39″E / 6.167017°S 106.827407°E / -6.167017; 106.827407
Office building at Jl. Taman Fatahillah no. 2 Gebouw West Java (WEVA) 1920[162] Eduard Cuypers and Hulswit-Fermont Jl. Taman Fatahillah No. 2 Kel. Penjaringan, Kec. Taman Sari Jakarta Barat
Old City Club Het Nieuws van den Dag (original) / Asuransi Ikrar Lloyd / Athena Discothèque 1925–1927[163] Reyerse de Vries architecten- en ingeniersbedrijf[163] / Ir. W. Selle 6°08′07″S 106°48′40″E / 6.135152°S 106.811078°E / -6.135152; 106.811078
Oranje Brouwerij (demolished, now Kompleks Rukan Puri DeltaMas Bandengan) Archipel Brouwerij[164] Before 1939 6°08′16″S 6°47′57″E / 6.137692°S 06.799093°E / -6.137692; 06.799093
Pancoran Tea House[165] Apotheek Chung Hwa[165] 1928[165] unknown; PT Pembangunan Kota Tua Jakarta (JOTRC) and Jakarta Endowment for Arts & Heritage (JEFORAH) (restoration and alteration in 2015) 6°08′32″S 106°48′53″E / 6.142221°S 106.814604°E / -6.142221; 106.814604
Pasar Gambir Market Structures/Pavilions (demolished) Pasar Gambir Market Structures/Pavilions 6°10′44″S 106°49′33″E / 6.178931°S 106.825833°E / -6.178931; 106.825833
Pasar Ikan Pasar Ikan, Gemeentelijke vismarkt 1926[3] H.A. Bond & R.A. Ogilvie[3] 6°07′35″S 106°48′32″E / 6.126295°S 106.808886°E / -6.126295; 106.808886
Pelayaran Bahtera Adhiguna The Ships Agency Ltd Office 19th century[166] 6°08′08″S 106°48′44″E / 6.135544°S 106.812098°E / -6.135544; 106.812098
Pertamina headquarter (1957), front section is rented to Bank Mandiri.[167] Batavia Petroleum Maatschappij (original)[167] / Japanese Military Headquarter[167] / General Staff of the Army (before 1950)[167] 1937–1938[168] Fermont-Cuypers, Th.C. Nix[168] 6°10′22″S 106°49′51″E / 6.172885°S 106.830722°E / -6.172885; 106.830722
Perusahaan Listrik Negara, State Electricity Company Kantoor van Nederlandsch Indie Gas Maatschappij (1897)[169] 1897 6°10′50″S 106°49′58″E / 6.180478°S 106.832777°E / -6.180478; 106.832777
Rathkamp and Co. Pharmacy (demolished after 1948) Rathkamp and Co. Pharmacy 1912 Eduard Cuypers, Hulswit-Fermont 6°10′08″S 106°49′16″E / 6.168837°S 106.821009°E / -6.168837; 106.821009
Rumah Sakit PELNI Petamburan, "PELNI Petamburan Hospital" KPM Petamboeran Hospital[170] 1914–1915, 1920 (extension) Frans Ghijsels 6°11′35″S 106°48′13″E / 6.193155°S 106.803531°E / -6.193155; 106.803531
Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, "Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital" Medicinal warehouse for the Ministry of Health of the Dutch Colonial Government / Teaching Hospital (1919) / Het Centrale Burgerlijke Hospitaal (CBZ) or "Central Civil Hospital of Batavia" / Ika-daigaku Byōin (1942–1945)[171] 1919–1926[171] 6°11′50″S 106°50′51″E / 6.197111°S 106.847549°E / -6.197111; 106.847549
Samudera Indonesia Commercial Fleet Division (Breakbulk & NVOCC) office building[172] Maintz & Co Office[172] 1920s[172] F.J.L. Ghijsels[172] 6°07′59″S 106°48′38″E / 6.132948°S 106.810554°E / -6.132948; 106.810554
Nitour Building[173] Singer and Nitour Travel Agency Building (early 1950s)[174] 1938[174] Fermont-Cuypers[175] 6°10′05″S 106°49′15″E / 6.168118°S 106.820704°E / -6.168118; 106.820704
SMK Santa Maria Koningin Emma School[81] 20th century[81]
St. Aloysius Broederschool (demolished, on its site stands carpark of Pertamina Headquarter) St. Aloysius Broederschool[176] 1908 (construction) P.A.J. Moojen[177] 6°10′24″S 106°49′51″E / 6.173346°S 106.830867°E / -6.173346; 106.830867
Stasiun Jatinegara Station Meester Cornelis 1910[178] S. Snuyff[178] 6°12′55″S 106°52′13″E / 6.215183°S 106.870276°E / -6.215183; 106.870276
Stasiun Gambir 2nd form (post-independence) Station Weltevreden (1884) / Station Koningsplein (1937)[179] 1927[179] anonymous 6°10′36″S 106°49′50″E / 6.176660°S 106.830617°E / -6.176660; 106.830617
Stasiun Jakarta Kota Spoorwegstation Batavia 1926 Frans Ghijsels 6°08′16″S 106°48′52″E / 6.137672°S 106.814421°E / -6.137672; 106.814421
Stasiun Manggarai Station Manggarai 1918 van Grendt 6°12′36″S 106°51′01″E / 6.210055°S 106.850247°E / -6.210055; 106.850247
Stasiun Pasar Senen Station Pasar Senen 1916, March 19, 1925 (inauguration)[180] J. Van Gendt, for Staats Spoorwegen (SS)[180] 6°10′27″S 106°50′40″E / 6.174223°S 106.844469°E / -6.174223; 106.844469
Stasiun Tanjung Priuk Spoorwegstation Tandjongpriok 1914 C.W. Koch 6°06′38″S 106°52′53″E / 6.110642°S 106.881511°E / -6.110642; 106.881511
Station Koningsplein 1st form (renovated into current form in 1927)[179] Station Weltevreden (1884) 1884[179] 6°10′36″S 106°49′50″E / 6.176660°S 106.830617°E / -6.176660; 106.830617
Station Batavia Zuid (demolished) Station Batavia Zuid anonymous
Station Tandjong Priok (demolished in 1917) Station Tandjong Priok 1885[181] anonymous 6°06′40″S 106°52′51″E / 6.111039°S 106.880963°E / -6.111039; 106.880963
Taman Kehormatan Belanda Menteng Pulo or "Menteng Pulo Netherlands Field of Honour"[182][183] Ereveld Menteng Poelo 1947;[182] Simultaankerk, columbarium in 1950[183] H. van Oerle from Royal Netherlands Engineers[182] 6°13′22″S 106°50′23″E / 6.222654°S 106.839678°E / -6.222654; 106.839678
Topografisch Bureau (abandoned and destroyed)[184] Topografisch Bureau 1868, 1907 (older building demolished and replaced)[184]
The Hermitage Hotel, Menteng Telefoongebouw Menteng (original) / Departement van Onderwijs en Eredienst / Office of the Central Indonesian National Committee or KNIP (1945–1946) / National Education Ministry (1950) / Department of Education and Culture (1968–1996) 1923–1924[185] anonymous 6°11′53″S 106°50′17″E / 6.198136°S 106.838039°E / -6.198136; 106.838039
Telefoonkantoor aan het Koningsplein (demolished) Telefoonkantoor aan het Koningsplein circa 1924[186] anonymous 6°07′53″S 106°48′38″E / 6.131250°S 106.810594°E / -6.131250; 106.810594
Toko Tio Tek Hong Toko Tio Tek Hong 1902 owned by Tio Tek Hong 6°10′02″S 106°49′54″E / 6.167141°S 106.831749°E / -6.167141; 106.831749
Toshiba Office John Peet & Co Office around 1920[187] Ir. FJL Ghijsels[187] 6°08′00″S 106°48′38″E / 6.133426°S 106.810650°E / -6.133426; 106.810650
Unie Gebouw (demolished) Unie Gebouw 6°09′47″S 106°49′14″E / 6.163179°S 106.820677°E / -6.163179; 106.820677
Vereniging Toeristenverkeer – Official Tourist Bureau (demolished) Vereniging Toeristenverkeer te Rijswijk – Official Tourist Bureau 1910[188] 6°10′04″S 106°49′22″E / 6.167891°S 106.822847°E / -6.167891; 106.822847
Vliegstationgebouw Tjililitan (demolished) Vliegstationgebouw Tjililitan 1928 H.A. Breuning
Airport Kemayoran (dysfunction) Luchthaven Kemajoran (older structure demolished and replaced) 1938
Warehouse (abandoned, deteriorating) Dasaad Musin Concern / Residence of the Director of NV. Pabrik Tenoen Kantjil Mas, Bangil, Djawa Timoer / Gebouw Mercurius[3] 1920[3] Vromans[3] 6°08′02″S 106°48′46″E / 6.133967°S 106.812800°E / -6.133967; 106.812800
Wilhelmina Park Atjeh Monument (demolished in the 1950s, on its site stand the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta) Wilhelmina Park Atjeh Monument 1880–1882[189] Bart van Hove, Pierre Cuypers[190] 6°10′06″S 106°49′51″E / 6.168333°S 106.830884°E / -6.168333; 106.830884

See also

[edit]

Notes and references

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonial buildings in Jakarta.
Notes
  1. ^ The location of the Vierkant point was earlier the location of the English lodge / Shabandar point which exist prior the establishment of Batavia.[6]
  2. ^ The house was bought by Van der Parra in 1767.[25]
  3. ^ The Old Church of Holland was demolished to make way for the organ that was too large for the church.[34]
  4. ^ Earlier it was the location of the Zeeland defence point to the west of Batavia.[6]
  5. ^ According to a plaque in front of Toko Merah.
  6. ^ so called because it was the tallest building in Grogol during the colonial area.[41]
  7. ^ Material for the building was collected from Kasteel Batavia, dismantled in 1809.[48]
  8. ^ The material for the construction of the building were taken from the 17th century Spinhuis in Jakarta Old Town.[51]
  9. ^ established by A. Chaulan and J.J. Didero.[55]
  10. ^ The construction of the building used the former bricks of the wall of Old Batavia.[17]
  11. ^ Firma TIEDEMAN & VAN KERCHEM / – N.V. Assurantie Maatschappij "De Nederlanden van 1845". FATUM. LABOR. / NEDERLANDSCH-INDISCHE Zee- en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE NEDERLANDSCH-INDISCHE Zee- en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / KOLONIALE Zee- en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / TWEEDE KOLONIALE Zee- en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij / Zee- en Brand Assurantie Maatschappij "De Oosterling" / N.V. Cult. Mij. Bodjong Datar / N.V. Landb. Mij. Dajeuh Manggoeng / N.V. Cult. Mij. Gandasoli / N.V. The Indo Java Rubber Planting & Trading Cy. / N.V. Cult. Mij. Juliana / N.V. Landb. Mij. Kertamanah / N.V. Lebak Plantations Cy. Ltd. / N.V. Marywattie Tea Cy./ N.V. Landb. Mij. Radjamandala / N.V. Cult. Mij. Takokak / N.V. Cult. Mij. Tandjong Oost / N.V. Landb. Mij. Tjiletab / N.V. Bombay Java Trading Cy.[112]
References
  1. ^ Brommer 1998, p. 108.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gunawan Tjahjono, ed. (1998). Architecture. Indonesian Heritage. Vol. 6. Singapore: Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-3018-30-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Indische Literaire Wandelingen – Jakarta". Indische Literaire Wandelingen. Indische Literaire Wandelingen. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  4. ^ Gill 1998, p. 110.
  5. ^ a b c d e Teeuwen 2011.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Kaart van het Kasteel en de Stad Batavia in het Jaar 1667 [Map of the Castle and the City Batavia in year 1667] (Map) (Den Haag ed.). 50 rhijnlandsche roeden (in Dutch). Cartography by J.J. Bollee. G.B. Hooyer and J.W. Yzerman. 1919. date inset.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Abdurrachman Surjomihardjo (1977). Pemekaran Kota (The Growth of Jakarta). Jakarta: Djambatan.
  8. ^ a b c d Die Rhede von Batavia, 1655 Batavia Map. Homann Heirs Nuremberg Publication
  9. ^ a b Pradaningrum Mijarto (December 1, 2009). "Mengenal Obyek Wisata Pesisir Jakarta Utara". Wisata Kota Toea (in Indonesian). Kompas, Warta Kota. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  10. ^ a b Merrillees 2000, p. 80.
  11. ^ a b "Dari Ziekenhuis ke Museum BI". Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  12. ^ a b c [1] Archived February 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Hospitals of Netherlands East Indies 1890 – 1940 – A Comprehensive Study
  13. ^ A. Algra and H. Algra (1978). Twintig eeuwen historie van de Nederlanden. Deel 4. Franeker: T. Wever. p. 31. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  14. ^ a b Jan Sihar Aritonang; Karel Adriaan Steenbrink (2008). A History of Christianity in Indonesia. Vol. 35. BRILL. p. 122. ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1. Retrieved July 19, 2013. ISBN 9789004170261
  15. ^ "1001 Warna Teluk Jakarta". National Geographic Traveller Indonesia (in Indonesian). National Geographic Traveller Indonesia. October 26, 2009. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
  16. ^ a b "Angke, Fort" (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  17. ^ a b c "Het beroemde Hotel Des Indes in Batavia heette ooit Hotel Rotterdam, maar dankzij Multatuli". Engelfriet.net. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  18. ^ Jagad Mayanipun Mas Oyé Archived August 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Masoye.multiply.com. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  19. ^ "Candra Naya". Nile Guide. Nile Project. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  20. ^ a b c "Candranaya, Gedung". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 2010. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  21. ^ surijen (December 29, 2014). "Amsterdaam gate batavia".
  22. ^ Windoro Adi 2010, p. 226.
  23. ^ a b c Asia Finest Discussion Forum – Pic's of VOC forts in Ambon Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Asiafinest.com. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  24. ^ a b "Weltevreden" (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  25. ^ afbeelding: Gezicht op landhuis Weltevreden te Batavia Archived August 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Atlasofmutualheritage.nl. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  26. ^ "Mengintip Sisa Rumah Tuan Tanah di Pasar Rebo". Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.. Mengintip Sisa Rumah Tuan Tanah di Pasar Rebo. Detik News. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  27. ^ [2]. Landgoed Groeneveld. Familie Wiki. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  28. ^ a b "A beautiful Dutch villa in ruins | the Jakarta Post". Archived from the original on February 12, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2015.. A beautiful Dutch villa in ruins. Jakarta Post. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  29. ^ a b c Jagad Mayanipun Mas Oyé Archived August 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Masoye.multiply.com. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  30. ^ a b c d e Jembatan Gantung Kota Intan, jembatan indah yang terlupakan, September 2013
  31. ^ Djawa Tempo Doeloe – by Priambodo Prayitno Archived August 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  32. ^ a b Tjandrasasmita, Uka (2009). Arkeologi Islam Nusantara (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. p. 156. ISBN 978-979-9102-12-6. Retrieved September 4, 2011. ISBN 9789799102126
  33. ^ Gemeentemuseum Helmond 1990, p. 9.
  34. ^ Antique photos from colonial times – Asia Finest Discussion Forum Archived December 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Asiafinest.com. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  35. ^ a b "Jakarta's Oldest Chinese Temple: the Jin De Yuan or Vihara Dharma Bhakti". Indonesia Travel. Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  36. ^ File: Design for a water fort on Batavia Archived October 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Atlasofmutualheritage.nl. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  37. ^ "Water Kasteel" (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  38. ^ a b Gedung BP7 Archived August 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ a b "History of All Saints Church, Jakarta". All Saints Church Jakarta. All Saints Church Jakarta. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  40. ^ "De Armeniërs, een volk waar ik deels van afstam". imexbo.nl. imexbo.nl. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
  41. ^ a b c "Rumah Tinggi Palmerah" (in Indonesian). Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2011.
  42. ^ "Rumah Tinggi Palmerah". Ensiklopedi Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  43. ^ "Balai Kota, Gedung" (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Administration. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  44. ^ a b Djawa Tempo Doeloe – by Priambodo Prayitno Archived August 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Djawatempodoeloe.multiply.com. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  45. ^ a b Windoro Adi 2010, p. 70.
  46. ^ "Marine, Hotel". Ensiklopedi Jakarta. Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Kehumasan Pemprov DKI Jakarta. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  47. ^ a b c d Dewan Kerajinan Nasional Archived May 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
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Cited works

[edit]
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