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The International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) is a professional organization affiliated with the International Union of Biological Sciences IUBS. As an independent professional organization, the IOBC can be an effective advocate for biological control, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated production (IP). The IOBC serves as a resource for international organizations, for example: European Commission (European Commission) on sustainable use of pesticides [1] and the status of IPM in Europe,[2] EC Regulation of Biological Control Agents (REBECA) with regard to invertebrate biological control agents, [3] Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research on IPM (CGIAR), [4] the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) on biological control agents [5] and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) with respect to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). [6][7]

History and Structure

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The complete history of the IOBC has been published [8] Briefly, in 1948 the idea of an international organization on biological control was conceived. By 1950 the IUBS decided to support the establishment of a “Commission Internationale de Lutte Biologique” (CILB) as part of the IUBS Division of Animal Biology and a committee was established to further this concept. In 1955 the statutes of the new organization were ratified by the IUBS and the first plenary session of the CILB took place at Antibes, France. In 1965 CILB changed its name from “Commission” to “Organization” thus becoming the “International Organization of Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants”. In 1969, under the auspices of the IUBS, an agreement was reached among organizations to merge IOBC and the “International advisory committee for biological Control” (active in English-speaking countries) into a single international organization under the name IOBC. The scientific journal Entomophaga (now superseded by BioControl) is the official journal of the new organization. In 1971 Global IOBC was established and the former IOBC became IOBC/wprs, one of the regional sections.

There are now six regional sections world-wide:


Goals and Purpose

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The IOBC promotes the development of biological control and its application in integrated pest management (IPM) and international cooperation to these ends.

The IOBC collects, evaluates and disseminates information about biological control and promotes national and international action concerning research, training of personnel, coordination of large-scale application and public awareness of the economic and social importance of biological control. The IOBC arranges conferences, meetings and symposia, and takes other action to implement the general objectives of the organization.


Global IOBC Global IOBC

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In addition to serving as an umbrella organization for the six regional sections, it publishes proceeding of meetings, a newsletter, and books, and has 10 working groups. These groups meet on specific topics, usually agricultural pests, that often impact on biological control globally.


Quality Control Standards Since using biological control agents is not like spraying a pesticide which gives immediate results, in order for growers to fully accept and use either biological control or an integrated pest management system, it is imparitive that the quality of the control agents be uniformly good. As such, a set of standards have been developed, and updated, for assessing the quality control of commercially produced biological control agents.[9] [10] These guidelines have also been accepted and are used by the scientific community (see a selection of references).[11] [12] [13] [14] [15]


CBD/ABS In 2008 IOBC Global established a Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing.[16] Under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) countries have sovereign rights over their genetic resources. Agreements governing the access to these resources and the sharing of the benefits arising from their use needs to be established between involved parties (i.e. Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS)). These agreements were created for a number of reasons, among which was the disproportionate monetary advantage developed countries were realizing in the pharmaceutical market. However, since the agreements are all encompassing there have been unforeseen consequences. These agreements also apply to species collected for potential use in biological control. Recent applications of CBD principles have already made it difficult or impossible to collect and export natural enemies for biological control research in several countries.[17][18]


IOBC/wprs West Palearctic Regional Section

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IOBC/wprs (West Palaearctic Regional Section) is the most active of the regional sections with 20 Working Groups (that focus on crops, agricultural pests, and other topics) and five Commissions which usually meet in different locations throughout the member countries. Additionally the IOBC/wprs produces the Bulletin of the IOBC/wprs which is recognized by the United States Department of Agriculture as one of the top research journals on organic production/organic food [USDA Journal List], newsletters and books Publications.


Pesticide Side-Effects Standards The Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms WG is made up of scientists from many countries. They established standards, which are periodically updated, for testing the side effects of pesticides on a large range of natural enemies and ranking those effects.[19] [20] [21][22] The purpose of establishing these standards was to provide a means by which pesticides could be ranked for their effect on beneficial organisms and pesticide testing could be compared from all regions of the world. With the results obtained from these standardized tests, selective pesticides for beneficial arthropods can be identified in order to enhance biological control in plant protection and reduce the impact of pesticides on non-target organisms.[23] These standards which have been adopted by the scientific community in countries world-wide (see a brief selection of recent publications). [24] [25] [26] [27]


Integrated Production One of the commissions is on Integrated Production (IP), a concept of sustainable agriculture based on the use of natural resources and regulating mechanisms to replace potentially polluting inputs.[28] [29] The agronomic preventative measures and biological/physical/ chemical methods are carefully selected and balanced taking into account the protection of health of both farmers and consumers and of the environment. As such a Commission in Integrated Production and Integrated Pest Management was established and crop specific IP guidelines established for pome fruits, stone fruits, arable crops in Europe, grapes, soft fruits, olives, citrus and field grown vegetables. [30] [31]


Official Languages

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The Organization’s official languages are English and French, although other languages may be spoken in some regional meetings.


References

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  1. ^ "Sustainable use of Pesticides".
  2. ^ Agra CEAS (2002). "Integrated crop management systems in the EU" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Regulation if invertebrate biological control agents in Europe: review and recommendations in its pursuit of a harmonised regulatory system" (PDF).
  4. ^ "CGIAR Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management (SP-IPM)".
  5. ^ "2nd Joint EPPO/IOBC Panel Meeting on Biological Control Agents". 2009.
  6. ^ "Is the Convention on Biological Diversity promoting environmentally friendly solutions to pest control?". {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Cock, M.J.W., van Lenteren, J.C., Brodeur, J.; et al. (2010). "The use and exchange of biological control agents for food and agriculture" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Franz, J.M. (1988). "Highlights in the development of the International Organization for Biological Contreol of noxious animals and plants". BioControl. 33: 131–134.
  9. ^ Bigler, F. (1992). Report of the sixth workshop of the IOBC global working group "Quality control of mass reared arthropods". pp. 1–26. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  10. ^ van Lenteren, J.C., Hale, A., Klapwijk, J.N.; et al. (2003). van Lenteren, J.C. (ed.). Guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies. CABI publishing. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |book title= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ "Variability in Quality of Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from Commercial Suppliers in Germany" (PDF). Biological Control. 22: 115–121. 2001. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ "Quality control of the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Hy., Aphidiidae) used for biological control in greenhouses". Journal of Applied Entomology. 121: 1–5. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Flight Test as Evaluation Criterion for the Quality of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): Adaptation of the Methodology". Neotropical Entomology. 31. 2002. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2002000300010. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |2= (help); Text "author Prezotti, L.R., Parra, J.R.P., Vencovsky, R., et al." ignored (help)
  14. ^ Vasquez, G.M, Orr D.B. and Baker, J.R. (2004). "Quality assessment of selected commercially available whitefly and aphid biological control agents in the United States". Journal of Economic Entomology. 97: 781–788. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Luczynski, A., Nyrop, J.P., and Shi, A. (2008). "Pattern of female reproductive age classes in mass-reared populations of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and its influence on population characteristics and quality of predators following cold storage". Biological Control. 47: 159–166. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ "A review of access and benefit-sharing for biological control: What does it mean for New Zealand?". New Zealand Plant Protection. 62: 152–155. 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |2= (help); Text "author Barratt, B.I.P." ignored (help)
  17. ^ Cock, M.J.W., van Lenteren, J.C., Brodeur, J.; et al. (2010). "Do new Access and Benefit Sharing procedures under the convention on Biological Diversity threaten the future of biological control?". BioControl. 55: 199–218. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Haas, F., Lohr, B., Munyi, P.; et al. (2007). "Access to biocontrol agents to combat invasive alien species and the Access and Benefit Sharing regulations" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Hassan, E., Oomen, P.A., Overmeer, P.; et al. (1985). "Standard methods to test the side-effects of pesticides on natural enemies of insects and mites developed by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". EPPO Bulletin. 15: 214–255. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Hassan, S.A., Bigler, F., Bogenschutz, H.; et al. (1994). "Results of the sixth joint pesticide testing programme of the IOBC/WPRS-working group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'". BioControl. pp. 107–119. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Sterk, G., Hassan, S.A., Baillod, M.; et al. (1999). "Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms'" (PDF). BioControl. 44: 99–117. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Candolfi, M.P., Blumel, S., Forester, R.; et al. (2000). "Guidelines to evaluate side-effects of plant protection products to non-target arthropods Joint initiative IOBC, BART and EPPO" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Bellows, T.S. and Fisher, T.W. (1999). Chapter 13 Enhanced Biological Control through Pesticide Selectivity.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) In: Bellows, T.S. & Fisher, T.W. Handbook of Biological Control. Academic Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Sabahi, Q, Rasekh, A., Sanqaki, A.H., and Garjan, A. (2009). "The persistence toxicity of three insecticides against adult of a thelytokous parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)". Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 74: 159–164. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Venkatesan, T., Jalali, S.K., Murthy, K.S.; et al. (2009). "Occurrence of insecticide resistance in field populations of Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in India". Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 79: 910–912. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ "Effects of pesticides commonly used in peach orchards in Brazil on predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea under laboratory conditions" (PDF). BioControl. 54: 625–635. 2009. {{cite journal}}: Text "authorGiolo, F.P., Medina, P., Grutzmacher, A.D. et al." ignored (help)
  27. ^ Nash, M., Hoffmann, A. & Thomson, L. (2010). "Identifying signatures of pesticide applications on indigenous and invasive non-target arthropod communities from vineyards". Ecological Applications.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Washington State University Organic & Integrated Fruit Production".
  29. ^ Vereijken (1990). chapter 18 Research on integrated arable farming and organic mixed farming in The Netherlands. In: Edwards, C.A., Lal, R., Madden, P.; et al. Sustainable Agricultural Systems. United States Agency for International Development. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ Dickler (1992). "Current situation of integrated plant-protection (IPP) in orchards in IOBC WPRS". ACTA Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 27: 23–28. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  31. ^ Galli (1992). "Present status of guidelines for integrated fruit production and marketing in the Federal Republic aof Germany (FRG)". ACTA Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 27: 251–256.
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