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Nrezvany/sandbox
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Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Subdivision:
Pezizomycotina
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Order:
Hypocreales
Genus:
Penicillium
Species:
P. argillaceum
Binomial name
Penicillium argillaceum
Geosmithia gen. nov. for Penicillium lavendulum and related species (1979)
Synonyms

Penicillium argillaceum The opportunistic fungus P argillaceum was initially described in 1967 by Stroud et al.[1] The genus Geosmithia was proposed to accommodate isolates previously known as P. argillaceum, but produce conidia that are not green [2][3]. Later, the fungus was transferred to the Rasamsonia genus, in complex with four other fungi to form the Rasamsonia argillacea species complex (R. argillacea, R. eburnea, R. piperina and R. aegroticola)[4]. G. argillacea is the anamorphic member of the ascomycete family Trichomaceae [5], with Talaromyces eberneus as its teleomorph[6].

Morphology

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P. argillaceum are filamentous[6], morphologically similar to Penicillium and Paecilomyces[4] and thus commonly misidentified and most likely underreported in the literature[7]. Reliable identification is challenging and mainly based on molecular methods[4]. Colonies are usually creamy white[8] with extensive sporing[7], rough-walled metulae and phialides[1]. Colonies on malt extract agar spread broadly, attaining a diameter of 6 to 6.5 cm within 2 weeks at 30 degrees Celsius[9]. Phialides are cylindrical with tapering apices to a narrowed conidium-bearing tube[7][10]. As well, they have rugulose to rugose walls[9].

Conidiophores and conidia

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Vegetative hyphae hyaline, smooth walled, 1.5 to 3 μm in diameter[9]. Microscopic analysis shows hyaline, septate, and branched conidiophores arising either directly from the substratum[9] or as branches from vegetative hyphae[1]. Conidiophores appear roughened[11] with rugose walls[11].
Conidia have a length-to-wide ratio average about 1.8 [10]. Conidia are usually 3 to 4 μm by 1.2 to 2 μm, varying from cylindrical to ellipsoid and ovoid, hyaline and smooth walled[9]. Conidial chains are normally tangled or adhering in loose, twisted columns[9].

Growth and physiology

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G. argillacea are highly thermophillic. Growth can occur at any temperature between 15 and 50 degrees Celsius[9], with optimal growth between 37 degrees and 40 degrees Celsius[6]. At high temperatures (40-50 degrees Celsius), the cultures are predominantly fluccose, sporulating poorly[9]. This species has cross reactivity with galactomannan enzyme immunoassay[4], and procudes conidia on MEA, CYA, OA and YES media[10].

Disease

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Originally considered to be a rare pathogen, this species is increasingly being reported as the causal agent of invasive mycosis[10]. The first case of a fatal disseminated infection by G. argillacea in 2009 in a German Shepherd dog[10]. Subsequently, eight cases of airway colonization in patients with Cystic Fibrosis, without evidence of clinical infection, were reported[12]. An opportunist pathogen[13], G. argillacea is isolated regularly in sputum samples recovered from European patients with Cystic Fibrosis[1]. Nine cases of pulmonary infections in patients with chronic granulomatous disease have been reported, two of which involved the chest wall and ribs and one of which disseminated to the brain[12]. Four of these patients died from complications of their infections. Pulmonary involvement reported in almost all cases suggests the respiratory tract as the main portal of entry [1], through inhalation of conidia[1]. G. argillacea can potentially play a role in pulmonary deterioration by forming a biofilm consortium with bacteria [10]. Additionally, a fatal G. argillacea infection was recently found in a stem cell transplant recipient receiving immune-suppressive therapy for graft-versus-host disease [12]. Other Geosmithia species have not been reported as etiologic agents of human infection except G. argillacea[12]. Isolates have been tested resistant to fluconazole[14] and voriconazole[12], variably resistant to itraconazole, amphotericin B, and posaconazole[12].

Habitat and ecology

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The exact environmental origin of G. argillacea remains unknown[7]. Some isolates derived from hot environments, such as mine tips with very high surface temperatures in the UK[15] and wood chip piles in Sweden[2].

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Giraud, Sandrine; Favennec, Loïc; Bougnoux, Marie-Elisabeth; Bouchara, Jean-Philippe (August 2013). "species complex: taxonomy, pathogenesis and clinical relevance". Future Microbiology. 8 (8): 967–978. doi:10.2217/FMB.13.63. ISSN 1746-0913.
  2. ^ a b Pitt, John I. (October 1979). "gen. nov. for and related species". Canadian Journal of Botany. 57 (19): 2021–2030. doi:10.1139/b79-252.
  3. ^ Pitt, John I. (1979). The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states : Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. London: Academic press. ISBN 0-12-557750-8.
  4. ^ a b c d Matos, Tadeja; Cerar, Tjaša; Praprotnik, Marina; Krivec, Uroš; Pirš, Mateja (August 2015). "First recovery of species complex isolated in adolescent patient with cystic fibrosis in Slovenia - case report and review of literature". Mycoses. 58 (8): 506–510. doi:10.1111/myc.12340.
  5. ^ Sigler, Lynne; Sutton, Deanna A.; Gibas, Connie Fe C.; Summerbell, Richard C.; Noel, Rhonda K.; Iwen, Peter C. (March 2010). ", a new anamorphic genus associated with infections in dogs and having phylogenetic affinity to the Trichocomaceae". Medical Mycology. 48 (2): 335–345. doi:10.3109/13693780903225805.
  6. ^ a b c Giraud, S.; Pihet, M.; Razafimandimby, B.; Carrere, J.; Degand, N.; Mely, L.; Favennec, L.; Dannaoui, E.; Bouchara, J.-P.; Calenda, A. (12 May 2010). "Geosmithia argillacea: an Emerging Pathogen in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (7): 2381–2386. doi:10.1128/JCM.00047-10.
  7. ^ a b c d Barton, R. C.; Borman, A. M.; Johnson, E. M.; Houbraken, J.; Hobson, R. P.; Denton, M.; Conway, S. P.; Brownlee, K. G.; Peckham, D.; Lee, T. W. R. (26 April 2010). "Isolation of the Fungus Geosmithia argillacea in Sputum of People with Cystic Fibrosis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (7): 2615–2617. doi:10.1128/JCM.00184-10.
  8. ^ Sohn, Ji Yeon; Jang, Mi-Ae; Lee, Jang Ho; Park, Kyung Sun; Ki, Chang-Seok; Lee, Nam Yong (2013). "Isolation and Identification of from a Fungal Ball in the Lung of a Tuberculosis Patient". Annals of Laboratory Medicine. 33 (2): 136. doi:10.3343/alm.2013.33.2.136.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Martinez, Carlos Ramirez ; with the technical assistance in scanning electron micrography of Angel T. (1982). Manual and atlas of the Penicillia. Amsterdam u.a.: Elsevier Biomedical Pr. pp. 234–236. ISBN 0-444-80369-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ a b c d e f Houbraken, J.; Giraud, S.; Meijer, M.; Bertout, S.; Frisvad, J. C.; Meis, J. F.; Bouchara, J. P.; Samson, R. A. (January 2013). "Taxonomy and Antifungal Susceptibility of Clinically Important Rasamsonia Species". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 51 (1): 22–30. doi:10.1128/JCM.02147-12.
  11. ^ a b Machouart, M.; Garcia-Hermoso, D.; Rivier, A.; Hassouni, N.; Catherinot, E.; Salmon, A.; Debourgogne, A.; Coignard, H.; Lecuit, M.; Bougnoux, M.-E.; Blanche, S.; Lortholary, O. (26 January 2011). "Emergence of Disseminated Infections Due to Geosmithia argillacea in Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease Receiving Long-Term Azole Antifungal Prophylaxis". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 (4): 1681–1683. doi:doi:10.1128/JCM.02456-10. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f Doyon, J. B.; Sutton, D. A.; Theodore, P.; Dhillon, G.; Jones, K. D.; Thompson, E. H.; Fu, J.; Wickes, B. L.; Koehler, J. E.; Schwartz, B. S. (12 December 2012). "Rasamsonia argillacea Pulmonary and Aortic Graft Infection in an Immune-Competent Patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 51 (2): 719–722. doi:10.1128/JCM.02884-12.
  13. ^ Marguet, Christophe; Favennec, Loïc; Matray, Olivier; Bertout, Sébastien; Giraud, Sandrine; Couderc, Laure; Zouhair, Rachid; Leguillon, Christine; Gargala, Gilles; Ballet, Jean-J Jacques; Bouchara, Jean-Philippe (2012). "Clinical and microbiological efficacy of micafungin on Geosmithia argillacea infection in a cystic fibrosis patient". Medical Mycology Case Reports. 1 (1): 79–81. doi:10.1016/j.mmcr.2012.08.004.
  14. ^ Masoud-Landgraf, Lilian; Badura, Alexandra; Eber, Ernst; Feierl, Gebhard; Marth, Egon; Buzina, Walter (8 May 2013). "Modified culture method detects a high diversity of fungal species in cystic fibrosis patients". Medical Mycology: 1–8. doi:10.3109/13693786.2013.792438.
  15. ^ Mouchacca, Jean (19 May 2007). "Heat tolerant fungi and applied research: Addition to the previously treated group of strictly thermotolerant species". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 23 (12): 1755–1770. doi:10.1007/s11274-007-9426-3.
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