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List of people who have served in all three branches of a U.S. state government

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A number of individuals have achieved the rare distinction of serving in all three branches of the state government of one of the U.S. states:

This list excludes service in local government (such as county or city government), as well as military and militia posts.

List

[edit]
Image Individual State Legislative-branch service Executive-branch service Judicial-branch service Notes
Chester Hardy Aldrich Nebraska Nebraska Senate (1907) Governor of Nebraska (1911–1913) Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court (1918–1924) [1]
Forrest H. Anderson Montana Montana House of Representatives (1943–1945) Governor of Montana (1968–1972)
Montana Attorney General (1957–1968)
Justice of the Montana Supreme Court (1953–1957) [2]
Charles B. Andrews Connecticut Connecticut Senate (1868–1870)
Connecticut House of Representatives (1878)
Governor of Connecticut (1879–1881) Judge of the Connecticut Superior Court (1881–1889)
Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1889–1901)
[3]
Samuel Ashe North Carolina North Carolina Senate (1776) (speaker) Governor of North Carolina (1795–1798) Presiding justice of the North Carolina Superior Court (1777–1795) [4]
Thomas W. Bartley Ohio Speaker of the Ohio Senate (1843–1844) Governor of Ohio (1844) Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1852–1859) [5]
Richard Bassett Delaware Delaware Senate (1882)
Delaware House of Representatives (1886)
Governor of Delaware (1799–1801) Chief Justice of the Delaware Court of Common Pleas (1793–1799) [6]
Elisha Baxter Arkansas Arkansas House of Representatives (1854–1855; 1859–1860) Governor of Arkansas (1873–1874) Judge of the Arkansas Circuit Court (1868–1873) [7]
Clark Bissell Connecticut Connecticut House of Representatives (1829; 1841)
Connecticut Senate (1842–1843)
Governor of Connecticut (1847–1849) Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (1829–1839) [8]
Thomas E. Bramlette Kentucky Kentucky House of Representatives (1841) Governor of Kentucky (1863–1867) Judge of the Kentucky District Court (1856–1861) [9]
Thaddeus M. Buczko Massachusetts Massachusetts House of Representatives (1959–1964)[10] Massachusetts Auditor (1964–1981)[10] Justice of the Essex County Probate and Family Court (1981–1996)[11]
John Burke North Dakota North Dakota House of Representatives (1891–1893)
North Dakota Senate (1893–1897)
Governor of North Dakota (1907–1913) Judge of the North Dakota District Court (1889–1891; 1897–1899)
Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court (1924–1937)
Chief Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court (1929–1931; 1935–1937)
[12]
James Clark Kentucky Kentucky House of Representatives (1807–1808) Governor of Kentucky (1836–1839) Judge of the Kentucky Court of Appeals (1810–1812)
Judge of the Kentucky Circuit Court (1817–1824)
[13]
Clement Comer Clay Alabama Alabama House of Representatives (speaker of the House) Governor of Alabama (1835–1837) Judge of the Alabama Circuit Court (simultaneously a member of the Alabama Supreme Court and chief justice) [14]
James P. Coleman Mississippi Mississippi House of Representatives (1960–1964) Mississippi Attorney General (1950–1956)
Governor of Mississippi (1956–1960)
Judge of the Mississippi Circuit Court (1947–1950)
Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi (1950)
[15]
Fred Cowan Kentucky Kentucky House of Representatives (1982–1987) Attorney General of Kentucky (1988–1992) Judge of the Kentucky Circuit Court (2006–2014) [16]
Lorenzo Crounse Nebraska Nebraska Senate (1901) Governor of Nebraska (1893–1895) Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court (1867–1873) [17]
Stephen A. Douglas Illinois Illinois House of Representatives (1836–1837) Illinois Secretary of State (1840–1841) Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois (1841–1843) [18]
Mack Easley New Mexico New Mexico House of Representatives (1951–1952; 1955–1962)
Speaker of the New Mexico House of Representatives (1959–1960)
New Mexico Senate (1967–1970)
Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico (1963–1967) Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court (1976–1981)
Chief Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court (1981–1982)
[19]
Alpheus Felch Michigan Michigan House of Representatives (1835–1837) Governor of Michigan (1846–1847)
Michigan Auditor General (1842)
Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1842–1845) [20]
Daniel Gould Fowle North Carolina North Carolina House of Commons (1862; 1864–1865)[b] Governor of North Carolina (1889–1891) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1865–1867) [21]
Junius Marion Futrell Arkansas Arkansas House of Representatives (1896–1904)
Arkansas Senate (1913–1917)
Governor of Arkansas (1913; 1933–1937) Judge of the Arkansas Circuit Court (1922–1933) [22]
John Gayle Alabama Alabama House of Representatives (1822–1823)
Speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives (1829–1830)
Governor of Alabama (1831–1835) Judge of the Alabama Circuit Court (1823–1825)
Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama (1828–1829)
[23]
Charles Harold Haden II West Virginia West Virginia House of Delegates (1963–1964) West Virginia State Tax Commissioner (1969–1972) Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (1972–1975)
Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (1974–1975)
[24]
Warren E. Hearnes Missouri Missouri House of Representatives (1951–1961) Governor of Missouri (1965–1973)
Secretary of State of Missouri (1961–1965)
Judge of the Missouri Circuit Court (1980) [25]
Paul M. Herbert Ohio Ohio House of Representatives (1922–1926)
Ohio Senate (1926–1930)
Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1939–1945; 1947–1949; 1957–1959) Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1963–1968) [26]
Richard Joseph Hopkins Kansas Kansas House of Representatives (1909–1911) Lieutenant Governor of Kansas (1911–1913)
Kansas Attorney General (1919–1923)
Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court (1923–1929) [27]
T. Clark Hull Connecticut Connecticut Senate (1963–1971) Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut (1971–1973) Judge of the Connecticut Superior Court (1973–1983)
Judge of the Connecticut Appellate Court (1983–1987)
Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1987–1991)
[28]
J. Frank Huskins North Carolina North Carolina House of Representatives (1947–1949) Chairman of the North Carolina Industrial Commission (1949–1955) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1955–1965)
Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1968–1982)
[29]
John Ireland Texas Texas House of Representatives (1873–1874)
Texas Senate (1874–1876)
Governor of Texas (1883–1887) Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas (1875–1879) [30]
Fred Gustus Johnson Nebraska Nebraska House of Representatives (1907–1909; 1917–1919)
Nebraska Senate (1919–1920)
Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska (1923–1925) Judge of the Nebraska District Court (1945–1951) [31]
Sandy Keith Minnesota Minnesota Senate (1959–1963) Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota (1963–1967) Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court (1989–1990)
Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court (1990–1998)
[32]
Wayne L. Kidwell Idaho Idaho Senate (1969–1973) Idaho Attorney General (1975–1979) Justice of the Idaho Supreme Court (1999–2005) [33]
Ted Kulongoski Oregon Oregon House of Representatives (1975–1978)
Oregon State Senate (1978–1983)
Governor of Oregon (2003–2011)
Oregon Attorney General (1993–1997)
Associate justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon (1997–2001) [34]
Frank Licht Rhode Island Rhode Island Senate (1949–1956) Governor of Rhode Island (1969–1973) Associate Justice of the Rhode Island Superior Court (1963–1968) [35]
Richard A. Licht Rhode Island Rhode Island Senate (1973–1984) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island (1985-1989)
Rhode Island Director of Administration (2010-2014)
Associate Justice of the Rhode Island Superior Court (2014–present) [36]
Levi Lincoln Jr. Massachusetts Massachusetts Senate (1812–1814, 1844–1845)
Massachusetts House of Representatives (1814–1823)
Governor of Massachusetts (1825–1834)
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1823–1824)
Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1824–1825)
William Paine Lord Oregon Oregon State Senate (1879–1880) Governor of Oregon (1895–1899) Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Oregon (1878–1880; 1886–1888; 1892–1894) [37]
Charles Lynch Mississippi Mississippi Senate (1827–1835) Governor of Mississippi (1833; 1836–1838) Judge of the Mississippi Probate Court (1821–1827) [38]
Thomas J. Mabry New Mexico New Mexico Senate (1912–1917) Governor of New Mexico (1947–1951) Judge of the New Mexico District Court (1937–1939)
Chief Justice of the New Mexico Supreme Court (1939–1946)
[39]
Isaac Marston Michigan Michigan House of Representatives (1872–1873) Michigan Attorney General (1874–1875) Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1875–1883)
Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1880–1881)
[40]
William T. Minor Connecticut Connecticut Senate (1854–1855)
Connecticut House of Representatives (1867)
Governor of Connecticut (1855–1857) Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court (1868–1873) [41]
Alfred Moore North Carolina North Carolina General Assembly North Carolina Attorney General (1782–1792) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1798–1799) [42]
Andrew B. Moore Alabama Alabama House of Representatives (speaker of the house) Governor of Alabama (1857–1861) Judge of the Alabama Circuit Court (1851–1857) [43]
Dan K. Moore North Carolina North Carolina House of Representatives (1941) Governor of North Carolina (1965–1969) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1948–1958) [44]
Samuel B. Moore Alabama Alabama House of Representatives (1823)
Alabama Senate (1828–1835)
Governor of Alabama (1831) Judge of the Alabama District Court (1835–1841) [45]
Marcus Morton Massachusetts Massachusetts House of Representatives (1858)[46] Governor of Massachusetts (1825, 1840–1841, 1843–1844)
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts (1824–1825)
Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1825–1840)
Charles W. Mullan Iowa Iowa Senate (1898–1901) Iowa Attorney General (1901–1907) Judge of the Iowa District Court (1913–1919) [47]
Gordon Mydland South Dakota South Dakota Senate (1963–1968) Attorney General of South Dakota (1969–1973) Judge of the South Dakota Circuit Court (1973–1987)
Nathaniel Niles Vermont Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives (1784–85) Vermont Executive Council (1785; 1787) Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court (1784–1788) [48]
C. William O'Neill Ohio Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives (1947–1949) Governor of Ohio (1957–1959)
Ohio Attorney General (1951–1957)
Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1960–1970)
Chief justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio (1970–1978)
[49]
Steven Pierce Massachusetts Massachusetts House of Representatives (1979–1991)[50] Secretary of Communities and Development (1991) Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Housing Court (2002–2015)[51][52]
Elisha R. Potter Rhode Island Rhode Island House of Representatives (1838–1840)
Rhode Island Senate (1847–1852; 1861–1863)
Rhode Island Commissioner of Public Schools (1849–1854) Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court (1868–1882) [53]
William W. Potter Michigan Michigan Senate (1899–1900) Member of the Michigan Public Utilities Commission (1919–1927)
Michigan Attorney General (1927–1928)
Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1928–1940)
Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1935)
[54]
John M. Rankin Iowa Iowa House of Representatives (1921–1927) Iowa Attorney General (1940–1947) Judge of the Iowa District Court (1925–1938) [55]
Daniel Lindsay Russell North Carolina North Carolina House of Commons (1864–1866) Governor of North Carolina (1897–1901) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1868–1874) [56]
Romulus Mitchell Saunders North Carolina Speaker of the North Carolina House of Commons (1815–1820); speaker of the House (1819) North Carolina Attorney General (1828–1831) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1835–1940) [57]
Bill Schuette Michigan Michigan Senate (1995–2003) Director of the Michigan Department of Agriculture (1991–1993)
Michigan Attorney General (2011–2019)
Judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals (2003–2009) [58]
William L. Sharkey Mississippi Mississippi House of Representatives (1828–1829) Governor of Mississippi (1865) Judge of the Mississippi Circuit Court (1832)
Justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi (1832–1851)
[59]
James Shields Illinois Illinois House of Representatives (1836) Illinois Auditor of Public Accounts (1841–1843) Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois (1843–1845) [60]
Samuel E. Smith Maine Maine House of Representatives (1820–1821) Governor of Maine (1831–1834) Chief Justice of the Maine Circuit Court of Common Pleas (1821)
Justice of the Maine Court of Common Pleas (1822–1830; 1835–1837)
[61]
Samuel L. Southard New Jersey New Jersey General Assembly (1815) Governor of New Jersey (1832–1833) Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court (1815–1820) [62]
Chauncey Sparks Alabama Alabama House of Representatives (1919–1923; 1931–1939) Governor of Alabama (1943–1947) Judge of the Alabama Inferior Court (1911–1915) [63]
David Stone North Carolina North Carolina House of Commons (1791–1794; 1811–1812) Governor of North Carolina (1808–1810) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1974–1798) [64]
David Lowry Swain North Carolina North Carolina House of Representatives (1824–1830) Governor of North Carolina (1832–1835) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1830–1832) [65]
John Swainson Michigan Michigan Senate (1954–1958) Governor of Michigan (1961–1963)
Lieutenant Governor of Michigan (1959–1961)
Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court (1971–1975) [66]
Lacy Thornburg North Carolina North Carolina House of Representatives (1961–1966) North Carolina Attorney General (1985–1993) Judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1967–1983) [67]
Charles Upson Michigan Michigan Senate (1855–1856; 1881–1882) Michigan Attorney General (1861–1862) Judge of the Michigan Circuit Court (1869–1872) [68]
Samuel Wells Maine Maine House of Representatives (1836–1840) Governor of Maine (1856–1857) Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court (1847–1854) [69]
Otis M. Whitney Massachusetts Massachusetts House of Representatives (1937–1943) Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Safety (1953–1959) Presiding justice of the Concord District Court (1962–1968) [70]
Isaac Wilbour Rhode Island Rhode Island House of Representatives (1805–1806) (speaker) Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island (1806–1807; 1810–1811)
Acting Governor of Rhode Island (1806–1807)
Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court (1818–1819)
Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court (1819–1827)
[71]
George A. Wilson Iowa Iowa Senate (1925–1935) Governor of Iowa (1939–1943) Judge of the Iowa District Court (1917–1921) [72]
Nathaniel Coe Nathaniel Coe New York New York State Assembly (1843–1847) New York State Comptroller Justice of the peace [73][74][75][76]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ For instance, this list would excludes those whose only state-level executive service was as a deputy state attorney general or assistant state attorney general.
  2. ^ Confederate legislature.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Governor Chester Hardy Aldrich, National Governors Association (accessed September 10, 2017).
  2. ^ Chris Carlson, Forrest H. Anderson: The transformative governor, Missoulian (July 20, 2014).
  3. ^ Norton, Frederick Calvin Charles Bartlett Andrews Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Governors of Connecticut (published 1905) (accessed September 5, 2017).
  4. ^ North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
  5. ^ The History of Ohio Law (vol. 1: Ohio University Press, 2004; eds. Michael Les Benedict & John F. Winkl), p. 193, note 115.
  6. ^ BASSETT, Richard, (1745–1815), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 8, 2017).
  7. ^ Elisha Baxter (1827–1899), Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture (accessed August 29, 2017).
  8. ^ Governor Clark Bissell, National Governors Association (accessed September 5, 2017).
  9. ^ Governor Thomas Elliott Bramlette, National Governors Association (accessed August 30, 2017).
  10. ^ a b Pidgeon, Norman L. (1967). "1967-1968 Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Boston, MA: Commonwealth of Massachusetts. p. 25.
  11. ^ "EX-JUDGE NETS PENSION PAYDAY; Loophole ups yearly benefits by $20G". Boston, MA: Boston Herald. August 15, 2007. p. 6.
  12. ^ Governor John Burke, National Governors Association (accessed September 19, 2017).
  13. ^ Kentucky Governor James Clark, National Governors Association (accessed April 2, 2016).
  14. ^ J. Mills Thornton, Clement Comer Clay (1835–37), Encyclopedia of Alabama (published March 27, 2008, last updated February 12, 2015).
  15. ^ Governor James Plemon Coleman, National Governors Association (accessed September 13, 2017).
  16. ^ Heleringer, Bob (December 2, 2014). "Fred Cowan: A profile in service". Courier-Journal. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
  17. ^ Governor Lorenzo Crounse, National Governors Association (accessed September 10, 2017).
  18. ^ Biography, Stephen A. Douglas Association (accessed September 1, 2017).
  19. ^ "Former Lieutenant Gov., Supreme Court Justice, Lawmaker Dies". Albuquerque Journal. Associated Press. March 2, 2006.
  20. ^ Alpheus Felch, University of Michigan Law School (accessed April 2, 2016).
  21. ^ North Carolina Governor Daniel Gould Fowle, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
  22. ^ Junius Marion Futrell (1870–1955), Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture (accessed August 29, 2017).
  23. ^ Gayle, John, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges (accessed September 12, 2017).
  24. ^ Penny Loeb, Moving Mountains: How One Woman and Her Community Won Justice from Big Coal (University Press of Kentucky, 2007), p. 181.
  25. ^ Governor Warren E. Hearnes, National Governors Association (accessed September 1, 2017).
  26. ^ PAUL MORGAN HERBERT, The Supreme Court of Ohio & the Ohio Judicial System (accessed September 4, 2017).
  27. ^ Hopkins, Richard Joseph, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges (accessed September 11, 2017).
  28. ^ Judson, George (July 26, 1996). "T. Clark Hull, 75, Ex-Politician and Judge". New York Times.
  29. ^ Sarah Parker, Presentation of the Portrait of J. Frank Huskins, Associate Justice, Supreme Court of North Carolina, 1968–1982 (November 8, 2007).
  30. ^ John Ireland, Legislative Reference Library of Texas.
  31. ^ JOHNSON, Fred Gustus, (1876–1951), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 11, 2017).
  32. ^ Keith, Alexander MacDonald "Sandy, A.M." , Minnesota Legislative Reference Library (accessed September 16, 2017).
  33. ^ Fick, Bob (January 5, 1999). "Kidwell sworn in as Idaho high court justice". Moscow-Pullman Daily News. Idaho-Washington. Associated Press. p. 5A.
  34. ^ Harry Esteve, Ted Kulongoski defends legacy as he bids good-bye to Oregon governor's office, Oregonian (January 3, 2011).
  35. ^ "FRANK LICHT, AN EX-GOVERNOR; LED RHODE ISLAND IN LATE 60'S". New York Times. Associated Press. May 31, 1987.
  36. ^ "Chafee nominates Richard Licht for Superior Court". 10 WJAR. NBC 10 News.
  37. ^ "Governor William P. Lord's Administration". Oregon State Archives. Oregon Secretary of State. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  38. ^ Governor Charles Lynch, National Governors Association (accessed September 13, 2017).
  39. ^ Governor Thomas Jewett Mabry, National Governors Association (accessed September 15, 2017).
  40. ^ Isaac Marston, Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society (accessed September 5, 2017).
  41. ^ Governor William Thomas Minor, National Governors Association (accessed September 5, 2017).
  42. ^ John V. Orth, "Moore, Alfred" in The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law (ed. Roger K. Newman: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 387.
  43. ^ Alabama Governors: Andrew Barry Moore, Alabama Department of Archives and History (accessed August 29, 2017).
  44. ^ Jack D. Fleer, Governors Speak (University Press of America, 2007), p. 107.
  45. ^ Alabama Governors: Samuel B. Moore, Alabama Department of Archives and History (accessed August 29, 2017).
  46. ^ Emery, Samuel (1893). History of Taunton, Massachusetts. Syracuse, NY: D. Mason and Co. OCLC 2689718.
  47. ^ Charles Mullan, Waterloo Times-Tribune, Waterloo, Iowa: Sunday, March 1, 1914, p. 32 (accessed September 2, 2017).
  48. ^ Paul S. Gillies, The Remains of Nathaniel Niles, Vermont Bar Journal (Dec. 2011).
  49. ^ Jerome Mushkat, "O'Neill, C. William" in American Legislative Leaders in the Midwest, 1911–1994 (Greenwood Press, 1997: eds. Nancy Weatherly Sharp & James Roger Sharp), p. 191.
  50. ^ Public Officers of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1989-90.
  51. ^ Elisabeth J. Beardsley (December 19, 2002). "Swift crony made judge amid furor on Gov's Council". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  52. ^ "Housing Court Chief Justice Steven Pierce to Retire". www.mass.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13.
  53. ^ POTTER, Elisha Reynolds, (1811–1882), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 4, 2017).
  54. ^ William Potter, Michigan Supreme Court Historical Society (accessed September 5, 2017).
  55. ^ Representative John Mercer Rankin, Iowa Legislature (accessed September 2, 2017).
  56. ^ North Carolina Governor Daniel Lindsay Russell, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
  57. ^ The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Vol. 9 (eds. Rossiter Johnson & John Howard Brown: The Biographical Society, 1904.
  58. ^ Biography of Attorney General Bill Schuette, Office of the Attorney General of Michigan (accessed August 27, 2017).
  59. ^ Governor William Lewis Sharkey, National Governors Association (accessed September 13, 2017).
  60. ^ James Shields: Previous Illinois Supreme Court Justice Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, Illinois Courts (accessed April 1, 2016).
  61. ^ Governor Samuel Emerson Smith, National Governors Association (accessed September 5, 2017).
  62. ^ Michael J. Birkner, Samuel L. Southard: Jeffersonian Whig (Associated University Presses, 1984), p. 9.
  63. ^ Alabama Governors: Chauncey Sparks, Alabama Department of Archives and History (accessed August 29, 2017).
  64. ^ North Carolina Governor David Stone, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
  65. ^ North Carolina Governor David Lowry Swain, National Governors Association (accessed April 1, 2016).
  66. ^ Michigan Governor John Burley Swainson, National Governors Association (accessed April 2, 2016).
  67. ^ Commending the Service of Judge Lacy Thornburg to Western North Carolina Archived 2016-04-13 at the Wayback Machine (statement of Rep. Heath Shuler) (September 21, 2011), Congressional Record Extensions of Remarks, Vol. 157, No. 141, pp. E1674-E1675.
  68. ^ UPSON, Charles, (1821–1885), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 5, 2017).
  69. ^ Governor Samuel Wells, Representative Men of Maine: A Collection of Biographical Sketches of all the Governors since the formation of the State. (The Lakeside Press, 1893) (accessed September 5, 2017).
  70. ^ "Otis Whitney, 73, Was Mass. Judge, Public Safety Chief and YD General". The Boston Globe. July 8, 1982.
  71. ^ WILBOUR, Isaac, (1763–1837), Biographical Directory of the United States Congress (accessed September 8, 2017).
  72. ^ Journal of the Senate of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, Vol. 56, pt. 1955, page 1266 (1955).
  73. ^ Frost, Marjorie Conrad (October 20, 1960). "Woman Says". Nunda News.
  74. ^ Hand, Henry Wells, ed. (1908). Centennial History of the Town of Nunda. Rochester Herald Press.
  75. ^ Farrell, Timothy MB (2012-11-27). "Kaleidoscope: Hood River history told by yoga". Columbia Gorge News. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  76. ^ "Nathaniel Coe family photograph albums - Archives West". archiveswest.orbiscascade.org. Retrieved 2024-07-08.