^R. l. luctus in southern Sumatra, Java, Bali; R. l. perniger in northern India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, and northern Thailand; R. l. spurcus in Hainan, China; R. l. foetidus in Borneo.[2]
^R. t. trifoliatus in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; R. t. edax from northeastern India, Thailand through the Malay Peninsula; R. t. niasensis in Nias; R. t. solitarius in Bangka.[8]