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Because Cicer is the genus of the chickpea, there is much research surrounding the hybridization of this species with other species of the Cicer genus. Such hybridization may result in other species available for use in agriculture and food crops.
Evolution of Cicer
[edit]The genus, Cicer, is composed of many species with different characteristics that make it an interesting candidate for a food crop. Currently, only one species of Cicer, the modern chickpea, is domesticated as a cultivar, but there are many other options researchers are considering for further domestication and expansion into perennial crops. One of the most promising options that could lead to the expansion into perennial crops is hybridization between annual and perennial species. However, hybridization is only possible and/or successful between certain species, which have not been determined.
The first step in this expansion is to examine the relationships between perennial and annual species of Cicer both morphologically and genetically to identify possible candidate species. Unfortunately, research shows stark morphological differences between perennial and annual species of Cicer which hints at difficulty that could result from attempting to cross these species into a hybridized species. More specifically, a study examining the seed coat morphology at several specific gene loci compared annual and perennial species that showed very distinct differences between the two branches of Cicer.[1] The research was able to create phylogenetic trees tracking the genetic divergence of Cicer species, and the data indicate “the rapid species differentiation of Monocicer including adaptation to the disturbed environment,” showing much distance between annual species (Monocicer) and perennial species of Cicer.[1]
Further research into these relationships has been performed to analyze the relatedness of perennial and annual species, both cultivated and wild, at 12 loci to see how closely they are related.[2] The researchers were able to narrow down one perennial species, C. incisum, that was more closely related to annual plants than other perennial species.[2] Research also showed similar results upon genetic and phylogenetic analyses. While most annual and perennial species tend to form monophyletic clades, C. incisum is an exception to this rule. Another species that occurs outside of the typical monophylies is C. cuneatum, an annual species more closely related to the perennial species C. canariense than any other annual species.[3] These outsteps in the common trend of the phylogenies indicate that there may be close relatives that present as candidates for further cultivation. There is significant evolutionary distance between the common ancestors of the modern perennial and annual species, but this research gives hope that there may be a possibility of cultivating a perennial species as a food crop.
Hybridization of Cicer species
[edit]Hybridization, or the reproduction of two species to create a unique offspring, is especially important in developing new food crops from existing species. Because of the phylogenetic and genetic data studied and produced in the past, a hybrid between perennial and annual Cicer species is promising. Many steps have been taken to improve the hybridization techniques and results between perennial and annual species, but it has proven difficult to create a viable offspring from these crosses.[4] Not surprisingly, it has been relatively easy to hybridize annuals together and perennials together.[4] Other research has shown some success with crossing specific annual and perennial species of the genus. One particularly successful cross between “the annual C. cuneatum and perennial C. canariense” showed a “partially fertile with intermediate morphology” F-1 generation.[5]
This success, however, is determined by which species provides each gamete and therefore presents some possible difficulties in cultivating the crop further.[5] This cross is especially interesting because it is one of the few partial successes of the perennial and annual crosses, which have proven especially difficult. Furthermore the species crossed, C. cuneatum and C. canariense were previously determined as sister species during evolutionary analysis in previous research.[3]
Such research is at the forefront of developing a perennial food crop for Cicer that is related to its modern cultivar, the chickpea. Perennial crops have an advantage to food production because they are a more sustainable food option than annual crops. As seen, the genetic and evolutionary relationships of the species play a crucial role in developing hybrids between the species, and can be used to determine further relationships.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Javadi, F; Yamaguchi, H (2004). "RAPD and seed coat morphology variation in annual and perennial species of the genus Cicer L.". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 51 (7): 783.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) Cite error: The named reference "Javadi" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b c Kence, A; Sudupak, MA (2004). "Genetic relationships among perennial and annual Cicer species growing in Turkey as revealed by allozymes". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 51 (3): 241.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) Cite error: The named reference "Kence" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b c Caputo, P; Frediani, M (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships among annual and perennial species of the genus Cicer as inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA". Biologia Plantarum. 49 (1): 47.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) Cite error: The named reference "Caputo" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b c Croser, JS; Ahmad, F; Clarke, HJ; Siddique, KHM (2003). "Utilisation of wild Cicer in chickpea improvement - progress, constraints, and prospects". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 54 (5): 429.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) Cite error: The named reference "Croser" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ a b c Abbo, S; Mesghenna, YT; van Oss, H (2011). "Interspecific hybridization in wild Cicer sp". Plant Breeding. 130 (2): 150.
{{cite journal}}: More than one of|pages=and|page=specified (help) Cite error: The named reference "Abbo" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ Bisht, IS; Kumar, K; Singh, M. "Exploitation of wild annual Cicer species for widening the gene pool of chickpea cultivars". Plant Breeding. 134 (2): 186-192.