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User:GhostRiver/latex

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Latex allergy

Signs and symptoms

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  • Skin symptoms (contact urticaria)
    • Contact urticaria
    • Protein contact dermatitis
    • Allergic contact dermatitis
  • Respiratory symptoms (allergic rhinitis and asthma)
    • Rhinitis and conjunctivitis
    • Occupational asthma
    • Eosinophilic bronchitis
  • Systemic reactions
    • Anaphylaxis
    • Cardiovascular collapse, skin rashes, bronchospasm

Causes

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Occupational exposure

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Alternative latex exposure

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Although most allergic reactions to latex occur in clinical settings, latex antibodies occur in equal rates between healthcare workers and the general population, and latex sensitization may occur in any environment.[1]

Health conditions and surgeries

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Frequent surgery due to chronic health conditions may lead to latex sensitization. Pediatric patients who undergo eight or more surgical interventions in their first year of life are significantly more likely to develop a latex allergy than those who do not,[2] as are adults who receive more than 10 invasive procedures.[3]

Mechanism

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  • 14 allergens

Diagnosis

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Latex allergy diagnosis begins by with a complete analysis of the patient's medical history.[4]

While clinical history is a necessary first step, the high false positive rate makes it insufficient for diagnosis, and it must be supplemented with other examinations.[5]

  • Medical history
  • Skin tests
    • Prick tests
    • Patch tests
  • Laboratory tests
    • Latex-specific IgE
  • Challenge tests
    • Glove use test
    • Rubbing test
    • Specific bronchial provocation test
    • Conjunctival provocation and nasal challenge

If clinical history, skin, and laboratory tests are contradictory, provocation tests may be used to confirm the presence or absence of a latex allergy.[6]

Classification

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  • Non-immunologic
  • Type IV immunologic
  • Type I immunologic

Cross-reactivity

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  • Latex-fruit syndrome
  • Banana, avocado, chestnut, kiwifruit

Prevention

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  • Latex regulations
    • General regulations
    • Labeling
  • Primary prevention
  • Secondary prevention
    • Health care workers
    • Patients in the health care setting
    • Outside of medicine

Management

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Latex avoidance

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  • Patient education
  • Latex avoidance
    • Home environment
    • Institutional / workplace
    • School
  • Latex alternatives

Medical treatments

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  • Symptomatic treatment
  • Immunotherapy

The discovery of omalizumab as a monoclonal antibody targeting IgE has led to its use in the treatment of atopic conditions, and it has proven effective at treating both asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria.[7][8] As a result, there has been some research into the effectiveness of omalizumab as a treatment for latex allergy. Limited studies have found that omalizumab reduces ocular and skin responses to latex allergens,[9][10][11] and it has been proposed that the drug be used in conjunction with immunotherapy to reduce adverse reactions.[12]

Prognosis

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Epidemiology

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  • Incidence and prevalence
  • Age distribution and sex ratio
  • Other epidemiology
    • Occupations and other situations with frequent contact with latex
    • Medical conditions with an increased predisposition for latex sensitization

History

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Human use of latex dates back to at least 1600 BCE, when Castilla elastica was harvested and mixed with Ipomoea alba to form the rubber balls used in the Mesoamerican ballgame.[13]

Society and culture

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Research directions

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References

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  1. ^ Condemi, John J. (August 2002). "Allergic reactions to natural rubber latex at home, to rubber products, and to cross-reacting foods". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 110 (2): S107–S110. doi:10.1067/mai.2002.124968. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  2. ^ Degenhardt, Petra; Golla, Sabine; Wahn, Frederike; Niggemann, Bodo (2001). "Latex Allergy in Pediatric Surgery Is Dependent on Repeated Operations in the First Year of Life". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 36 (10): 1535–1539. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2001.27038. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  3. ^ Ruëff, F.; Kienitz, A.; Schöpf, P.; Hartl, W. H.; Andreß, H.-J.; Zaak, D.; Menninger, M.; Przybilla, B. (2001). "Frequency of natural rubber latex allergy in adults after multiple operative procedures". Allergy. 56 (9): 889–894. doi:10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00021.x. ISSN 0105-4538. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  4. ^ Woods, Julia A.; Lambert, Susan; Platts-Mills, Thomas A. E.; Drake, David B.; Edlich, Richard F. (January 1997). "Natural rubber latex allergy: Spectrum, diagnostic approach, and therapy". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 15 (1): 71–85. doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(96)00256-9. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  5. ^ Hamilton, Robert G.; Adkinson Jr., N. Franklin (September 1998). "Diagnosis of natural rubber latex allergy: Multicenter latex skin testing efficacy study". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 102 (3): 482–490. doi:10.1016/S0091-6749(98)70139-3. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  6. ^ Nucera, E.; Pollastrini, E.; Sabato, V.; Colagiovanni, A.; Aruanno, A.; Rizzi, A.; Buonomo, A.; Pecora, V.; Lombardo, C.; Astorri, A. L.; Rossi, G.; Patriarca, G.; Schiavino, D. (2010). "Challenge tests in the diagnosis of latex allergy". International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 23 (2): 543–552. doi:10.1177/039463201002300216. PMID 20646349. Retrieved March 26, 2023. Free access icon
  7. ^ Okayama, Yoshimichi; Matsumoto, Hisako; Odajima, Hiroshi; Takahagi, Shunsuke; Hide, Michihiro; Okubo, Kimihiro (April 2020). "Roles of omalizumab in various allergic diseases". Allergology International. 69 (2): 167–177. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2020.01.004. Retrieved March 26, 2023. Open access icon
  8. ^ Incorvaia, Cristoforo; Mauro, Marina; Makri, Elena; Leo, Gualtiero; Ridolo, Erminia (2018). "Two decades with omalizumab: what we still have to learn". Biologics: Targets and Therapy (12): 135–142. doi:10.2147/BTT.S180846. Retrieved March 26, 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) Open access icon
  9. ^ Leynadier, Francisque; Doudou, Ouafia; Gaouar, Hafida; Le Gros, Vincent; Bourdeix, Isabelle; Guyomarch-Cocco, Laurence; Trunet, Patrick (February 2004). "Effect of omalizumab in health care workers with occupational latex allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 113 (2): 360–361. doi:10.1016/j.jacj.2003.11.020. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  10. ^ Di Leo, Elisabetta; Calogiuri, Gianfranco; Macchia, Luigi; Nettis, Eustachio (January 2019). "Use of omalizumab in uncontrolled chronic spontaneous urticaria also improved latex-induced contact urticaria". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 7 (1): 300–302. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.05.005. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  11. ^ Aruanno, Arianna; Chini, Raffaella; Nucera, Eleonora (2021). "Efficacy of omalizumab in reducing latex allergy". Advances in Dermatology and Allergology. 38 (5): 921–923. doi:10.5114/ada.2021.110072. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  12. ^ Dantzer, J. A.; Wood, R. A. (March 2018). "The use of omalizumab in allergen immunotherapy". Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 48 (3): 232–240. doi:10.1111/cea.13084. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  13. ^ Hosler, Dorothy; Burkett, Sandra L.; Tarkanian, Michael J. (June 18, 1999). "Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica". Science. 284 (5422): 1988–1991. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
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