Systemic Consensing
Systemic Consensing[1] (German: Systemisches Konsensieren) also known as Systemic Consensus is a consensus-oriented group decision-making principle and method developed by Erich Visotschnig and Siegfried Schrotta. The principle is that minimizing participant resistance should be the highest concern when making decisions. The method asks participants to score all proposals—including the status quo—according to how much they oppose them, and selects the proposal with the lowest score.
History
[edit]Schrotta and Visotschnig first met in 1971 while working as systems analysts in the computer industry. In 1979 a group of parents Visotschnig was part of attempted to found an alternative school in Graz, Austria. Although this was a voluntary group of friends, conflict arose whenever they were making decisions. He considered this contradictory phenomenon to be caused by their decision-making process—majority voting. It was at this point Visotschnig first thought that minimizing opposition was different, and more important, than maximizing agreement.[2]
In 1982 Schrotta and Visotschnig first began developing a method with students in Graz. After a break, activity resumed in 2002 leading to the 'Systemic Consensing Principle' and a refined method. Over the course of their work the pair have published four books,[3][4][5][6] made a website,[7] initiated an online tool,[8] founded an institute,[9] and established a network of trainers.
Principle
[edit]The Systemic Consensing Principle[10] is to come as close to consensus as possible by minimizing resistance. Resistance is taken to mean opposition or unhappiness towards a proposal. This is justified on ethical and practical foundations.
Ethically, allowing people to express resistance is seen as fundamental to their human dignity. Making a collective decision that a person opposes, when an option exists which no one opposes, is seen as an unnecessary dismissal of personal will that can't be justified by a majority preference. The asymmetry between positive and negative preference, and the primacy of the negative, is an expression of negative utilitarianism.
Practically, decisions made with less opposition are expected to be more successful, requiring less (or no) monitoring, enforcement or sanctioning. Participants are generally expected to be more constructive in the group if they have the ability to express negativity openly, since "resistance which can't be expressed in the system, turns against the system".[11]
The authors contrast the Systemic Consensing Principle to those of majority and consensus. Majority is seen as the "right of the strong", leading to winner-loser situations. Consensus is seen as the "right of the weak", with the veto right leading to blocking.[12]
Method
[edit]Proposals are gathered, with the participants being encouraged to submit as many different proposals as necessary. The current status quo is always included as the so-called "passive option" (formerly also named as "zero option"). This is done on the basis that the current state of affairs may be preferable to all new proposals. This option can be formulated positively as "none of the above option".
The participants are then asked to rate the proposals according to their resistance to them. The proposal with the lowest resistance score is then selected. This is an inversion of typical scoring, where a higher score indicates higher agreement.
The details of how Systemic Consensing is practiced is flexible and dependent on the situation. Scoring could be done with people raising neither, one or both of their hands (a range of 0–2), or by raising numbered cards (e.g. 0–10). The scoring could be done secretly or openly.
Example
[edit]Imagine three people, Fritz, Anna and George, who are considering what they should get together as a reward for a hard day of work. Fritz, a vegan, has had bad experiences with the vegan options in most ice-cream stores, so scores ice-cream highly. Anna is mostly fine with all the options, scoring them all low. George is a recovering alcoholic and doesn't want to be tempted by others drinking around him, so scores beer very highly. All three have significant resistance to the default solution, which would be getting nothing, so score it highly. Waffles, as the least resisted option, is group's decision.
| Which treat should we get? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Score proposals according to resistance | ||||
| Ice cream | Waffles | Beer | Default solution:
nothing | |
| Fritz | 7 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Anna | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| George | 0 | 2 | 9 | 10 |
| Total | 8 | 4 | 10 | 23 |
Influence
[edit]Thanks to the books, talks and workshops, Systemic Consensing has had significant coverage in the German-speaking world, including articles in the newspapers Die Tageszeitung,[13] Die Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung[14] and Die Furche.[15] The voting work-group of Foodsharing.de[16] and the Saxony branch of the Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany[17] consider the use of Systemic Consensing for internal decisions.
Until now, only one of the books has been translated into English,[1] and the official website remains available only in German, contributing to much lower reach in the English-speaking world.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Maiwald, Josef (2018). Smart decision-making systemic consensing for managers. A-bis Gesellschaft für Unternehmensentwicklung mbH (2nd, revised ed.). Holzkirchen, Germany. ISBN 978-3-934051-21-8. OCLC 1047643306.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "SK-Historie". SK-Prinzip (in German). Retrieved 2022-04-20.
- ^ Schrotta, Siegfried (1982). Neue Wege zur Verständigung : der machtfreie Raum. Erich Visotschnig. Wien: Zsolnay. ISBN 3-552-03406-4. OCLC 9853097.
- ^ Visotschnig, Erich (2005). Das SK-Prinzip oder wie man Konflikte ohne Machtkämpfe löst. Siegfried Schrotta. Wien. ISBN 978-3-8000-7096-1. OCLC 76624294.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Paulus, Georg (2010). Systemisches konsensieren : der Schlüssel zum gemeinsamen Erfolg. Siegfried Schrotta, Erich Visotschnig (2., überarb. Aufl ed.). Holzkirchen: Danke-Verl. ISBN 978-3-9808635-4-4. OCLC 744848486.
- ^ Wie wir klüger entscheiden einfach - schnell - konfliktlösend ; [SK-Prinzip]. Siegfried Schrotta. Gratkorn. 2011. ISBN 978-3-901921-44-5. OCLC 794534522.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "SK-Prinzip | www.sk-prinzip.eu | Entscheidungskultur ist entscheidend!". SK-Prinzip (in German). Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ "acceptify". www.acceptify.at. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
- ^ "Startseite". IsyKonsens Deutschland (in German). Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ Wie wir klüger entscheiden einfach - schnell - konfliktlösend ; [SK-Prinzip]. Siegfried Schrotta. Gratkorn. 2011. p. 39. ISBN 978-3-901921-44-5. OCLC 794534522.
Es (das „Systemische Konsensprinzip") lautet in seiner einfachsten Form: Die Gruppe entwickelt zum gegebenen Problem möglichst viele Lösungsvorschläge und wählt dann jenen aus, der dem Konsens und damit dem Interessenausgleich am nächsten kommt.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Wie wir klüger entscheiden einfach - schnell - konfliktlösend ; [SK-Prinzip]. Siegfried Schrotta. Gratkorn. 2011. p. 209. ISBN 978-3-901921-44-5. OCLC 794534522.
dass sich Widerstand, der sich im System nicht ausdrücken darf, gegen das System wendet.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Wie wir klüger entscheiden einfach - schnell - konfliktlösend ; [SK-Prinzip]. Siegfried Schrotta. Gratkorn. 2011. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-901921-44-5. OCLC 794534522.
Mehrheitsprinzip: "Recht des Stärkeren", Sieger-Verliere-Prinzip. Veto-recht: "Rech des Schwächeren", Blockade-Prinzip.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Jensen, Annette (2020-01-25). "Konsens statt Streit". Die Tageszeitung: taz (in German). pp. 24–25 ePaper, Alle, Berlin 28–29 Nord. ISSN 0931-9085. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ "Systemisches Konsensieren". DAZ.online. 2017-07-24. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ FURCHE, Die. ""Mehr Einfluss für die Bürger"". "Mehr Einfluss für die Bürger" | Die FURCHE (in Austrian German). Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ "Wahlen – Lebensmittelretten.de Wiki". wiki.foodsharing.de. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ "Systemisches Konsensieren - dieBasis - LV Sachsen" (in German). 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
Further reading
[edit]- Visotschnig, Erich (December 2016). "Einführung in das SK-Prinzip" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-04-23.