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Tornado outbreak sequence of June 4–10, 1974
TypeTornado outbreak sequence
DurationJune 4–10, 1974
Tornadoes
confirmed		86 confirmed[1][2]
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Duration of
tornado outbreak2		6 days, 21 hours, 50 minutes
Fatalities27 fatalities, 601 injuries

1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale
2Time from first tornado to last tornado

[nb 1]

Background

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Confirmed tornadoes

[edit]
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 19 29 25 11 2 0 86

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[4][nb 2] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[8][nb 3] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

Color/symbol key
Color / symbol Description
† Data from Grazulis 1990/1993/2001b
Data from a local National Weather Service office
※ Data from the YYYY Storm Data publication
‡ Data from the NCEI database
♯ Maximum width of tornado
± Tornado was rated below F2 intensity by Grazulis but a specific rating is unavailable.
List of confirmed tornadoes in the tornado outbreak sequence of June 8–10, 1974
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord.[nb 4] Date[nb 5] Time (UTC) Path length Width[nb 6] Damage
F3 35°24′N 97°36′W / 35.4°N 97.6°W / 35.4; -97.6 ((June 8, F3))
[18][19]
F2 35°31′N 97°22′W / 35.52°N 97.37°W / 35.52; -97.37 ((June 8, F2))
[20][21]
F3 35°33′N 97°21′W / 35.55°N 97.35°W / 35.55; -97.35 ((June 8, F3))
[22][23]
F1 36°28′N 97°42′W / 36.47°N 97.7°W / 36.47; -97.7 ((June 8, F1))
[24][25]
F0 37°40′N 96°48′W / 37.67°N 96.8°W / 37.67; -96.8 ((June 8, F))
[26][27]
F0 38°20′N 98°12′W / 38.33°N 98.2°W / 38.33; -98.2 ((June 8, F))
[28][29]
F1 35°24′N 97°34′W / 35.4°N 97.57°W / 35.4; -97.57 ((June 8, F))
[30][31]
F3 35°29′N 97°18′W / 35.48°N 97.3°W / 35.48; -97.3 ((June 8, F))
[32][33]
F0 38°40′N 88°29′W / 38.67°N 88.48°W / 38.67; -88.48 ((June 8, F))
[34][35]
F4 35°57′N 96°39′W / 35.95°N 96.65°W / 35.95; -96.65 ((June 8, F))
[36][37]
F0 38°03′N 88°12′W / 38.05°N 88.2°W / 38.05; -88.2 ((June 8, F))
[38][39]
F3 35°41′N 96°48′W / 35.68°N 96.8°W / 35.68; -96.8 ((June 8, F))
[40][41]
F1 35°40′N 96°46′W / 35.67°N 96.77°W / 35.67; -96.77 ((June 8, F))
[42][43]
F2 35°46′N 96°41′W / 35.77°N 96.68°W / 35.77; -96.68 ((June 8, F))
[44][45]
F0 37°28′N 96°27′W / 37.47°N 96.45°W / 37.47; -96.45 ((June 8, F))
[46][47]
F0 40°43′N 89°35′W / 40.72°N 89.58°W / 40.72; -89.58 ((June 8, F))
[48][49]
F3 35°37′N 96°44′W / 35.62°N 96.73°W / 35.62; -96.73 ((June 8, F))
[50][51]
F2 35°52′N 96°24′W / 35.87°N 96.4°W / 35.87; -96.4 ((June 8, F))
[52][53]
F2 36°20′N 95°53′W / 36.33°N 95.88°W / 36.33; -95.88 ((June 8, F))
[54][55]
F2 35°18′N 96°47′W / 35.3°N 96.78°W / 35.3; -96.78 ((June 8, F))
[56][57]
F3 35°59′N 96°00′W / 35.98°N 96°W / 35.98; -96 ((June 8, F))
[58][59]
F3 36°00′N 96°06′W / 36°N 96.1°W / 36; -96.1 ((June 8, F))
[60][61]
F4 38°25′N 96°13′W / 38.42°N 96.22°W / 38.42; -96.22 ((June 8, F))
[62][63]
F3 35°24′N 96°41′W / 35.4°N 96.68°W / 35.4; -96.68 ((June 8, F))
[64][65]
F2 35°20′N 97°09′W / 35.33°N 97.15°W / 35.33; -97.15 ((June 8, F))
[66][67]
F0 39°59′N 88°53′W / 39.98°N 88.88°W / 39.98; -88.88 ((June 8, F))
[68][69]
F0 40°13′N 94°33′W / 40.22°N 94.55°W / 40.22; -94.55 ((June 8, F))
[70][71]
F2 35°55′N 96°07′W / 35.92°N 96.12°W / 35.92; -96.12 ((June 8, F))
[72][73]
F0 37°25′N 94°50′W / 37.42°N 94.83°W / 37.42; -94.83 ((June 8, F))
[74][75]
F3 36°22′N 94°54′W / 36.37°N 94.9°W / 36.37; -94.9 ((June 8, F))
[76][77]
F1 36°51′N 94°24′W / 36.85°N 94.4°W / 36.85; -94.4 ((June 8, F))
[78][79]
F2 36°36′N 95°00′W / 36.6°N 95°W / 36.6; -95 ((June 8, F))
[80][81]
F0 37°04′N 94°07′W / 37.07°N 94.12°W / 37.07; -94.12 ((June 8, F))
[82][83]
F1 36°54′N 94°20′W / 36.9°N 94.33°W / 36.9; -94.33 ((June 8, F))
[84][85]
F1 40°12′N 95°03′W / 40.2°N 95.05°W / 40.2; -95.05 ((June 8, F))
[86][87]
F1 35°07′N 95°45′W / 35.12°N 95.75°W / 35.12; -95.75 ((June 8, F))
[88][89]
F2 32°54′N 93°27′W / 32.9°N 93.45°W / 32.9; -93.45 ((June 9, F))
[90][91]
F1 42°43′N 94°08′W / 42.72°N 94.13°W / 42.72; -94.13 ((June 9, F))
[92][93]
F2 43°05′N 94°01′W / 43.08°N 94.02°W / 43.08; -94.02 ((June 9, F))
[94][95]
F1 44°10′N 89°36′W / 44.17°N 89.6°W / 44.17; -89.6 ((June 9, F))
[96][97]
F1 44°19′N 89°31′W / 44.32°N 89.52°W / 44.32; -89.52 ((June 9, F))
[98][99]
F1 44°05′N 92°32′W / 44.08°N 92.53°W / 44.08; -92.53 ((June 9, F))
[100][101]
F1 44°51′N 91°14′W / 44.85°N 91.23°W / 44.85; -91.23 ((June 9, F))
[102][103]
F0 42°05′N 88°18′W / 42.08°N 88.3°W / 42.08; -88.3 ((June 9, F))
[104][105]
F1 42°39′N 87°54′W / 42.65°N 87.9°W / 42.65; -87.9 ((June 9, F))
[106][107]
F2 43°42′N 85°29′W / 43.7°N 85.48°W / 43.7; -85.48 ((June 9, F))
[108][109]
F1 41°08′N 87°52′W / 41.13°N 87.87°W / 41.13; -87.87 ((June 9, F))
[110][111]
F2 44°28′N 84°44′W / 44.47°N 84.73°W / 44.47; -84.73 ((June 10, F))
[112][113]
F1 40°24′N 79°35′W / 40.4°N 79.58°W / 40.4; -79.58 ((June 10, F))
[114][115]
F0 27°50′N 82°13′W / 27.83°N 82.22°W / 27.83; -82.22 ((June 10, F))
[116][117]
F0 45°43′N 98°29′W / 45.72°N 98.48°W / 45.72; -98.48 ((June 10, F))
[118][119]
F2 37°31′N 98°54′W / 37.52°N 98.9°W / 37.52; -98.9 ((June 10, F))
[120][121]
F1 39°58′N 86°06′W / 39.97°N 86.1°W / 39.97; -86.1 ((June 10, F))
[122][123]

Non-tornadic effects

[edit]

Aftermath and recovery

[edit]

Oddities/records

[edit]

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[3]
  2. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[5] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[6] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[7]
  3. ^ The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[9][10] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[11] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[12] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[13] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[14]
  4. ^ All starting coordinates are based on the NCEI database and may not reflect contemporary analyses
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Date/Time was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[15] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[16][17]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ National Weather Service (30 September 2019). Grazulis, Thomas P.; Grazulis, Doris (eds.). Tornado History Project: Maps and Statistics. Tornado History Project (Report). The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  2. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Events reported between 06/04/1974 and 06/10/1974 (7 days). Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  3. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  4. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  5. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  6. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  7. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  8. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, pp. 1497, 1503.
  9. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  10. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  11. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  12. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  13. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  14. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  15. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  16. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  17. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
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