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User:CapeVerdeWave/Tornado outbreak sequence of May 4–10, 1965

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User:CapeVerdeWave/Tornado outbreak sequence of May 4–10, 1965
Black-and-white chart depicting squiggly paths with times noted
Tornado tracks through Minneapolis–Saint Paul on May 6
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes87
Maximum ratingF5 tornado
DurationMay 4–10, 1965
Highest gusts70 kn (81 mph; 130 km/h) in Kansas on May 6
Largest hail4 in (10 cm) at two locations on May 4 and 7
Overall effects
Fatalities17
Injuries773
Damage$ (YYYY USD)[nb 1]
$Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |value= (parameter 2) and |start_year= (parameter 3) must be specified." (2024)
Areas affectedMidwestern United States
Part of the tornadoes and tornado outbreaks of 1965

A widespread and destructive tornado outbreak sequence impacted the Midwestern United States between May 4–10, 1965.[nb 2]

Background and impact

[edit]

On the morning of May 6, 1965, a series of low-pressure areas, consisting of dual cyclones, was present over and east of the Great Basin, roughly straddling the Continental Divide. Meanwhile, a warm front extended eastward over Minneapolis–St. Paul, attended by temperatures in the high 70s °F. An ongoing mesoscale convective system deposited outflow boundaries in the area, which locally contributed to enhanced wind shear. As a result, numerous supercells developed and trained over the Twin Cities, producing intense tornadoes.[2] These tornadoes were the most severe on record in the Twin Cities metropolitan area.[3] Roughly two days later, a vigorous trough generated severe thunderstorms over the Front Range, immediately preceding a significant tornado episode over the High Plains on May 8. Potent atmospheric instability contributed to the outbreak of storms on the latter date.[4]

Outbreak summary

[edit]
Daily statistics of tornadoes during the tornado outbreak (sequence) of Month-DD–Month-DD, YYYY[5]
Date[nb 3] Total F-scale rating[nb 4] Deaths Injuries Damage[nb 5]
 F?   F0   F1   F2   F3   F4   F5 
Total

Confirmed tornadoes

[edit]
Confirmed tornadoes by Fujita rating
FU F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Total
0 22 20 29 7 8 1 ≥ 87

Prior to 1990, there is a likely undercount of tornadoes, particularly E/F0–1, with reports of weaker tornadoes becoming more common as population increased. A sharp increase in the annual average E/F0–1 count by approximately 200 tornadoes was noted upon the implementation of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar in 1990–1991.[12][nb 6] 1974 marked the first year where significant tornado (E/F2+) counts became homogenous with contemporary values, attributed to the consistent implementation of Fujita scale assessments.[16][nb 4] Numerous discrepancies on the details of tornadoes in this outbreak exist between sources. The total count of tornadoes and ratings differs from various agencies accordingly. The list below documents information from the most contemporary official sources alongside assessments from tornado historian Thomas P. Grazulis.

Color/symbol key
Color / symbol Description
† Data from Grazulis 1990/1993/2001b
Data from a local National Weather Service office
※ Data from the 1965 Storm Data publication
‡ Data from the NCEI database
♯ Maximum width of tornado
± Tornado was rated below F2 intensity by Grazulis but a specific rating is unavailable.
List of confirmed tornadoes in the tornado outbreak sequence of May 4–10, 1965
F# Location County / Parish State Start Coord.[nb 7] Date[nb 3] Time (UTC) Path length Width[nb 8] Damage
F3± NE of Rexford to NNW of Selden Sheridan Kansas 39°31′N 100°40′W / 39.52°N 100.67°W / 39.52; -100.67 (Rexford (May 4, F3)) May 4 23:15–? 5.2 mi (8.4 km)‡ 100 yd (91 m)‡ $25,000‡
A strong tornado unroofed and wrecked three homes.[20][21][22]
F2± WNW of Soncy Potter Texas 35°12′N 101°58′W / 35.2°N 101.97°W / 35.2; -101.97 (Soncy (May 4, F2)) May 4 00:40–? 1 mi (1.6 km)‡ 20 yd (18 m)‡ $2,500‡
This strong tornado impacted Kamp Kiwanis, a Girl Scouts camp, unroofing four cabins and the main structure. A secondary funnel cloud was observed nearby, but was not believed to have developed into a tornado.[20][23][24]
F0 WSW of Exum Hartley Texas 36°05′N 102°13′W / 36.08°N 102.22°W / 36.08; -102.22 (Exum (May 4, F0)) May 4 02:00–? 4.6 mi (7.4 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡ $2,500‡
Details are unavailable.[23][25]
F2 Southeastern Borger※ Hutchinson Texas 35°40′N 101°25′W / 35.67°N 101.42°W / 35.67; -101.42 (Borger (May 4, F2)) May 4 02:04–? 0.5 mi (0.80 km)‡ 100 yd (91 m)‡ $25,000‡
This brief tornado damaged four to six blocks. A two-story home, then under construction, was unroofed and shorn of its upper story, several rooms of which were found 200 yd (180 m) distant. A commode from the building was found 100 yd (91 m) away as well. The tornado also hurled a 2-by-4-inch (51 by 102 mm) board into a pickup truck. Building insulation spread over the landscape, lodging in crevices and gaps. A shortwave radio transmission tower was toppled as well. The tornado reportedly produced a "jet engine-like" din.[20][23][26]
F2± Southwestern Hartley to W of Sibley O'Brien, Osceola Iowa 43°10′N 95°29′W / 43.17°N 95.48°W / 43.17; -95.48 (Hartley (May 5, F2)) May 5 20:30–? 21.8 mi (35.1 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡ $2,500‡
Details are unavailable.[21][27]
F1 N of Elkton (SD) to SE of Marietta (MN) Brookings (SD), Deuel (SD)‡, Lincoln (MN)‡, Yellow Medicine (MN)‡, Lac qui Parle (MN)‡ South Dakota, Minnesota 44°28′N 96°28′W / 44.47°N 96.47°W / 44.47; -96.47 (Elkton (May 5, F1)) May 5 20:45–? 34.7 mi (55.8 km)‡ 10 yd (9.1 m)‡ Un­known
This tornado damaged three farmsteads.[28][29]
F1 S of Leal※ Barnes North Dakota 47°06′N 98°24′W / 47.1°N 98.4°W / 47.1; -98.4 (Leal (May 5, F1)) May 5 21:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡ $2,500‡
Details are unavailable.[30][31]
F4 SSE of Rinard to NE of Callender Calhoun, Webster Iowa 42°18′N 94°28′W / 42.3°N 94.47°W / 42.3; -94.47 (Rinard (May 5, F4)) May 5 22:15–? 8 mi (13 km)† 200 yd (180 m)‡ $25,000‡
A parsonage and a church were leveled. Eight farmsteads were damaged as well. Losses totaled $25,000.[32][20][21][33]
F0 WSW of Spofford Kinney Texas 29°09′N 100°33′W / 29.15°N 100.55°W / 29.15; -100.55 (Spofford (May 5, F0)) May 5 23:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km)‡ 33 yd (30 m)‡ Un­known
No reports of damage were received.[23][34]
F2 NW of Leonard to SW of Argusville† Cass North Dakota 46°42′N 97°12′W / 46.7°N 97.2°W / 46.7; -97.2 (Woods (May 5, F2)) May 5 23:15–? 33 mi (53 km)※ 100 yd (91 m)† $750,000‡
This strong, long-lived tornado wrecked various outbuildings, sheds, and barns on seven farmsteads. A two-hour discrepancy between reported touchdowns suggests that two separate storms may have been responsible for multiple tornadoes, instead of a single event. The NCEI database lists the start of the path as north-northwest of Woods and the endpoint as west of Brooktree Park.[20][30][35][36][37]
F1 SE of Sauk Center Stearns Minnesota 45°43′N 94°55′W / 45.72°N 94.92°W / 45.72; -94.92 (Sauk Center (May 5, F1)) May 5 23:20–? 0.5 mi (0.80 km)‡ 200 yd (180 m)※ $250,000‡
This brief tornado produced minimal damage.[38][39]
F2 Lake Miltona to between Parkers Prairie and Urbank† Douglas, Otter Tail Minnesota 45°54′N 95°25′W / 45.9°N 95.42°W / 45.9; -95.42 (Lake Miltona (May 5, F2)) May 5 23:40–?※ 7 mi (11 km)† 200 yd (180 m)※ $50,000‡
This tornado first touched down beside Lake Darling, wrecking lakeside cottages. It extensively damaged outbuildings on eight farmsteads as well.[20][38][40]
F2 N of Perham to Toad Lake※ Becker Minnesota 46°51′N 95°30′W / 46.85°N 95.50°W / 46.85; -95.50 (Perham (May 5, F2)) May 5 23:45–?† 15 mi (24 km)† 50 yd (46 m)† $25,000‡
An expansive, twin-story, lakefront summer house was destroyed, while five nearby cottages and homes incurred lesser damage.[20][38][41][42]
F1 S of Gaylord to E of New Auburn Sibley Minnesota 44°30′N 94°12′W / 44.5°N 94.2°W / 44.5; -94.2 (Gaylord (May 5, F1)) May 5 23:45–? ~10 mi (16 km)‡ 10 yd (9.1 m)‡ $25,000‡
This tornado impacted seven farmsteads. Outbuildings and an aircraft sustained minor damage.[38][43]
F3 S of Harmony, MN to W of Four Corners, WI Fillmore (MN), Houston (MN), La Crosse (WI) Minnesota, Wisconsin 43°30′N 92°01′W / 43.5°N 92.02°W / 43.5; -92.02 (Harmony (May 5, F3)) May 5 01:00–? 65.2 mi (104.9 km) 100 yd (91 m)
This and the following event may have been part of a single, long-lived tornado family. A dozen or more farmsteads were badly damaged in Minnesota, primarily near Newburg, Lenora, and Canton. Most of the injuries occurred in this area. The tornado apparently lifted near Yucatan and reformed near Money Creek. Near Dakota the tornado wrecked a brick schoolhouse and a number of barns. A car dealership, a school bus, and various buildings were damaged as well. Witnessed by an observer, the tornado crossed the Mississippi River, entering Wisconsin. In the latter state it destroyed buildings on 12 farms. The tornado tossed a vehicle 75 ft (25 yd), injuring a person. The tornado passed between Stevenstown and Mindoro before finally dissipating. In all, seven people were injured, including six in Minnesota, and losses totaled $10 million.[20][44][45][46][47][48]
F4 Nora Springs to Osage to NNE of Kendallville Floyd, Mitchell, Howard, Winneshiek IA 43°17′N 92°49′W / 43.28°N 92.82°W / 43.28; -92.82 (Nora Springs (May 5, F4)) 02:00–? 41.6 mi (66.9 km) 200 yd (180 m) This violent tornado, which passed near Cresco, destroyed structures on 28 farmsteads. A pair of spacious farmhouses incurred F4-level damage near the end of the path. 11 people were injured and losses totaled $125,000. All of the injuries took place in Mitchell County.[20][21][49][50][51][52][53]
F2 W of Grantsburg to W of Webster Burnett WI 45°46′N 92°46′W / 45.77°N 92.77°W / 45.77; -92.77 (Grantsburg (May 5, F2)) 02:15–? 14.3 mi (23.0 km) 50 yd (46 m) Losses totaled $25,000. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[54][55]
F0 ESE of Elgin Olmsted, Wabasha MN 44°07′N 92°13′W / 44.12°N 92.22°W / 44.12; -92.22 (Elgin (May 5, F0)) 02:25–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A brief tornado occurred over open country. Losses were unknown.[38][56]
F0 S of Fremont Winona MN 43°51′N 91°54′W / 43.85°N 91.9°W / 43.85; -91.9 (Fremont (May 5, F0)) 03:00–? 0.2 mi (0.32 km) 33 yd (30 m) This tornado wrecked a pair of farmsteads. Losses totaled $25,000. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2.[20][38][57]
F1 ENE of Wingate Runnels TX 32°03′N 100°06′W / 32.05°N 100.1°W / 32.05; -100.1 (Wingate (May 5, F1)) 03:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A brief tornado splintered four telephone poles and damaged others nearby. Losses were unknown.[58][59]
F2 NNE of Bailey, IA to NW of Washington, MN Mower, Fillmore MN 43°30′N 92°36′W / 43.5°N 92.6°W / 43.5; -92.6 (Bailey (May 5, F2)) 03:04–03:15 23.6 mi (38.0 km) 33 yd (30 m) This strong tornado may have first developed in Iowa and crossed into Minnesota around 02:55 UTC. It damaged or destroyed approximately 20 farmsteads and a storage shed. Losses totaled $25,000.[20][38][60]
F2 NW of Cumberland to SSW of Barronett Barron WI 45°35′N 92°05′W / 45.58°N 92.08°W / 45.58; -92.08 (Cumberland (May 6, F2)) 05:00–? 4.5 mi (7.2 km) 167 yd (153 m) Losses totaled $25,000. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[54][61]
F2 ESE of Parvin Kingfisher OK 36°04′N 98°10′W / 36.07°N 98.17°W / 36.07; -98.17 (Parvin (May 6, F2)) 00:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) This brief-but-strong tornado destroyed a shed, granary, barn, and shop. Trees, a tractor, a pair of combines, and four homes were damaged as well, along with a two-way radio and various other antennae. A porch was wrecked, injuring two people beneath. Losses were unknown.[20][62][63]
F4 ENE of Cologne to Eastern Orono Carver, Hennepin MN 44°47′N 93°45′W / 44.78°N 93.75°W / 44.78; -93.75 (Cologne (May 6, F4)) 00:08–00:40 12.3 mi (19.8 km) 300 yd (270 m) 3 deaths – See section on this tornado – 175 people were injured and losses totaled $50 million.[20][64][65][66][67][3]
F4 S of Chanhassen to WNW of Woodland Carver, Hennepin MN 44°51′N 93°32′W / 44.85°N 93.53°W / 44.85; -93.53 (Chanhassen (May 6, F4)) 00:27–00:43 6.9 mi (11.1 km) 200 yd (180 m) See section on this tornado
F3 ENE of New Auburn to NW of Lester Prairie Sibley, McLeod MN 44°41′N 94°10′W / 44.68°N 94.17°W / 44.68; -94.17 (New Auburn (May 6, F3)) 00:34–01:01 15.5 mi (24.9 km) 167 yd (153 m) This erratic tornado severely damaged or destroyed structures on 25 farmsteads. A school and a church were wrecked as well. Losses totaled $25 million. The tornado may have actually formed at 00:55 UTC. Grazulis listed losses as $1 million.[20][64][68][67][3]
F2 ESE of Green Isle to N of Hydes Lake Sibley, Carver MN 44°40′N 93°59′W / 44.67°N 93.98°W / 44.67; -93.98 (Green Isle (May 6, F2)) 00:43–01:04 11.2 mi (18.0 km) 667 yd (610 m) 1 death – This tornado was first sighted aerially, by a pilot near Green Isle. Downing trees, the tornado headed northeastward, "leveling" or badly damaging 26 or more farmsteads. A barn-sized herd of cattle was killed, along with a rural farmer, near Hamburg. The tornado grazed Norwood Young America before dissipating. 175 injuries were reported, along with losses of $75 million. This tornado may have been the same as the Cologne–Orono event. Grazulis listed the tornado as an F4.[20][64][69][70][67][3]
F2 WNW of Arnett to SE of Brinkman Harmon, Greer OK 34°45′N 99°58′W / 34.75°N 99.97°W / 34.75; -99.97 (Arnett (May 6, F2)) 00:50–? 31.3 mi (50.4 km) 33 yd (30 m) This long-tracked tornado struck the communities of McKnight, then called Metcalf; Ron; and Reed. A church, a school, a store, a cotton gin, 10 barns, and six or more homes were destroyed or damaged. Two people were injured and losses totaled $500,000. The tornado may have formed over the Texas Panhandle, in Childress County, at 00:00 UTC and passed west of Hollis, Oklahoma, at 00:30 UTC.[20][62][71][72]
F0 Oakwood Dewey OK 35°56′N 98°42′W / 35.93°N 98.7°W / 35.93; -98.7 (Oakwood (May 6, F0)) 01:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) One person was injured and losses totaled $25,000.[62][73]
F1 ENE of Carleton Blaine OK 36°01′N 98°30′W / 36.02°N 98.5°W / 36.02; -98.5 (Carleton (May 6, F1)) 01:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) Fencing, trees, and outbuildings were downed. A few trailers were tipped onto their sides as well. Losses totaled $250.[62][74]
F4 Fridley (1st tornado) to Southwestern Blaine Anoka MN 45°02′N 93°17′W / 45.03°N 93.28°W / 45.03; -93.28 (Fridley (May 6, F4)) 01:06–01:21 6.8 mi (10.9 km) 1,000 yd (910 m) 3 deaths – See section on this tornado – 175 people were injured and losses totaled $25 million.[20][64][75][67][3]
F0 E of Newcastle Dixon NE 42°39′N 96°51′W / 42.65°N 96.85°W / 42.65; -96.85 (Newcastle (May 6, F0)) 01:45–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) Un­known[76]
F4 Golden Valley to Fridley (2nd tornado) to Western Centerville Hennepin, Anoka, Ramsey MN 44°59′N 93°23′W / 44.98°N 93.38°W / 44.98; -93.38 (Golden Valley (May 6, F4)) 02:14–03:02 17.3 mi (27.8 km) 667 yd (610 m) 6 deaths – See section on this tornado – 158 people were injured and losses totaled $75 million.[77][64][78][79][80][67][3]
F1 Dewey Washington OK 36°48′N 95°56′W / 36.8°N 95.93°W / 36.8; -95.93 (Dewey (May 6, F1)) 03:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) Two barns were damaged. Losses totaled $25,000.[62][81]
F2 Shell Lake Washburn WI 45°44′N 91°56′W / 45.73°N 91.93°W / 45.73; -91.93 (Shell Lake (May 7, F2)) 14:30–? ≥1 mi (1.6 km) 150 yd (140 m) A school lost its roof, but the 300 students in attendance were unscathed. Losses totaled $250,000. The tornado may have begun 10 minutes later than officially listed. Grazulis listed a 4-mile-long (6.4 km) path.[77][54][82]
F0 SW of Lakeview Colony Charles Mix SD 43°12′N 98°30′W / 43.2°N 98.5°W / 43.2; -98.5 (Lakeview Colony (May 7, F0)) 18:30–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) This tornado formed over open country north of Dezera, near Lake Andes National Wildlife Refuge. Losses were unknown.[28][83]
F0 Oelwein Fayette IA 42°40′N 91°54′W / 42.67°N 91.9°W / 42.67; -91.9 (Oelwein (May 7, F0)) 18:55–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) No damage was reported. Losses were unknown.[21][84]
F1 Fairfield Van Buren IA 41°00′N 91°57′W / 41°N 91.95°W / 41; -91.95 (Fairfield (May 7, F1)) 20:30–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A farm sustained damage. Losses totaled $250.[21][85][86]
F0 WSW of Plymell Finney KS 37°48′N 100°54′W / 37.8°N 100.9°W / 37.8; -100.9 (Plymell (May 7, F0)) 22:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) Losses totaled $2,500.[21][87]
F2 ENE of Mansfield Finney KS 38°06′N 100°24′W / 38.1°N 100.4°W / 38.1; -100.4 (Mansfield (May 7, F2)) 22:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) One person was injured and losses totaled $2,500. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[21][88]
F2 SSW of Ravanna Finney KS 37°57′N 100°40′W / 37.95°N 100.67°W / 37.95; -100.67 (Ravanna (May 7, F2)) 22:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) One person was injured and losses totaled $2,500. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[21][89]
F0 Waterville Le Sueur MN 44°13′N 93°05′W / 44.22°N 93.08°W / 44.22; -93.08 (Waterville (May 7, F0)) 00:10–? 0.5 mi (0.80 km) 33 yd (30 m) A car was wrecked, some buildings damaged slightly, and a pair of farms moderately impacted. Losses totaled $25,000.[64][90]
F0 SW of Chaney Ellis OK 35°22′N 100°15′W / 35.37°N 100.25°W / 35.37; -100.25 (Chaney (May 7, F0)) 00:50–00:57 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A few rural fences were damaged. Losses were unknown. The parent storm may have produced another tornado 25 minutes later near May, in Harper County. The publication Storm Data lists both events as having occurred on May 25.[91][92]
F0 NNW of Twitty Wheeler TX 36°08′N 99°47′W / 36.13°N 99.78°W / 36.13; -99.78 (Twitty (May 7, F0)) 00:50–? 0.8 mi (1.3 km) 17 yd (16 m) Only open land was affected. Losses totaled $25,000.[58][93]
F2 ESE of Dover Weld CO 40°46′N 104°46′W / 40.77°N 104.77°W / 40.77; -104.77 (Dover (May 8, F2)) 09:00–? 1 mi (1.6 km) 17 yd (16 m) Outbuildings, trees, and agricultural implements were extensively damaged. Losses totaled $25,000. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[94][95]
F1 Northern Waukesha Waukesha WI 43°02′N 88°14′W / 43.03°N 88.23°W / 43.03; -88.23 (Waukesha (May 8, F1)) 19:15–? 2 mi (3.2 km) 10 yd (9.1 m) Losses totaled $250,000.[54][96]
F0 SE of Randlett Cotton OK 34°08′N 98°26′W / 34.13°N 98.43°W / 34.13; -98.43 (Randlett (May 8, F0)) 20:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) Losses totaled $2,500. Four funnel clouds were observed as well.[62][97]
F1 WNW of Blake Montgomery KS 37°10′N 95°46′W / 37.17°N 95.77°W / 37.17; -95.77 ((May 8, F1)) 21:15–21:30 1.5 mi (2.4 km) 300 yd (270 m) This tornado impacted the Independence Municipal Airport. Losses totaled $2,500.[21][98][86]
F0 SSE of Stephan Buffalo SD 44°10′N 99°26′W / 44.17°N 99.43°W / 44.17; -99.43 (Stephan (May 8, F0)) 22:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) Two people were injured. Losses were unknown.[99]
F3 N of Saint Michael to SSW of Farwell Howard NE 41°03′N 98°45′W / 41.05°N 98.75°W / 41.05; -98.75 (Saint Michael (May 8, F3)) 22:00–? 10.2 mi (16.4 km) 10 yd (9.1 m) This intense tornado was the first member of a long-tracked, violent tornado family. It passed across the northwestern outskirts of Boelus, unroofing some barns and homes. Losses were unknown. The tornado may have begun between 35 minutes and an hour earlier than officially listed. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2.[77][100][101]
F1 WSW of Nichols Osage OK 36°30′N 96°12′W / 36.5°N 96.2°W / 36.5; -96.2 (Nichols (May 8, F1)) 22:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A granary and a few metal barns were wrecked. A barn was tossed against a transformer, disabling electrical service. Losses totaled $25,000.[62][102]
F1 Kingstree Williamsburg SC 33°40′N 79°49′W / 33.67°N 79.82°W / 33.67; -79.82 (Kingstree (May 8, F1)) 22:00–? 0.8 mi (1.3 km) 50 yd (46 m) An hour-long storm attended this tornado. A "roaring" sound was heard and swirling debris observed, yet a well-defined funnel was markedly absent. Bits of roofing were torn from buildings. Losses totaled $25,000.[28][103][86]
F4 WNW of Farwell to SSW of Orchard Howard, Greeley, Wheeler, Holt, Antelope NE 41°14′N 98°40′W / 41.23°N 98.67°W / 41.23; -98.67 (Farwell (May 8, F4)) 22:25–23:55 78.9 mi (127.0 km) 33 yd (30 m) This violent tornado family belonged to the same storm as that of the Boelus F3 and consisted of multiple F4s. Numerous farms were obliterated along the entire path, especially near Greeley and Bartlett. Losses were unknown. A few injuries may have occurred in a basement near Greeley. The tornado may have formed at 21:15 UTC, more than an hour earlier than officially listed.[104][77][100][105]
F2 WNW of Sybrant to NNW of Mills Rock, Keya Paha NE 42°21′N 99°29′W / 42.35°N 99.48°W / 42.35; -99.48 (Sybrant (May 8, F2)) 22:30–00:30 44.9 mi (72.3 km) 33 yd (30 m) This tornado began near Fish Lake and tracked continuously for 25 mi (40 km); the remainder of its path may have consisted of one or more, separate tornadoes. 12 farmsteads were shorn of at least one structure, one of which lost its farmhouse. F2-level damage occurred near Newport. Losses were unknown. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F3 and listed an injury. The tornado may have formed an hour earlier than officially listed.[77][100][106]
F3 E of Hebron to E of Cordova Thayer, Fillmore, Saline, Seward NE 40°10′N 97°34′W / 40.17°N 97.57°W / 40.17; -97.57 (Hebron (May 8, F3)) 22:40–00:00 40.1 mi (64.5 km) 33 yd (30 m) This strong tornado wrecked a barn near Ohiowa. Losses were unknown. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2.[77][100][107]
F1 Eagle Cass NE 41°29′N 100°30′W / 41.48°N 100.5°W / 41.48; -100.5 (Eagle (May 8, F1)) 23:00–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A brief touchdown occurred. Losses were unknown.[100][108]
F1 E of Stapleton to SW of Thatcher Logan, Thomas, Cherry NE 40°49′N 96°26′W / 40.82°N 96.43°W / 40.82; -96.43 (Thatcher (May 8, F1)) 23:00–01:00 89.8 mi (144.5 km) 33 yd (30 m) This tornado produced sporadic damage and likely comprised a family. Significant damage occurred near Thedford and one or more barns were wrecked, but the tornado mostly impacted very remote, sparsely settled areas. Losses were unknown. Grazulis classified the tornado as an F2.[77][100][109]
F3 S of Amelia to SSW of Catalpa Holt NE 42°06′N 99°06′W / 42.1°N 99.1°W / 42.1; -99.1 (Amelia (May 8, F3)) 23:00–? 44.8 mi (72.1 km) 33 yd (30 m) This powerful tornado obliterated entire ranches and destroyed a number of barns. A vehicle was tossed 200 yd (600 ft) as well. Losses totaled $25 million.[77][100][110]
F5 ESE of Wewela to WNW of Dixon Tripp SD 43°00′N 99°43′W / 43°N 99.72°W / 43; -99.72 (Wewela (May 8, F5)) 23:15–00:00 30.1 mi (48.4 km) 1,760 yd (1,610 m) This very large, long-tracked, and exceptionally violent tornado, which may have begun in Nebraska, officially formed just north of the Nebraska–South Dakota border and moved north-northeastward through farmland, bypassing the towns of Gregory, Colome, and Winner. It damaged 25 farmsteads, seven of which it destroyed; of these, it caused F5-level damage to two or three. Agricultural implements and outbuildings were also affected, along with 23 homes. One person was injured, and losses totaled $21⁄2million. The tornado was also accompanied by hail of up to 2 in (5.1 cm) in diameter that covered the ground to a depth of 3 in (7.6 cm), which damaged additional crops and buildings.[111][104][77][112][113][28][114]
F1 NNE of Girard Crawford KS 37°32′N 94°50′W / 37.53°N 94.83°W / 37.53; -94.83 (Girard (May 8, F1)) 23:15–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A brief touchdown occurred. Losses totaled $25,000.[21][115][86]
F2 SW of Colome Tripp SD 43°11′N 99°50′W / 43.18°N 99.83°W / 43.18; -99.83 (Colome (May 8, F2)) 23:17–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 20 yd (18 m) Outbuildings were wrecked and a farmhouse was severely damaged. Losses were unknown. Grazulis did not list the tornado as an F2 or stronger.[113][116]
F1 W of Hampton Hamilton NE 40°53′N 97°56′W / 40.88°N 97.93°W / 40.88; -97.93 (Hampton (May 8, F1)) 23:30–? 0.1 mi (0.16 km) 33 yd (30 m) A brief touchdown occurred. Losses were unknown.[100][117]
F5† N of Wood River to Primrose to W of Wausa Hall, Howard, Greeley, Boone, Antelope, Pierce, Knox NE 40°52′N 98°36′W / 40.87°N 98.6°W / 40.87; -98.6 (Wood River (May 8, F4)) 23:30–03:00 127.5 mi (205.2 km) 400 yd (370 m)† 4 deaths – This extremely violent tornado family leveled numerous rural farmsteads throughout its course. At Primrose the tornado rendered all buildings uninhabitable, except for the schoolhouse, "all but erasing" approximately 90% of the town. Homes in Primrose were reduced to bare slabs, businesses were "leveled," and just five structures in downtown remained intact. Mature trees were reduced to pulpy "matchsticks" and swept away. Cars were moved 400–440 yd (1,200–1,320 ft; 0.23–0.25 mi; 0.37–0.40 km), and the body of a truck was tossed and rolled 2 mi (3.2 km). 53 people were injured along the path and losses reached $75 million. The tornado may have occurred a few hours earlier than officially documented. Publications by Grazulis in 1984 and 2001, along with a technical memorandum published by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in 1999, classified the tornado as an F5.[118][104][77][119][112][120][121][122][123]
F2 NNE of Johnstown Brown NE 42°33′N 99°50′W / 42.55°N 99.83°W / 42.55; -99.83 (Johnstown (May 8, F2)) 23:30–? 9 mi (14 km) 33 yd (30 m) In its earliest stage the Wewela F5 may have been the same as this tornado. Seven or more ranches lost buildings, including three farmhouses, some of which incurred borderline-F4 damage. At least one entire ranch was obliterated. A car was thrown and rolled 1⁄2 mi (0.80 km). Losses were unknown. Grazulis classified the tornado as a high-end F3.[77][113][124]
F2 42°34′N 100°02′W / 42.57°N 100.03°W / 42.57; -100.03 ((May 8, F2)) [125]
F1 40°56′N 98°13′W / 40.93°N 98.22°W / 40.93; -98.22 ((May 8, F1)) [126]
F3 43°10′N 99°20′W / 43.17°N 99.33°W / 43.17; -99.33 ((May 8, F3)) [127]
F0 42°53′N 98°46′W / 42.88°N 98.77°W / 42.88; -98.77 ((May 8, F0)) [128]
F2 41°25′N 97°21′W / 41.42°N 97.35°W / 41.42; -97.35 ((May 8, F2)) [129]
F2 43°57′N 97°30′W / 43.95°N 97.5°W / 43.95; -97.5 ((May 8, F2)) [130]
F1 44°41′N 100°02′W / 44.68°N 100.03°W / 44.68; -100.03 ((May 8, F1)) [131]
F1 42°11′N 97°09′W / 42.18°N 97.15°W / 42.18; -97.15 ((May 8, F1)) [132]
F2 43°46′N 96°49′W / 43.77°N 96.82°W / 43.77; -96.82 ((May 8, F2)) [133]
F2 43°40′N 99°14′W / 43.67°N 99.23°W / 43.67; -99.23 ((May 8, F2)) [134]
F0 45°06′N 100°06′W / 45.1°N 100.1°W / 45.1; -100.1 ((May 8, F0)) [135]
F0 44°30′N 100°30′W / 44.5°N 100.5°W / 44.5; -100.5 ((May 8, F)) [136]
F2 35°21′N 94°25′W / 35.35°N 94.42°W / 35.35; -94.42 ((May 8, F2)) [137]
F1 35°24′N 95°42′W / 35.4°N 95.7°W / 35.4; -95.7 ((May 8, F1)) [138]
F0 33°54′N 97°06′W / 33.9°N 97.1°W / 33.9; -97.1 ((May 8, F0)) [139]
F0 45°12′N 100°18′W / 45.2°N 100.3°W / 45.2; -100.3 ((May 8, F0)) [140]
F0 45°18′N 100°42′W / 45.3°N 100.7°W / 45.3; -100.7 ((May 8, F0)) [141]
F0 45°30′N 100°30′W / 45.5°N 100.5°W / 45.5; -100.5 ((May 8, F0)) [142]
F0 34°39′N 99°33′W / 34.65°N 99.55°W / 34.65; -99.55 ((May 9, F0)) [143]
F2 31°56′N 97°20′W / 31.93°N 97.33°W / 31.93; -97.33 ((May 9, F2)) [144]
F2 35°16′N 97°00′W / 35.27°N 97°W / 35.27; -97 ((May 9, F2)) [145]
F2 32°35′N 95°31′W / 32.58°N 95.52°W / 32.58; -95.52 ((May 9, F2)) [146]
F2 32°23′N 95°50′W / 32.38°N 95.83°W / 32.38; -95.83 ((May 9, F2)) [147]
F2 Northern Corsicana Navarro TX 32°06′N 96°28′W / 32.1°N 96.47°W / 32.1; -96.47 (Corsicana (May 10, F2)) 21:15–22:00 8 mi (13 km) 100 yd (91 m) A strong and destructive tornado moved erratically southwestward and westward through the north side of Corsicana. It first severely damaged several institutions in the city, including the Navarro Junior College, which had its gym partially unroofed, the Baptist Student Union, which was unroofed, and the Memorial Hospital. An unoccupied home was destroyed, and apartment complex was also damaged. The tornado the moved into the rural areas west of the city before striking a farmstead, destroying 10 outbuildings and a grain bin, damaging the farmhouse and several other buildings, and uprooting trees. The tornado dissipated shortly thereafter. Losses totaled $250,000.[148]

Cologne–Island Park–Navarre–Orono, Minnesota

[edit]
Cologne–Island Park–Navarre–Orono, Minnesota
F4 tornado
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Fatalities3 fatalities, 175 injuries
Damage$50,000,000 (1965 USD)
$483 million (2024 USD)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

This was the first of four violent, destructive tornadoes to impact Minneapolis–St. Paul on May 6. According to Grazulis, it was also the same as the Hamburg–Norwood Young America F2, traveled 40 mi (64 km), and may have begun at 00:50 UTC. It first destroyed three barns near Cologne, causing F2 damage in the area; this segment of the path may have actually been a separate tornado and occurred at 01:15 UTC. The tornado quickly intensified and widened near Waconia, reaching a peak width of 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 mi (0.80 to 1.21 km). Trees were snapped and downed in this area. The tornado then may have lifted and dissipated before reforming west of Lake Minnetonka, along Highway 7. Entering the Mound area, the tornado destroyed three outbuildings and 17 homes at Island Park, causing all known fatalities there. The deaths occurred singly, each in a separate home. Subsequently, the tornado struck Spring Park and largely destroyed the Navarre community. In the Spring Park–Navarre area a resort, a number of boats, and about 30 homes were destroyed, 16 of which were at Navarre alone. West of Wayzata the tornado destroyed a barn shortly before dissipating. According to the publication Storm Data the path may have extended as far as Hamel.[149]

Chanhassen–Lotus Lake–Christmas Lake–Deephaven, Minnesota

[edit]
Chanhassen–Lotus Lake–Christmas Lake–Deephaven, Minnesota
F4 tornado
Max. rating1F4 tornado
FatalitiesNone, 0 injuries
Damage$25,000,000 (1965 USD)
$242 million (2024 USD)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

The second of the four violent tornadoes to impact the Twin Cities on May 6 may have actually begun 23 minutes earlier than its predecessor. It produced its first damage near Chanhassen, impacting a farmstead. Near Chanhassen the tornado destroyed or damaged 30 homes. A pair of clocks near Chanhassen recorded the time of touchdown as 00:27 UTC. Heading northward, the tornado damaged a lumberyard and a shopping center. Nearing Lotus Lake, the tornado destroyed or damaged 35 homes. 50 additional homes were destroyed or damaged near Christmas Lake. The tornado subsequently attained its maximum intensity in Deephaven. There it destroyed or damaged 100 homes, a number of which were reportedly leveled; of these, some were described as having been "large and expensive." After passing through Deephaven, the tornado apparently dissipated. However, sporadic reports of damage suggested that the parent storm continued to generate possible tornadoes. One of these tornadoes reportedly damaged six homes along Highway 100 in Golden Valley, becoming the first of two tornadoes to impact this area on the same day. Another of these tornadoes became known as the third Fridley tornado, causing minor damage at 01:10 UTC. However, neither of these two tornadoes is officially listed, though they were mentioned in the publication Storm Data. Until 1973 U.S. Weather Bureau/National Weather Service (NWS) records listed these tornadoes as well.[150]

Fridley–Spring Lake Park–Blaine, Minnesota

[edit]
Fridley–Spring Lake Park–Blaine, Minnesota
F4 tornado
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Fatalities3 fatalities, 175 injuries
Damage$25,000,000 (1965 USD)
$242 million (2024 USD)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

This was the first—possibly the second—of three major tornadoes to impact Fridley on May 6. One industrial plant in Fridley, known as Northern Ordinance, may have been hit by all three tornadoes, the third of which is not officially listed; as a result, the factory incurred more than $2 million in losses and was incapacitated for more than a month. The first Fridley tornado began at Northern Ordinance and was widely visible. It soon impacted the primary school-and-park complex in Fridley, along with the Fridley Trailer Court and several hundred homes. Both this and the second Fridley tornado impacted the trailer court, destroying a total of 200 trailers. A female infant was killed at the trailer court while being bathed. At Fridley Junior High School, an evening program was in progress with more than 300 people in attendance when the tornado struck, but only a single injury occurred there. After striking the school and the trailer court, the tornado intensified significantly and attained its peak intensity, striking Spring Lake Park. There the tornado destroyed 150 homes, some of which sustained F4-level damage. Additionally, three-fourths of the businesses in Spring Lake Park were destroyed, and 900 people lost their homes. Contemporaneous reports suggested that the tornado apparently weakened rapidly and dissipated before exiting the town limits, though official records indicate that the tornado ended in southwestern Blaine. Farther on, scattered wind-related damage was reported in connection with the parent storm, at Braham.[151]

Golden Valley–Fridley–Mounds View–Centerville, Minnesota

[edit]
Golden Valley–Fridley–Mounds View–Centerville, Minnesota
F4 tornado
Max. rating1F4 tornado
Fatalities6 fatalities, 158 injuries
Damage$75,000,000 (1965 USD)
$725 million (2024 USD)
1Most severe tornado damage; see Fujita scale

The last of the four violent tornadoes to hit the Twin Cities on May 6 touched down in Golden Valley, damaging eight businesses and 25 homes in town. The time of its formation is somewhat uncertain and may have been 02:40 UTC. Leaving Golden Valley, the tornado apparently lifted. Damage resumed in Fridley, including the Fridley Trailer Court. In Fridley this, the preceding, and the unofficial "third" Fridley tornado hit several of the same properties. The second of the two confirmed tornadoes to hit Fridley passed between the paths of the first and unofficial "third" tornadoes in town. Exiting Fridley, the tornado rapidly intensified. It then struck Mounds View, where damages reached $1 million. All known fatalities and all but eight injuries in association with the tornado occurred there. In all, the tornado destroyed 46 homes in Mounds View, many of which sustained F4-level damage. Six apartments in town were destroyed as well. Once past Mounds View, the tornado produced discontinuous, "skipping" damage. It crossed a number of lakes, including Centerville Lake, and damaged four farmsteads before dissipating. The parent storm continued on and may have produced a separate tornado near Almelund. This possible tornado damaged outbuildings on three farmsteads and splintered trees. However, it was never officially documented and listed as a tornado.[152]

Possible tornadoes

[edit]

A possible tornado damaged a pair of farmsteads southwest of New York Mills in Becker County, Minnesota, causing $3,000 in losses.[38]

Non-tornadic effects

[edit]

[153][154]

Aftermath and recovery

[edit]

Oddities/records

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ All losses are in 1965 USD unless otherwise noted.
  2. ^ An outbreak is generally defined as a group of at least six tornadoes (the number sometimes varies slightly according to local climatology) with no more than a six-hour gap between individual tornadoes. An outbreak sequence, prior to (after) the start of modern records in 1950, is defined as a period of no more than two (one) consecutive days without at least one significant (F2 or stronger) tornado.[1]
  3. ^ a b All dates are based on the local time zone where the tornado touched down; however, all times are in Coordinated Universal Time and dates are split at midnight CST/CDT for consistency.
  4. ^ a b The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.[6][7] Tornado ratings were retroactively applied to events prior to the formal adoption of the F-scale by the National Weather Service.[8] While the Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007,[9] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;[10] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.[11]
  5. ^ The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Storm Data publication does not list exact damage totals for every event, instead giving damage categories. As such, damage for individual tornadoes is not comprehensive.
  6. ^ Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.[13] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.[14] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.[15]
  7. ^ All starting coordinates are based on the NCEI database and may not reflect contemporary analyses
  8. ^ The listed width values are primarily the average/mean width of the tornadoes, with those having known maximum widths denoted by ♯. From 1952 to 1994, reports largely list mean width whereas contemporary years list maximum width.[17] Values provided by Grazulis are the average width, with estimates being rounded down (i.e. 0.5 mi (0.80 km) is rounded down from 880 yards to 800 yards.[18][19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003) (PDF). 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  2. ^ Multiple sources:
  3. ^ a b c d e f "The May 6, 1965 Tornadoes". Twin Cities, MN National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Chanhassen, Minnesota: National Weather Service. 13 May 2010. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  4. ^ Multiple sources:
  5. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, Events Reported
  6. ^ Grazulis 1993, p. 141.
  7. ^ Grazulis 2001a, p. 131.
  8. ^ Edwards et al. 2013, p. 641–642.
  9. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  10. ^ "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  11. ^ "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  12. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1496.
  13. ^ Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–4.
  14. ^ Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "The Online Tornado FAQ (by Roger Edwards, SPC)". Storm Prediction Center: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  15. ^ Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
  16. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1497, 1503.
  17. ^ Agee and Childs 2014, p. 1494.
  18. ^ Brooks 2004, p. 310.
  19. ^ Grazulis 1990, p. ix.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Grazulis 1993, p. 1073.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Storm Data 1965, p. 40.
  22. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10028164
  23. ^ a b c d Storm Data 1965, p. 52.
  24. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10119430
  25. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10122551
  26. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10122552
  27. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013639
  28. ^ a b c d Storm Data 1965, p. 51.
  29. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10110042
  30. ^ a b Storm Data 1965, p. 47.
  31. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10085936
  32. ^ Grazulis 1984, p. A-75.
  33. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013640
  34. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10122553
  35. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10085937
  36. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10085938
  37. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10085939
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h Storm Data 1965, p. 43.
  39. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055550
  40. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055551
  41. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055554
  42. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055555
  43. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055553
  44. ^ Storm Data 1965, pp. 43, 58.
  45. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055556
  46. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055557
  47. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055558
  48. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10145810
  49. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013643
  50. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013644
  51. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013645
  52. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013646
  53. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013647
  54. ^ a b c d Storm Data 1965, p. 58.
  55. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10145809
  56. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10055559
  57. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054210
  58. ^ a b Storm Data 1965, p. 53.
  59. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10122556
  60. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054211
  61. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10145812
  62. ^ a b c d e f g Storm Data 1965, p. 48.
  63. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093086
  64. ^ a b c d e f Storm Data 1965, p. 44.
  65. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054426
  66. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054427
  67. ^ a b c d e "Summary of May 6, 1965 Twin Cities Tornadoes". Twin Cities, MN Weather Forecast Office. Chanhassen, Minnesota: National Weather Service. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  68. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054430
  69. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054431
  70. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054432
  71. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093088
  72. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093087
  73. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093089
  74. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093090
  75. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054433
  76. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066859
  77. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Grazulis 1993, p. 1074.
  78. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054436
  79. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054437
  80. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054438
  81. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093091
  82. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10145814
  83. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10110259
  84. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013649
  85. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10013650
  86. ^ a b c d "Severe Weather Database Files (1950-2021)". Storm Prediction Center Maps, Graphics, and Data Page. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. July 11, 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  87. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10028168
  88. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10028169
  89. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10028170
  90. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10054445
  91. ^ Storm Data 1965, p. 49.
  92. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10122559
  93. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093094
  94. ^ Storm Data 1965, p. 38.
  95. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #9989141
  96. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10145816
  97. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10093097
  98. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10028172
  99. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10110260
  100. ^ a b c d e f g h Storm Data 1965, p. 45.
  101. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066863
  102. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10110575
  103. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10110575
  104. ^ a b c Grazulis 1984, p. A-76.
  105. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066864
  106. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066865
  107. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066866
  108. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066868
  109. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066867
  110. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066869
  111. ^ Edwards, Roger, ed. (March 19, 2021). "F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States, 1950-present". The Online Tornado FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  112. ^ a b Lott, McCown & Ross 2000, p. 14.
  113. ^ a b c "May 8, 1965 Tripp County F5 Tornado". Rapid City, SD Weather Forecast Office. Rapid City, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  114. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10110261
  115. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10028173
  116. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10110262
  117. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066871
  118. ^ Written at Primrose, Nebraska. "Four Dead In Twister". Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal. Vol. 40, no. 111. Daytona Beach, Florida. Associated Press. May 10, 1965. p. 9. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  119. ^ Grazulis 2001b, p. 24.
  120. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066874
  121. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066882
  122. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066883
  123. ^ Written at Primrose, Nebraska. "Tornado Death Toll Reaches 4 At Primrose". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Lewiston, Idaho. Associated Press. May 10, 1965. p. 3. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  124. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, #10066872
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  127. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F3 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
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  129. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Nebraska Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  130. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  131. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  132. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Nebraska Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  133. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  134. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  135. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F0 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  136. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F0 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  137. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Arkansas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  138. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Oklahoma Event Report: F1 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  139. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Oklahoma Event Report: F0 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  140. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F0 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  141. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F0 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  142. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). South Dakota Event Report: F0 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  143. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Oklahoma Event Report: F0 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  144. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  145. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Oklahoma Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  146. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  147. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  148. ^ National Weather Service (September 2020). Texas Event Report: F2 Tornado. Storm Events Database (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  149. ^ Multiple sources:
  150. ^ Multiple sources:
  151. ^ Multiple sources:
  152. ^ Multiple sources:
  153. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, Events Reported
  154. ^ Storm Data Publication 1965, Events Reported

Sources

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