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For the parent company that develops Roblox, see Roblox Corporation.
Not to be confused with Robox.

Roblox
Original author(s)David Baszucki
Erik Cassel[1]
Developer(s)Roblox Corporation
Initial release
  • Windows
  • September 1, 2006[2][3]
  • iOS
  • December 11, 2012[4]
  • Android
  • July 16, 2014[5]
  • Xbox One
  • November 20, 2015[6]
  • Meta Quest 2, Quest Pro
  • September 2023[7][a]
  • PlayStation 4
  • October 10, 2023[9]
Stable release
652 / November 21, 2024; 1 day ago (2024-11-21)[10]
Written in
PlatformWindows, macOS, iOS, Android, Xbox One, Meta Quest 2, Meta Quest Pro, PlayStation 4
TypeGame creation system, massively multiplayer online game
LicenseProprietary software

Roblox (/ˈroʊblɒks/ ⓘ, ROH-bloks) is an online game platform and game creation system developed by Roblox Corporation that allows users to program and play games created by themselves or other users. Created by David Baszucki and Erik Cassel in 2004 and released in 2006, the platform hosts user-created games of multiple genres coded in the programming language Lua. Early in Roblox's history, it was relatively small, both as a platform and as a company. Roblox began to grow rapidly in the second half of the 2010s, and this growth was accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic.[11][12]

Roblox is free to play, with in-game purchases available through a virtual currency called Robux. As of August 2020, Roblox had over 164 million monthly active users, including more than half of all American children under 16.[13][14] Although Roblox has received generally positive reviews from critics, it has faced criticism for its content moderation, microtransactions, and allegations of exploitative practices toward children.

Overview

Roblox Studio

Two blue polygons with a gap in between them.
The Roblox Studio logo since 2022
The Roblox Studio interface as of August 2024

Roblox allows users to create and publish their own games, which can then be played by other users, by using its game engine, Roblox Studio.[15] Roblox Studio includes multiple premade game templates[16][17] as well as the Toolbox, which allows access to user-created models, plugins, audio, images, meshes, video, and fonts. [18][19] Games, officially referred to as "experiences" on the platform,[20][21] are scripted with Luau, a dialect of the Lua 5.1 programming language, while C++ is used for background processes such as memory management.[22][23][better source needed] Luau supports gradual typing and is designed to maximize performance.[24][16][17][25] Luau has been released under the MIT License since November 2021.[26][non-primary source needed]

Screenshot of Luau source code

Users are able to create purchasable content through one-time purchases, known as "game passes", as well as microtransactions that can be purchased more than once, known as "developer products".[27][28] As of 2020, Roblox reported that more than 2 million developers used Roblox Studio to create more than 20 million games per year. A majority of developers were minors, and roughly 345,000 earned money through Roblox's Developer Exchange program.[29][13]

Items and currency

Logo of the virtual currency "Robux"

Roblox allows players to buy, sell, and create virtual items which can be used to decorate their virtual character that serves as their avatar on the platform.[13] Previously, only Roblox administrators had the ability to sell accessories, body parts, gear, and packages under the official Roblox user account,[30] with virtual hats and accessories also being able to be published by a select few users with past experience working with Roblox Corporation.[31][32] This arrangement was in place until the introduction of the UGC Catalog,[33][34] which allowed selected individuals within the Roblox community to create and sell customized user-generated content (UGC) avatar items through the UGC Program.[35][36][37] Several individuals design items as a full-time job, with the highest-earning creators making over $100,000 a year off item sales.[38]

Items with a limited edition status can only be traded between or sold by users with a Roblox Premium membership.[39] These limited items have a Recent Average Price (RAP), and their value fluctuates based on its demand and rarity. Although selling these items for real-world currency violates Roblox's terms of service, this does not stop some individuals from doing so through black market sites and communities, in which limited items, some of which being stolen, are often exchanged for payment methods such as cryptocurrency or sometimes PayPal.[40] Previously, only Roblox released these limited items themselves until the introduction of "UGC Limiteds" in April 2023,[41] which allowed for those in the UGC Program to design and sell user-generated items themselves with limited quantities.[42][43] Unlike Roblox-released limited items, UGC Limiteds cannot be traded. They can, however, be resold after a 30-day holding period after being bought.[44]

Robux allows players to buy various items, and are obtained by purchase with real currency, from a recurring stipend given to members with a Premium membership, and from other players by producing and selling virtual content in Roblox.[45][46] Prior to 2016, Roblox had another currency, Tix (short for "Tickets"), that was discontinued in April of that year.[47][better source needed] Robux acquired through the sale of user-generated content can be exchanged into real-world currency through the website's Developer Exchange system.[48]

Scams

A sizable amount of scams relate to Roblox, largely revolving around automated messages promoting scam websites, scam games designed to appear to give out free Robux, and invalid Robux codes.[49][18] In the Roblox community, there are people known as "beamers" who compromise Roblox accounts to steal and sell their items on black markets. They employ various techniques, such as creating phishing websites or ploys to acquire a victim's login token.[50] Once they gain access to the victim's account, these "beamers" steal and subsequently sell valuable limited items owned by the victims for real-world currency or cryptocurrency through marketplace sites or Discord chatrooms. The slang term "beaming" is commonly used to describe this entire process, along with the victim having been "beamed". Roblox does offer hacking victims a "rollback" for their items, although this is only offered once per account.[40]

Events

Roblox occasionally hosts real-life and virtual events. They have in the past hosted events such as BloxCon, which was a convention for ordinary players on the platform.[45] Roblox operates annual Easter egg hunts[51] and also hosts an annual event called the "Bloxy Awards", an awards ceremony that also functions as a fundraiser. The 2020 edition of the Bloxy Awards, held virtually on the platform, drew 600,000 viewers.[52][53] In 2022, "Bloxy Awards" got rebranded into the "Roblox Innovation Awards".[54] Roblox Corporation annually hosts the Roblox Developers Conference, a three-day invite-only event in San Francisco where top content creators on the site learn of upcoming changes to the platform.[55] The company has also hosted similar events in London and Amsterdam.[56][57]

Roblox occasionally engages in events to promote films, such as ones held to promote Wonder Woman 1984 and Aquaman.[58][59] In 2020, Roblox hosted its first virtual concert, which was compared by Rolling Stone to that of American rapper Travis Scott's virtual concert in Fortnite,[60] during which American rapper Lil Nas X debuted his song "Holiday" to an audience of Roblox players.[60][61][62] In 2021, Swedish singer Zara Larsson performed songs at a virtual party to celebrate her the reissuing of her album Poster Girl.[63] On September 17, 2021, a virtual concert by the American band Twenty One Pilots took place.[64][65] In October 2021, Roblox partnered with Chipotle Mexican Grill to give $1 million of burritos away to the first 30,000 people every day as a part of Chipotle's Halloween Boorito promotion.[66]

History

2004
2004–2005
2005–2006
2006–2015
2015–2017
2017–2018
2018–2022
2022–present
Evolution of the Roblox logo[67][68]

2004–2005

The beta version of Roblox was created by co-founders David Baszucki and Erik Cassel in 2004 under the name DynaBlocks.[69] Baszucki started testing the first demos that year.[70] In 2005, the company changed its name to Roblox.[70]

2006–2013

Roblox officially launched on September 1, 2006.[2] In March 2007, Roblox became compliant with COPPA through the addition of safe chat, a change that limited the communication ability of users under the age of 13 by restricting them to selecting predefined messages from a menu.[71] In August, Roblox applied server improvements and released a premium membership service named "Builders Club",[72] which was rebranded as Roblox Premium in September 2019.[73] In December 2011, Roblox held its first Hack Week, an annual event where Roblox developers work on outside-the-box ideas for new developments to present to the company.[74][75] On December 11, 2012, an iOS version of Roblox was released.[4] On October 1, 2013, Roblox released its Developer Exchange program, allowing developers to exchange Robux earned from their games into real-world currencies.[76]

2014–2017

On July 16, 2014, an Android version was released.[5] On May 31, 2015, a feature called Smooth Terrain was added, increasing the graphical fidelity of in-game terrain and changing the Roblox physics engine from a block-oriented style to a smoother and more realistic one.[77] On November 20, Roblox was launched on Xbox One, with an initial selection of 15 games chosen by Roblox staff.[6] Support for the publishing of Roblox games for Xbox One was later rolled out to all users, subject to an approval process based on Entertainment Software Ratings Board standards.[78]

In April 2016, Roblox launched Roblox VR for Oculus Rift. At the time of release, more than ten million games were available in 3D.[79] Around the same time period, the safe chat feature was removed and replaced by a system based on a whitelist with a set of acceptable words for users under 13 years old and a set of blacklisted words for other users.[80][failed verification] In June, the company launched a version compatible with Windows 10. While the game platform has had a presence on the PC since 2004, when its web version was created, this was the first time it was upgraded with a standalone launcher built for Windows.[81] Throughout 2017, Roblox engaged in a number of updates to its server technology, as the technology they were operating on until that point was out of date and led to frequent outages.[82] Also in 2017, Roblox closed its official forums.[83]

2018–2023

In November 2018, the ability for a player to play as a "guest", without an account, which had been progressively restricted over the previous two years, was removed entirely.[84] In July 2020, Roblox announced the creation of "Party Place", which functions as an online hangout. The feature was created using new technology that had been used during the 2020 Bloxy Awards and was designed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[85] Roblox was granted permission to release in China on December 3, 2020.[86]

In October 2021, Roblox experienced its longest downtime to date, with services being unavailable for three days.[87][88][89] In December 2021, Roblox shut down its Chinese servers, stating that they were attempting to create "another version" of the app that allowed Chinese players to access the platform.[90] In July 2022, an archive of internal documents related to the platform's activities in China were leaked by an unidentified hacker. This document revealed that the Roblox Corporation had planned to roll out a variety of changes to the platform to comply with Chinese internet censorship laws, and that prior to halting their operations in China they had been concerned that Tencent would hack the platform and attempt to set up a competitor.[91]

In September 2022, Roblox Corporation announced that it planned to add an age rating system, which would allow for moderate portrayals of violence in games flagged as suitable for players aged 13 and over. The company stated that it wanted to increase the platform's appeal to a young adult audience of users 17–24, which it stated was the fastest-growing demographic on Roblox.[92] On June 20, 2023, Roblox started allowing games rated as only for players 17 years and over, which are permitted to have more graphic violence, romantic themes, and alcohol usage.[93]

On July 27, 2023, Roblox was released as a public beta for the Meta Quest 2 and Meta Quest Pro.[8] The beta was downloaded over one million times within five days.[94] In September 2023, it was announced that Roblox would be made available on the PlayStation the following month, with the Meta Quest versions being made publicly available later in September.[9][7] Around the same time, Roblox Corporation acquired Speechly, a Helsinki-headquartered startup specializing in artificial intelligence voice chat moderation technology, for an undisclosed price.[95]

2024–present

In March 2024, two generative artificial intelligence tools were introduced to Roblox Studio in an effort to speed up content creation: automatic avatar customization and a texture generator. The avatar customization feature automatically converts three-dimensional body meshes into live-animated avatars, and the texture generator allows users to create textures of objects using text descriptions through a text-to-image model.[96][97]

In response to numerous concerns about and reports of sexual predation on child players, including a ban in Turkey, on November 18, 2024, Roblox revamped parental controls and released new safety measures for users under the age of 13. Parents can create a separate account to control their child's account and have more options such as to limit screen time. Users under 13 are not allowed to exchange private messages outside games and must have parental permission to do so within.[98][99][100]

Community and culture

Activism

Users of Roblox have been noted for their efforts against racism, with numerous regular users and co-founder Baszucki having declared their support for the George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter.[101][102] In August 2019, an investigation by NBC News revealed over 100 accounts linked to far-right and neo-Nazi groups. After being contacted about the accounts by NBC, Roblox moderators removed them.[103]

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected Roblox in numerous ways. Due to quarantines imposed by the pandemic limiting social interaction, Roblox was being used as a way for children to communicate with each other.[104] One of the most noted ways that this method of communication is being carried out is the phenomenon of birthday parties being held on the platform.[105][106] COVID-19 has caused a substantial increase in both the platform's revenue and the number of players on it, in line with similar effects experienced by the majority of the gaming industry, as players forced to remain indoors due to COVID-19 lockdowns spent more time playing video games.[107][108]

The Roblox platform has also been used to stage virtual religious processions in lieu of in-person ceremonies due to quarantine restrictions, such as a server by devotees of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila where models based on the icon of the Black Nazarene and other icons were made.[109] Similar virtual processions and religious ceremonies have also been staged by various Roman Catholic parishes in the Philippines and other countries by religious youth organizations.[110]

"Oof" sound effect

From its release until November 2020, Roblox's sound effect for when a character dies was a sound commonly transcribed and titled as "oof", which became a substantial part of the platform's reputation due to its status as a meme.[111] The sound was originally produced by Joey Kuras[112] for the studio of video game composer Tommy Tallarico for the video game Messiah produced in 2000. This caused the two to enter a copyright dispute, which ended in 2022 when Roblox pulled the sound from their platform and replaced it with a new one.[113][114]

Reception and revenue

Games

See also: List of Roblox games
A screenshot of Natural Disaster Survival, a game on Roblox

Due to its status as a user-created games platform, Roblox has a variety of popular games. As of May 2020, the most popular games on Roblox had over 10 million monthly active players each. As of August 2020, at least 20 games had been played more than one billion times, and at least 5,000 have been played more than one million times.[115] TechCrunch noted in March 2021 that Roblox games are largely distinct from established traditions in free-to-play video games, finding that successful Roblox games were geared towards immediate satisfaction, and finding that the addition of tutorials significantly decreased player engagement, contrary to established wisdom about free-to-play games.[116] Companies have used Roblox as a platform for advergames promoting their products.[117][118][119]

Revenue

During the 2017 Roblox Developers Conference, officials said that creators on the game platform, of which there were about 1.7 million as of 2017,[120] collectively earned at least $30 million in 2017.[121] The iOS version of Roblox passed $1 billion of lifetime revenue in November 2019,[122] $1.5 billion in June 2020,[123] and $2 billion in October 2020,[124] making it the iOS app with the second-highest revenue.[11] Several individual games on Roblox have accumulated revenues of over $10 million,[125] while developers as a whole on the platform were collectively projected to have earned around $250 million over the course of 2020.[126] It became the third highest-grossing game of 2020, with a revenue of $2.29 billion, below the Tencent titles PUBG and Honor of Kings.[127]

Critical reception

Roblox has generally received positive reviews.[citation needed] Common Sense Media gave it 4 out of 5 stars, praising the website's variety of games and ability to encourage creativity in children while finding that the decentralized nature of the platform meant game quality varied, and recommended disabling chat functions for young players to prevent possibly harmful interactions.[128] Patricia E. Vance of the Family Online Safety Institute advised parents to monitor their child's interactions on the platform but praised the platform for "...allowing kids to play, explore, socialize, create and learn in a self-directed way", and granting special praise to Roblox Studio for its ability to encourage children to experience game development.[129] Trusted Reviews, in its overview of the platform, also praised Roblox Studio, stating that "for anyone seeking to develop their computer science skills, or create projects that will instantly receive feedback from a huge audience, the appeal is obvious".[130] Craig Hurda, writing in Android Guys, gave a more moderate review, praising the number of games available and finding that the game was entertaining for children, while also finding that the platform's audio was "hit-or-miss" and declaring that it had limited appeal for adult players.[131]

Restrictions by country

Roblox restrictions by country

Roblox is banned in seven countries: China, Guatemala, Jordan, North Korea, Oman, Turkey,[132] and the United Arab Emirates.[133][unreliable source?] China has banned Roblox due to its American origin and perceived anti-communist propaganda, aiming to protect Chinese children from anti-communist influences. Instead, Roblox Corporation released a Chinese version of Roblox, called Luobulesi (Chinese: 罗布乐思), in 2021,[134][135][better source needed] which was later shut down in 2022.[136] Guatemala has banned Roblox because the gaming platform violates laws and regulations regarding the safety and protection of children and adolescents. Jordan has banned Roblox due to concerns about foul language, scamming, and hacking, which it claims can harm children during puberty. North Korea has banned Roblox because the game allows users to chat with others worldwide, violating its laws on isolation. Oman has banned Roblox due to explicit and inappropriate content, along with concerns about hacking and scamming. Turkey has banned Roblox because the platform contains content that may lead to gambling and child sexual abuse.[132][137][138] The United Arab Emirates has banned Roblox out of fear that the game, targeted towards kids, may contain inappropriate content.[133]

In Belgium and the Netherlands, regulations restrict in-game items with randomized or unknown chances to suppress children's exposure to gambling. The United Kingdom and Norway have purportedly investigated in-game gambling, while 18 other European countries have promoted the idea of regulating such practices.[139]

Criticism and controversies

Inappropriate content and predatory behavior

Roblox has received widespread criticism for its chat filtration system.[140][141] Although Roblox's filtration system, Community Sift,[142] censors and removes most inappropriate messages and content, it is possible to avoid the system, for example by using third-party chat apps.[141] To combat these issues, Roblox has 1,600 people working to remove such content from the platform.[140] Roblox offers privacy settings; parents can limit what people a user can contact, restrict access to private servers, and turn on parental controls.[143]

Though sexual content is prohibited on Roblox, the platform has received substantial criticism for the presence of sexually explicit games and imagery within it. This content includes items such as virtual sex clubs and nightclubs, with creators of said content largely communicating through third-party platforms which cannot be regulated by Roblox moderators.[144] A 2020 investigation by Fast Company found that sexual content was still prevalent within Roblox, with attempts by moderators to remove it being likened to "whack-a-mole",[145][146] though it was also found that the situation had generally improved in the recent years prior to the report.[145] In an October 2022 interview, Roblox Chief Scientist Morgan McGuire stated that it's "a challenge to moderate 3D," and also compared moderating Roblox to shutting down speakeasies.[147]

These issues have led to numerous reports of sexual predation on child players, which a 2024 Bloomberg Businessweek report attributed to insufficient moderation, such as reliance on artificial intelligence, and how users are anonymous. The report highlighted the case of Arnold "DoctorRofatnik" Castillo, the developer of a popular Sonic the Hedgehog fangame Sonic Eclipse Online. After his personal account was banned for reports of preying on a child, he transferred the game to a friend's account and continued profiting from it. Roblox refused to take the game down, not seeing it as a safety concern; Sonic the Hedgehog's owner Sega was later notified and sent a takedown request for copyright infringement. Castillo was eventually arrested and sentenced to 15 years in prison for transporting a child across interstate boundaries for sex. Statements of anonymous Roblox Corporation employees tell that the staff struggles with high numbers of child safety reports and claim that additional safety features, such as a pop-up notice, were rejected and safety settings are off by default. The report however noticed that Roblox has improved in moderation and reported more child predators than before.[148] Roblox has claimed that the report's accusations are "glaring mischaracterizations" and "[fail] to reflect both the complexities of online child safety".[149]

In an October 2024 report, Hindenburg Research stated, "We found Roblox to be an X-rated paedophile hellscape, replete with users attempting to groom our avatars, groups openly trading child pornography, widely accessible sex games, violent content and extremely abusive speech – all of which is open to young children."[150]

Accusations of encouraging consumerism

Roblox has been criticized for making it easy for children to spend large sums of money through microtransactions, leading to numerous instances where children have spent large sums of money on the platform without parents' knowledge,[151][152] and deleting the accounts of players who file chargebacks or request refunds for Robux payments through their banks, card issuers or other third-party companies.[153] Professor Jane Juffer at Cornell University accused Roblox of encouraging consumerism in children.[154]

In April 2022, Truth in Advertising filed a complaint against Roblox with the Federal Trade Commission for deceptive marketing, mainly failing to disclose when advertising is present, such as with advergames and brand ambassadors.[117] As a response, in March 2023, Roblox started hiding advertisements from users under the age of 13.[155] However, this does not apply to advergames for that they are not designated as advertising by the platform, which has led to further criticism by Truth in Advertising and children's digital rights organization 5Rights. A Roblox spokesperson, through a statement in The Observer, provided reasoning that engagement in advergames is not different from how consumers interact with brands through other mediums, such as films, and that the platform provides guidance for advergame creators and licensors.[119]

Extremism

In May 2021, researcher Daniel Kelley of the Anti-Defamation League reported that numerous games on Roblox have recreated mass shootings, and criticized its moderation team for being unable to moderate them. An example of this were three different games that simulated the Christchurch mosque shootings. Later that year in June, Cecilia D'Anastasio of Wired reported that numerous groups and games on Roblox that simulated real-world military units and regimes. including the Wehrmacht. An example that was provided was Innsbruck Border Simulator, a game that had players play as Nazis, was reported to have gained over a million plays before being deleted by the Roblox team.[156][157] In 2023, Gamesindustry.biz reported that congresswoman Lori Trahan criticized numerous video game companies for failing to address questions on how to combat online extremism, but noted Roblox to be an exception, with them claiming to have a team dedicated to moderating extremist content. Gamesindustry.biz, however, mentioned the company being criticized in the past for being unable to moderate games that recreated real world shootings.[158]

Alleged exploitative practices towards children

Roblox has been accused by the investigative journalism YouTube channel People Make Games of "exploiting" child game developers by promising them huge amounts of money when they monetize their games, while only giving them little to no money in return by having high revenue cuts, an exchange rate in selling Robux lower than the rate for buying Robux, and lack of methods to make their games easily discoverable. This was likened to company scrip.[159][160] In a discussion with Axios, Roblox's chief product officer (CPO) Manuel Bronstein responded by saying that Roblox intends to give more money to its community developers.[161]

After Roblox requested the channel to take down the video, People Make Games instead released further accusations of practices endangering child safety, such as a lack of oversight of developers and a method for people to address developer abuse, leading to child developers being exploited for labor on third-party platforms, allowing a developer (later identified as Arnold Castillo) to seemingly continue monetizing and having control of game development despite having his personal account banned for reportedly sexually preying on a child, running the collectibles market to function like gambling and thus encouraging children to seek unofficial and unsafe trading sites to easily obtain highly valuable items, and refusing to help a developer whose account was hacked and had its collectibles and assets stolen.[83][162][163][164]

Kardashian-Roblox scandal

The series premiere of The Kardashians, which debuted on April 14, 2022, titled "Burn Them All to the F*cking Ground", led to a public feud between Kim Kardashian and Roblox.[165][166] In the episode, Kim's son Saint West shows his mother an experience on the platform from a tablet that depicts an image of Kim crying.[166] She claimed, however, that the person who uploaded the experience had also obtained footage of her and Ray J's sex tape,[165] and that she reacted by crying and claiming to later sue the company.[167] The veracity of this incident has been questioned, as Roblox's filters do not allow the words "sex tape" or variant spellings, and because given that Roblox had about 11.1 million experiences at the time, the chances that Saint West would randomly stumble upon an experience promoting her sex tape are very small.[166]

A spokesperson for Roblox responded by saying "The referenced video was never available on our platform. We have strict moderation and policies to protect our community, including zero tolerance for sexual content of any kind which violates our community rules." and "The text reference to the tape that got around our filters was quickly taken down and fortunately visible only to an extremely small number of people on the platform. We also swiftly took down the associated experience and banned the community developer involved with the incident."[168] An individual close to the Kardashian family denied accusations of faking the event.[169][170]

Toy lines

In January 2017, toy fabricator Jazwares partnered with Roblox Corporation to produce toy minifigures based on user-generated content created by developers on the platform.[171] The minifigures have limbs and joints similar to that of Lego minifigures, though they are about twice the size.[172] The minifigures have limbs and accessories that are interchangeable. The sets included a code that was used to redeem virtual items, as well as blind boxes that contained random minifigures.[173][174] In 2019, Jazwares released a new line of toys, branded as the "Roblox Desktop" series.[175] On April 13, 2021, Roblox partnered with Hasbro to release Roblox-themed Nerf blasters and a Roblox-themed Monopoly edition.[176]

Notes

  1. ^ A public beta was released on July 27, 2023.[8]

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