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Iranian hip hop (Persian: هیپ‌هاپ ایرانی), also known as Persian hip hop (هیپ‌هاپ فارسی),[1][2][3] refers to hip hop music in the Persian language developed in Iran and the Iranian diaspora.[4][5][6] It is rooted in American hip hop culture, but has developed into a specifically Iranian that embodies the . Some artists incorporate local elements such as Iranian classical music and literature into their rap songs.[7] Hip hop music is not considered a legitimate artform by Iran's authorities.[8] All forms of music were banned shortly after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. While this decision has since been partially reversed, the Iranian government continues to crack down on music that it considers harmful.[9] Hip hop music, perceived and portrayed by the government as a morally degrading import from the West, falls in this category and is thus mostly prohibited in Iran. The result of this is that most of the Iranian hip hop scene has been forced to go underground.[8]

History

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Iranian hip hop originates from Tehran, the country's capital city, although a number of experimental works were recorded earlier by diasporan Iranian musicians, particularly in Los Angeles.[10][11] Iranian rappers started out by recording mixtapes. Some combined hip hop with Iranian elements, such as Iran's classical music.[7] Hip hop music in Iran has often been an underground movement, because it defied traditional practices of the governing Muslim culture[12]. Altough different governments have restricted musical expression to varying extents, in general rappers cannot get permission to perform in Iran.[13] On several occasions, recording studios have been shut down, websites have been blocked, and artists have been arrested.[14][15] Only a few works have been officially approved by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance.[16] Hip hop dance is also present in underground movements, with few performances having received limited permission.[17]

Hip hop emerged in Iran as a platform for political expression, including religion, identity, and gender. A part of Iranian hip hop is the underground community. Rappers often gather to discuss what to rap about and write lyrics together. [12] Many now known artists started in hidden studios, including 021, Zedbazi, and Amir Tataloo. [12]

In 2003 a rap website called RapFa aired. Through this music platform Iranian hip hop and its community could grow nationwide. On the website hip hop songs can be uploaded and reviewed. Artists can also communicate with each other and their listeners online. Before this website artists could often not do so and audiences were limited. [12] This website also allowed artists to gain exposure and even make music videos, the earliest video dates back to 2005.[12]

In the mid-2000s, the first rap songs, that were produced in Iran, were aired on Persian News and Music Channels. [12]

Themes

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Many Iranian hip hop artists focus on the Persian identity, as opposed to Arab identity, in their music. [18]

Other themes include social and political conditions and events, and slandering other rappers, also called 'dissing'. Furthermore, global hip hop themes, such as violence, sex and drugs, are common topics. [18]

Iranian hip hop artists

[edit]

Both artists in Iran and artists from the Iranian diaspora are regarded as Iranian hip hop artists.

Iran's premier rap group, 021, named after the telephone area code of Tehran, was founded during the late 1990s.[6] Hichkas, the lead figure of this group, came to be one of Iran's earliest renowned rappers, and therefore nicknamed the Father of Persian Rap.[7] His well-received album Jangale Asfalt ("Asphalt Jungle"), produced by Mahdyar Aghajani, was the first Iranian hip hop album. It incorporated a fusion with traditional Persian harmonies and contributed remarkably to the evolution of hip hop in Iran.[7][19][20] Hichkas co-founded 021 music group with Yashar and Shayan duo but they later separated from the group and created their own group renamed Vaajkhonyaa. Hichkas, Mehrak Reveal, Reza Pishro, Ali Quf, Ashkan Fadaei and Mahdyar Aghajani became the prominent members of 021.[21][22]

Zedbazi, founded officially in April 2002, is regarded as the pioneer of gangsta rap in Iran.[14][15] The band quickly gained a huge popularity among the youth, due mainly to their use of explicit lyrics, littered with profanity and depictions of sex and drug use.[23] They are credited with starting a new movement in Iranian music.[24]

Bahram Nouraei, who was once arrested,[25][26] was listed as one of the "50 People Shaping The Culture Of The Middle East" by HuffPost in August 2012.[27] His most popular work, Inja Irane ("Here is Iran"), was described as a "poignant critique of the country" by Rolling Stone.[28]

Yas was the first Iranian rapper to be authorized to perform in Iran.[29][30] He reached national fame through his song CD ro Beshkan ("Break the Disk"), which was written about an Iranian actress who was subjected to a sex tape scandal. On 21 December 2011, he was chosen by voters as the "Artist of the Week" on MTV, entitled "Tehran's Hard-Hitting MC".[31]

The restrictions have been more stringent on women. Salome MC, who started her career collaborating with Hichkas,[6] was one of the first women to contribute to Iranian hip hop.[14][15][32] She was named as an influential and "revolutionizing" artist by MTV and Time.[33][34]

Media

[edit]

In 2009 Hassan Khademi has directed a documentary called Rapping in Tehran. This documentary explores the emerging hip hop scene in the Islamic Republic of Iran.[35] The film was screened at several international film festivals.[36]

Samples

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Sadaghiyani, Shima (6 February 2017). "No one knows about Persian rap". The Michigan Daily.
  2. ^ di Giovanni, Janine (16 August 2016). "Iranian Rap Music Flourishes Underground Despite Strict Religious Laws in Tehran". Newsweek.
  3. ^ Haidari, Nilu (23 January 2017). "How Hip-Hop Connected the Iranian Diaspora and Taught Me to Swear in Farsi". Noisey.
  4. ^ Arjomand, Noah (22 April 2010). "Rap in the Capital: Hip-Hop Tehran-Style". Frontline.
  5. ^ "Why Iran is cracking down on rap music". The Daily Telegraph. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Dagres, Holly (6 January 2014). "Iran's thriving rap culture". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d "پشت دیوار کیه؟ رپ ایرانی؟". Hamshahri (in Persian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ^ a b Golpushnezhad, Elham (2018-06). "Untold Stories of DIY/Underground Iranian Rap Culture: The Legitimization of Iranian Hip-Hop and the Loss of Radical Potential". Cultural Sociology. 12 (2): 261. doi:10.1177/1749975518769001. ISSN 1749-9755. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ Siamdoust, Nahid (13 July 2020). "Soundtrack of the Revolution": 2. doi:10.1515/9781503600966. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ "ریویل، رپ خون ایرانی در لندن" [Reveal, Iranian Rapper in London]. BBC Persian. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  11. ^ Johnston, Sholeh (2008). "Persian Rap: The Voice of Modern Iran's Youth". Journal of Persianate Studies. 1 (1): 102–119. doi:10.1163/187471608784772760. ISSN 1874-7094.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Golpushnezhad, Elham (2018). "Untold Stories of DIY/Underground Iranian Rap Culture: The Legitimization of Iranian Hip-Hop and the Loss of Radical Potential". Cultural Sociology. 12 (2): 260–75. doi:10.1177/1749975518769001. ISSN 1749-9755.
  13. ^ LeVine, Mark (4 August 2022). We'll Play till We Die. University of California Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-520-97585-9.
  14. ^ a b c "Rebels of rap reign in Iran". SFGate. 16 April 2008.
  15. ^ a b c "Iran's 'illegal' rappers want cultural revolution". The Independent. 28 January 2008.
  16. ^ "روزنامه اعتماد ملی 85/6/28 – رپ ایرانی ، صدای اعتراض نیست". Magiran.com. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  17. ^ "Iran's underground hip hop dance scene". France 24. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  18. ^ a b Siamdoust, Nahid (2017). Soundtrack of the Revolution: The Politics of Music in Iran. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503600966.
  19. ^ Shahrad, Cyrus. "Hichkas the prophet of protest". Archived from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Social Networking Sites Aid Iranians Trying to Assert Identity". Voice of America. 14 June 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  21. ^ "Hichkas on Sakkou" (in Persian). Sakkou. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  22. ^ "Vaajkhonyaa on PHH". ParsiHipHop.com. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  23. ^ "Inside Iran's 'revolutionary' rap". Al Jazeera. 9 September 2014.
  24. ^ Ahmadi, Ardeshir (director) (10 January 2014). Zedbazi Documentary (Documentary film). Tehran.
  25. ^ "Bahram, An Iranian Rapper". WhatsUpIran.com. 10 September 2011. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  26. ^ "Mideast Tunes Fall MENA Mix!". 15 September 2015.
  27. ^ "50 People Shaping The Culture Of The Middle East". The Huffington Post. 9 August 2012.
  28. ^ Ashcraft, Julie. "The Great Escape". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  29. ^ Kimball, Cody (19 October 2008). "Iranian Rapper speaks of Peace at film screening". Western Herald. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  30. ^ Cherayil, Neena (26 March 2009). "Iranian Filmmaker Sarmast and Rapper YAS to Visit Campus". The Daily Gazette.
  31. ^ Bondy, Halley (14 December 2011). "YAS: Persian Rap Royalty". Mtviggy.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012.
  32. ^ Khaleeli, Homa (10 May 2011). "Salome: straight outta Tehran". The Guardian.
  33. ^ "15 Rappers Who Kill It In Other Languages". MTV. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  34. ^ "World Rappers You Should Meet". Time Magazine. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  35. ^ Naficy, Hamid (2012). A Social History of Iranian Cinema, Volume 4: The Globalizing Era, 1984-2010. New York: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822393549.
  36. ^ Tehrani, Bijan (7 March 2010). "Rapping in Tehran". Cinema Without Borders. Retrieved 14 May 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)


Hip hop emerged in the underground scene in Iran. Political messages are spread through it. Hip hop seen and portrayed by the establishment as a threat, forced underground, rap illegal, 'Western' influences. (Golpushnezhad 261).

272: Iranian rappers that incorporate Islamic values

In the late 1990s, a few Iranians started translating American gangsta rap into Persian and spread recordings of these songs on the internet. Soon after and in the early 2000s, the emerging Iranian hip hop scene consisted of several rappers and groups making music in their bedrooms and basements.

the first rap songs were recorded inside Iran. These were mainly American In the early 2000s, the emerging Iranian hip hop scene consisted of a. These artists would create their first tracks in their bedrooms or basements, and

Rappers such as Yas and Hitchkas, who started making music in this period, have recounted the difficulties they faced .

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