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Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) is a positively charged resin used in ion-exchange chromatography, a type of column chromatography, for the separation and purification of proteins and nucleic acids. Gel matrix beads are derivatized with diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) and lock negatively charged proteins or nucleic acids into the matrix. The proteins are released from the resin by increasing the salt concentration of the solvent or changing the pH of the solution as to change the charge on the protein.
Types
[edit]Common resins
[edit]DEAE-C is commonly commercially available as DE52 and DE53.[1] These resins are prepared preswollen[2] although cellulose exchangers swell in a strong basic environment to increase access to binding sites.[3]
DE52 has a pKa of 11.5.[citation needed] The buffering range for diethanolamine is 8.4-8.8, though the range for DEAE-C varies between manufacturers.[4]
DEAE-D
[edit]DEAE-Dextran (DEAE-D) is a positively charged dextran derivative that can be used for vaccine production, gene therapy, protein stabilization, dyslipidemia prevention, flocculating agents, and many other applications.[5] DEAE-D is also used for transfecting animal cells with foreign DNA. It is added to solution containing DNA meant for transfection. It binds and interacts with negatively charged DNA molecules and via an unknown mechanism brings about the uptake of nucleic acids by the cell. This procedure is highly suited for transient transfection used for various molecular biology studies.[6]
Other derivatives
[edit]DEAE-Sepharose, DEAE-650 and DEAE-Sephadex are commonly used in chromatography.
Ion-exchange chromatography
[edit]DEAE-C is a weak anion exchanger. The resin carries a positive charge that interacts favorably with negative charges. The strength of this bond is highly dependent on the pH range in the column and the pI of the protein of interest. The resin is a weak exchanger because it is only partially ionized over most pH values, and an efficient separation with DEAE-C chromatography requires a specific, narrow pH range.[7] Elution of a protein of interest is accomplished by increasing the salt concentration in the column or any means of adding ions that compete for binding to the tertiary amine. NaCl or KCl are typically used because the chloride anions will attach to the resin and displace the protein, allowing the protein to proceed through the column. Adding a suitable buffer may bring the pH close to or below the pI, which causes the protein to lose its positive charges that interact with the resin, thus eluting the molecule from the column.
Cellulose, dextran, agarose and other insoluble complexes are unaffected because they compose inert matrices, hence why are they so often derivatized with strong and weak cation and anion exchangers in chromatography. DEAE-C beads have diethylaminoethyl chains covalently bound to oxygen atoms on the D-glucose subunits of cellulose.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Whatman® anion exchange cellulose DE52". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
- ^ Reuveny, S.; Silberstein, L.; Shahar, A.; Freeman, E.; Mizrahi, A. (Feb 1982). "DE-52 and DE-53 Cellulose Microcarriers: I. Growth of Primary and Established Anchorage-Dependent Cells". In Vitro. 18 (2): 92–98. doi:10.2307/20170418.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Peterson, Elbert A.; Sober, Herbert A. (1956). "Chromatography of Proteins. I. Cellulose Ion-exchange Adsorbents". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 78 (4): 751–755. doi:10.1021/ja01585a016. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ^ "DEAE and CM Bio-Gel ® A Ion Exchange Gels Instruction Manual" (PDF). Bio-Rad. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
- ^ "DEAE-Dextran" (PDF). GE Life Sciences. Amersham Biosciences. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
- ^ Gulick, Tod (2003). "Transfection Using DEAE-Dextran". doi:10.1002/0471143030.cb2004s19.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Ninfa, Alexander (2010). Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-08766-4.