Battle of Lumë
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| Battle of Lumë | |||||||
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| Part of First Balkan War | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Albanian Irregulars |
 Kingdom of Serbia | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Can Deci
| Božidar Janković | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| Third Army of Serbia | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
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1,000–3,000 from Luma 600 from lower Dibra Unknown number from Gjakova highland[1] 2 cannons[2] | 21,800 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Albanian claim: 109 |
Ottoman reports: 6 battalions, over 2,000 men[2] British reports: 8 battalions[2] | ||||||
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Thousands of Albanian civilians were massacred after the battle | |||||||
The Battle of Lumë, also referred by the Albanians as the Uprising of Lumë (Kryengritja e Lumës), was a series of clashes between the Albanian locals of the region of Lumë in Ottoman Albania against the invading Serbian army in 1912 during the First Balkan War period. As the Kingdom of Serbia sought to gain access to the Adriatic Sea, the Serbian army met significant resistance from Albanian militia in the Luma region, resulting in the defeat of the Serbian forces. In securing the central Adriatic coast in Albania, Albanian political figureheads were able to disembark in Durrës and proceed with their plans for the eventual Albanian Declaration of Independence.
Beginning
[edit]During the second half of October 1912, the Serbian army continued to occupy numerous Albanian regions, including Kosovo and elsewhere in the provinces of Lumë, Opoja, Vërrin, Gora, Has, Dibra, etc. Several battalions of the Third Army, exhausted from the battles in the internal part of Kosovo,[3][a] entered Lumë.
The Albanians organized numerous local assemblies as instructed by the "Shpëtimi" (Salvation) Committee, which held a meeting in Skopje on 14 October 1912. A decision to confront the advancement of the Serbian army was made. In the first week of November, after the Third Army captured Kosovo and the region of Dukagjin, it aimed to conquer northern and middle Albania in order to reach the shores of the Adriatic Sea.
Since 5 November 1912, the Serbian General Božidar Janković entered Prizren with the regiments "Šumadija 1" for the operations to the Adriatic. To realize this plan, the Serbian army had created two separate units, which were named "Units of the coast" and the departments of these units were selected from the divisions "Šumadija" and "Drina" which were deployed in Prizren and Gjakova. Several paramilitary units preceded the expedition entering Lumë first, with their number going from 70 to 200, according to Jaša Tomić's book Rat u Albaniji pod Skadrom ('War in Albania and around Shkodra') of 1913.[4]
The size of the Serbian force is subject to debate. The 16,000 figure is mostly folkloric, and serves mostly for supporting the other folkloric number of 12,000 casualties. Sixteen thousand coincides to two groupings formed with "Šumadija 1" and "Drina" units, which hurried to reach the Adriatic from the right side of the White Drin. These fractions were engaged only partially in the combat, and missed the 15–17 and 18 November clashes of the second phase of the battle (13–18 November). During this phase, the number of Serbian soldiers and officers increased to 4,200, according to Serbian military reports, versus around 3,000 Albanians. The third phase of the war (18 November – 6 December) saw the involvement of the remainder of the "Šumadija 1" division, approximately 14,000, support by artillery personnel of 3,600. Including the second phase battalions which were severely damaged, the total number of the Serbian force equaled 21,800, excluding the paramilitary units.[2] Robert Elsie rounds the number to 20,000.[5]
To avoid any risks to the coastal units in the Drin Valley in Lumë, the Serbian army invaded the Lumë region and the provinces of Has, Vërrin, Opoja-Gora and ruthlessly struck down all resistance in order to disarm the Albanians. Faced with the invading Serb army, thousands of Albanian fighters from Lumë, Has, Vërrin, and Opojan Gora along with Albanians from Kosovo, began fighting the Serb army. In this case the highlands of Pashtrik (where the provinces of Has and the Gjakova highlands lay), the Šar Mountains (Gjalicë, Pikllimes, Koretnik) became a natural fortresses for the Albanians. Given the geo-strategic position, Albanian troops were deployed fronting the Highland of Gjakova, Has, Qafe Zhur, Sharr, and Opoja. The organizations of the Albanian resistance were led by Baftjar Doda, Xhafer Doda, Ramadan Zaskoci, Ramadan Cejku, Isjan Lika, Islam Spahija, Elez Isufi, Hoxha Mehmedi, Osman Lita, Cen Daci, Bajram Gjana, Jemin Gjana, Dervish Bajraktari, Muhtar Nika, Necip Bilali, Sylë Elezi, Ahmet Qehaja, and others.[1]
Events
[edit]Given the geo-strategic position, the Albanian troops were deployed fronting: Gjakova highland (Qafë Morinë - Qafë Prush); Has (Planejë - Gorozhup); Qafë Zhur; Vërri (Billushë - Jeshkovë - Lybeqevë - Lez); Sharr (Gur i Zi); and Opojë (Llapushnik gorge). To prevent the Serbian troops from crossing to the other side of White Drin, the Albanians organized an ambush in the villages of Shalqin, Domaj, and Gjinaj. The Lumë forces numbered approximately 4,000 people, while the Dibra forces totaled about 600.[1]
Result
[edit]The Lumë Albanians captured the Tower of Lumë, earning the victory of this battle. Albanian forces in the evening 17 November, attacked the carriages of the Serbian convoy attempting to withdraw in the direction of Prizren. During these fights, the Serbians lost many soldiers and materials. The fighting in the mountains was described in the memoirs of Kosta Novaković, a Serbian soldier who participated in the battle.
He wrote:
I will not mention the first task of our department of Luma—the disarmament of Luma—which we did not succeed with and for this we chose to return to our commanders. We paid with our lives for this fight and we lost many soldiers, much ammunition, food and shelter. After the horrible fighting in Luma, after 4 nights without sleep, after walking in water up to my waist, we finally were supported with another battalion, and then we immediately began fleeing, exhausted, to the region of Zhur, 8 km away from Prizren.
The success achieved during this fighting highlighted the skills of the Albanian guerrillas, who were victorious although inferior in forces and armament.[1]
Casualties
[edit]An Ottoman telegram sent from Ohrid to Elbasan, dated 20 November 1912, reported that three officers and an "uncountable" number of soldiers, with around 1,000 rifles were captured by the Albanians. Another telegram, dating 2 December, sent from Aqif Pasha Elbasani to Ahmet bey Zogolli, mentions that the Serbians lost six battalions. The British consulate in Skopje reported in late February 1913 that they had lost eight battalions. Sali Onuzi places the number around 2,000 based on second phase (13–18 November) reports from the Ottomans of over 1,000. This excludes the potential losses associated with the paramilitary units.[2] Albanians reported only 109 casualties.[citation needed]
Massacres
[edit]General Janković ordered the annihilation of the Lumë tribe where the Serbian army massacred an entire population of men, women and children and burned 27 villages in the region.[6] Following the Serbian offensives of 1912–1913, Lumë was the area that experienced one of the greatest atrocities committed against the Albanians. The Lumë tribe was decimated and practically driven from existence.[5] Women and children were tied to bundles of hay and set on fire before the eyes of their husbands and fathers. The women were then barbarously cut to pieces and the children bayoneted.[6]
Leon Trotsky collected reports during the period and mentioned in his report: "It is all so inconceivable, and yet it is true!" Four hundred men from Lumë who gave themselves up voluntarily were taken to Prizren and executed day after day in groups of forty to sixty.[7][8]
In connection with the news report it was reported that 300 unarmed Albanians of the Lumë tribe were executed in Prizren without trial. Regular Serbian troops committed the massacres but there was no doubt whatsoever that even the heinous massacres committed by irregulars were carried out with the tacit approval and in full compliance with the will of the Serbian authorities. At the beginning of the war, the Serbian officials stated that "we are going to wipe out the Albanians." Despite European protests, this systematic policy of extermination continued unhindered.[9][b][11][c]
Importance
[edit]The Battle of Lumë ended on the morning of 18 November 1912, with Albanian forces prevailing against the third Serbian army.[citation needed] The battle of Lumë, together with other events such as the battle of Monastir and Ottoman resistance in key city of Shkodër in the north-west and Yannina in the south threatened the decisions of the National Assembly in Vlora. The later led to the Albanian proclamation of independence from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912. Specifically the battle of Lumë secured the central Albania Adriatic coast, permitting Ismail Qemali and other Albanian representatives to disembark in Durres since Vlore was threatened by Greek forces, who had already landed in Himara.[13][d]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Serbian forces were exhausted during the clashes in the depths of the Kosovo vilayet and now, in the farthest corners of Kosovo.[3]
- ^ During the First Balkan War beginning in October 1912, Serbia took advantage of the power vacuum left by the crumbling Ottoman Empire to invade and conquer Kosovo and the Luma and Dibra regions in late October and early November of that year. While the Great Powers recognised Albania as a sovereign state on 29 July 1913, Kosovo, Luma, Dibra, Ohrid and Monastir remained under Serbian military rule and on 7 September 1913, King Peter I of Serbia proclaimed the annexation of the conquered territories. A large uprising against Serbian rule took place in the Luma region and in the mountains vest of Gjakova, which was suppressed by a force of over 20,000 Serbian troops who advanced into Albania, almost reaching Elbasan. An amnesty was declared by the government in Belgrade in October 1913, yet the pogroms against the Albanian population continued. During this uprising and later during World War I, the Luma tribe was decimated by Serbian forces.[10]
- ^ The logic of this sort of chauvinistic harangue became evident in the Balkan wars. Serbian and Montenegrin units committed many massacres of Albanians in the course of hostilities. The indiscriminate slaughter in the Lumë tribal area of northeastern Albania was reported in the Serbian socialist press and was later retold in the report of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, which summed up the rationale of Albanian horrors: "Houses and whole villages reduced to ashes, unarmed and innocent populations massacred en masse, incredible acts of violence, pillage and brutality of every kind—such were the means which were employed and are still being employed by the Serbo-Montenegrin soldiery, with a view to the entire transformation of the ethnic character of regions inhabited exclusively by Albanians." Villagers, alerted to the intentions of invading armies "by tradition, instinct and experience," fled before the invaders, who set the abandoned cottages to flame.[12]
- ^ But Vlorë was threatened by the Greeks, who had landed in Himaré, and there was fear that their armies might increase as the fight between them and the Albanians of the surrounding regions had begun. In order to protect the town, Albanian forces from Vlore left for the passes of Logara.[13]
Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d Daci (2013).
- ^ a b c d e Onuzi.
- ^ a b Braha (1981), p. 130.
- ^ Tomić (1913).
- ^ a b Elsie (2015), p. 283.
- ^ a b Mjeda (1913).
- ^ Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War (1914).
- ^ Levene (2013), pp. 106–108.
- ^ Freundlich (1913).
- ^ Elsie (2015), pp. 282–283.
- ^ Banac (1988), pp. 295–296.
- ^ Banac (1988), p. 151.
- ^ a b Skendi (2015), p. 461.
References
[edit]- Banac, Ivo (1988). The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801494931.
- Braha, Shaban (1981). Idriz Seferi në Lëvizjet Kombëtare Shqiptare. Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori".
- Daci, Fatos (24 September 2013). "Lufta 9 vjeçare e Dibrës më 1912-1921, si u organizua kryengritja e përgjithshme, masakrat, gjenocidi serb dhe shpërngulja masive" [The 9-year war of Dibra in 1912-1921, how the general uprising was organized, massacres, genocide from the Serbians, and massive displacement] (in Albanian). Sot News.
- Elsie, Robert (2015). The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture. IB Tauris. ISBN 9781784534011.
- Freundlich, Leo (1913). Robert Elsie (ed.). "Albania's Golgotha: Indictment of the Exterminators of the Albanian People". Texts and Documents of Albanian History. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012.
- Levene, Mark (2013). Devastation: Volume I: The European Rimlands 1912-1938. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199683031.
- Mjeda, Archbishop Lazër (24 January 1913). Robert Elsie (ed.). "Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia". Texts and Documents of Albanian History. Vienna. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
- Onuzi, Sali. "Mundja e Serbeve ne Lumë 1912" [The loss of the Serbs in Lume 1912] (in Albanian). Kosovari Media. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
- Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 1914.
- Skendi, Stavro (2015). The Albanian National Awakening. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400847761.
- Tomić, Jaša (1913). Rat u Albaniji i oko Skadar 1912 i 1913 godine [The war in Albania and around Shkodra in 1912 and 1913]. Novum Sada.