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Resignation syndrome

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Resignation syndrome (also called traumatic withdrawal syndrome or traumatic refusal or abandonment syndrome; Swedish: uppgivenhetssyndrom) is a hypothesized condition that induces a state of reduced consciousness, not recognized by the World Health Organization as a valid psychiatric condition. It was first described in Sweden in the 1990s. The condition affects predominately psychologically traumatized children and adolescents in the midst of a strenuous and lengthy migration process.[1]

Young people reportedly develop depressive symptoms, become socially withdrawn, and become motionless and speechless as a reaction to stress and hopelessness. In the worst cases, children reject any food or drink and have to be fed by feeding tube;[1] the condition can persist for years.[2] Recovery ensues within months to years and is claimed to be dependent on the restoration of hope to the family.

Signs and symptoms

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Affected individuals (predominantly children and adolescents) first exhibit symptoms of anxiety and depression (in particular apathy, lethargy), then withdraw from others and care for themselves. Eventually their condition might progress to stupor, i.e. they stop walking, eating, talking, and grow incontinent. In this stage patients are seemingly unconscious and tube feeding is life-sustaining. The condition could persist for months or even years. Remission happens after life circumstances improve and ensues with gradual return to what appears to be normal function.[1]

Nosology

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Resignation syndrome (RS) and pervasive refusal syndrome share common features and etiologic factors; however, the former is more clearly associated with trauma and adverse life circumstances. Neither is included in the standard psychiatric classification systems.

Pervasive refusal syndrome (also called pervasive arousal-withdrawal syndrome) has been conceptualised in a variety of ways, including a form of post-traumatic stress disorder, learned helplessness, ‘lethal mothering’, loss of the internal parent, apathy or the ‘giving-up’ syndrome, depressive devitalisation, primitive ‘freeze’, severe loss of activities of daily living and ‘manipulative’ illness, such as parents drugging children for increased chance of being granted asylum.[3] It was also suggested to be on the 'refusal-withdrawal-regression spectrum'.[4]

Acknowledging its social importance and relevance, the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare recognized the novel diagnostic entity resignation syndrome in 2014.[5] Others, however, argue that already-existing diagnostic entities should be used and are sufficient in the majority of cases, i.e. severe major depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms or catatonia, or conversion/dissociation disorder.[1][6]

Currently, diagnostic criteria are undetermined, pathogenesis is uncertain, and effective treatment is lacking.[1]

Causes

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Resignation syndrome appears to be a very specialized response to the trauma of refugee limbo, in which families, many of whom have escaped dangerous circumstances in their home countries, wait to be granted legal permission to stay in their new country, often undergoing numerous refusals and appeals over a period of years.

Experts have proposed multifactorial explanatory models involving individual vulnerability, traumatization, migration, culturally conditioned reaction patterns and parental dysfunction or pathological adaption to a caregiver's expectations to interplay in pathogenesis. Some differential diagnoses to be excluded include severe depression, dissociative disorders and conversion disorders.[6][1][7]

However, the currently prevailing stress hypothesis fails to account for the regional distribution (see Epidemiology) and contributes little to treatment.[1] An asserted “questioning attitude”, in particular within the health care system, it has been claimed, may constitute a “perpetuating retraumatization possibly explaining the endemic” distribution.[8] Furthermore, Sweden's experience raises concerns about "contagion". Researchers argue that culture-bound psychogenesis can accommodate the endemic distribution because children may learn that dissociation is a way to deal with trauma.

A proposed neurobiological model of the disorder suggests that the impact of overwhelming negative expectations are directly causative of the down-regulation of higher order and lower order behavioral systems in particularly vulnerable individuals.[1]

Epidemiology

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Depicted as a culture-bound syndrome, it was first observed and described in Sweden among children of asylum seekers from former Soviet and Yugoslav countries.[9] In Sweden, hundreds of migrant children, facing the possibility of deportation, have been diagnosed since the 1990s.[2] For example, 424 cases were reported between 2003 and 2005[7] and 2.8% of all 6,547 asylum applications submitted for children were diagnosed in 2004.[10]

It has also been observed in refugee children transferred from Australia to the Nauru Regional Processing Centre.[11][12] The Economist wrote in 2018 that Doctors without Borders (MSF) refused to say how many of the children on Nauru may have traumatic withdrawal syndrome.[2] A report published in August 2018 suggested there were at least 30. The National Justice Project, a legal centre, has brought 35 children from Nauru this year.[when?] It estimates that seven had RS, and three had psychosis.[2]

Concerns

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The phenomenon has been called into question, with two children reporting that they were forced by their parents to act apathetic in order to increase chances of being granted residence permits.[13][14] As evidenced by medical records, healthcare professionals were aware of this scam and witnessed parents who actively refused aid for their children but remained silent at the time. Later, Sveriges Television, Sweden's national public television broadcaster, was severely critiqued by investigative journalist Janne Josefsson for failing to uncover the truth.[15] In March 2020, a report citing the Swedish Agency for Medical and Social Evaluation, SBU, said "There are no scientific studies that answer how to diagnose abandonment syndrome, nor what treatment works".[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Sallin, Karl; Lagercrantz, Hugo; Evers, Kathinka; Engström, Ingemar; Hjern, Anders; Petrovic, Predrag (2016), "Resignation Syndrome: Catatonia? Culture-Bound?", Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10 (7): 7, doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00007, PMC 4731541, PMID 26858615
  2. ^ a b c d "What is resignation syndrome?". The Economist. 2018-10-24. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2019-07-16. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  3. ^ Nunn, Kenneth P.; Lask, Bryan; Owen, Isabel (March 2014). "Pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS) 21 years on: a re-conceptualisation and a renaming". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 23 (3): 163–172. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0433-7. ISSN 1435-165X. PMID 23793559. S2CID 22848353.
  4. ^ Jaspers, Tine; Hanssen, G. M. J.; van der Valk, Judith A.; Hanekom, Johann H.; van Well, Gijs Th J.; Schieveld, Jan N. M. (November 2009). "Pervasive refusal syndrome as part of the refusal-withdrawal-regression spectrum: critical review of the literature illustrated by a case report". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 18 (11): 645–651. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0027-6. ISSN 1435-165X. PMC 2762526. PMID 19458987.
  5. ^ Socialstyrelsen B. (2013). Barn Med Uppgivenhetssyndrom. En vägledning för Personal inom Socialtjänst och Hälso- och Sjukvård. Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen.
  6. ^ a b Rydelius P.-A. (2006). "Rapport om de s.k. Apatiska Barnen". Research Report. No. 25. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet. ISSN 1403-607X. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ a b Hessle M., Ahmadi N. (2006). "Asylsökande Barn med Uppgivenhetssymtom – Trauma, Kultur, Asylprocess". Statens Offentliga Utredningar. 2006 (49). Archived from the original on 2017-09-22. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
  8. ^ Bodegård, Göran (March 2014). "Comment on the paper "Pervasive Refusal Syndrome (PRS) 21 years on-a reconceptualization and renaming" by Ken Nunn, Bryan Lask and Isabel Owen". European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 23 (3): 179–181. doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0435-5. ISSN 1435-165X. PMID 23793560.
  9. ^ Aviv, Rachel (April 3, 2017), "The Trauma of Facing Deportation", The New Yorker, archived from the original on February 27, 2019, retrieved July 24, 2018.
  10. ^ Von Folsach, Liv Lyngå; Montgomery, Edith (July 2006). "Pervasive refusal syndrome among asylum-seeking children". Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 11 (3): 457–473. doi:10.1177/1359104506064988. ISSN 1359-1045. PMID 17080781. S2CID 23831348.
  11. ^ "12yo refugee on hunger strike on Nauru suffering from resignation syndrome, doctors say - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. 2018-08-16. Archived from the original on 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  12. ^ O'Connor, Beth (13 November 2018). "What is Resignation Syndrome?". Medicin Sans Frontières - Doctors Without Borders. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  13. ^ "De apatiska barnens ohörda rop". magasinetfilter.se. 23 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-10-07. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  14. ^ Linda Jerneck (24 September 2019). "Sveket mot de "apatiska" barnen är en skandal". expressen.se. Archived from the original on 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  15. ^ "SVT måste ta ansvar för apatiska barn-skandalen". expressen.se. 2 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  16. ^ Grill Pettersson, Mikael (5 February 2020). "Diagnos saknar vetenskapligt underlag". SVT Nyheter. Archived from the original on 2020-05-24. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
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