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Unidentified decedent

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Example of a poster detailing information about four unidentified victims, all of whom have since been identified as: Tammy Alexander, Tammy Terrell, Sherri Jarvis, and Marcia King.

Unidentified decedent, or unidentified person (also abbreviated as UID or UP), is a corpse of a person whose identity cannot be established by police and medical examiners. In many cases, it is several years before the identities of some UIDs are found, while in some cases, they are never identified.[1] A UID may remain unidentified due to lack of evidence as well as absence of personal identification such as a driver's license. Where the remains have deteriorated or been mutilated to the point that the body is not easily recognized, a UID's face may be reconstructed to show what they had looked like before death.[2] UIDs are often referred to by the placeholder names "John Doe" or "Jane Doe".[3] In a database maintained by the Ontario Provincial Police, 371 unidentified decedents were found between 1964 and 2015.[4]

Causes

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There were approximately 14,000 UIDs in the United States as of 2023.[5] A body may go unidentified due to death in a state where the person was unrecorded, in an advanced state of decomposition, or with major facial injuries.[6] In many cases in the United States, teenagers with a history of running away would be removed from missing person files when they would turn 18, thus eliminating potential matches with existing unidentified person listings.[7]

Location

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Some UIDs die outside their native state. The Sumter County Does, murdered in South Carolina, were thought to have been Canadian.[8] Both were eventually identified as individuals from Pennsylvania and Minnesota.[9] Barbara Hess Precht died in Ohio in 2006, but was not identified until 2014. She had been living as a transient with her husband in California for decades but returned to her native state of Ohio, where she died of unknown circumstances.[10] In both of these cases, the UIDs were found in a recognizable state and had their fingerprints and dental records taken with ease. It is unknown if the Sumter County Does' DNA was later recovered, since their bodies would require exhumation to recover DNA.[8] Many undocumented immigrants who die in the United States after crossing the border from Mexico remain unidentified.[11]

Decomposition

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Many UIDs are found long after they die and are found to have decomposed severely. This significantly changes their facial features and may prevent identification through fingerprints. Environmental conditions often are a major factor in decomposition, as some UIDs are found months after death with little decomposition if their bodies are placed in cold areas. Some are found in warm areas shortly after death, but hot temperatures and scavenging animals deteriorated the features.[6][12][13] In some cases, warm temperatures mummify the corpse, which also distorts its features, though the tissues have survived initial decomposition. One example is the "Persian Princess", who died in the 1990s but, in an act of archaeological forgery, was untruthfully stated in Pakistan to have been over 2,000 years old.[14]

Putrefaction

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Putrefaction often occurs when bacteria decompose the remains and generate gasses inside out, causing the corpse to swell and become discolored.[6] In cases such as the Rogers family, who were murdered in 1989 by Oba Chandler, the bodies were deposited in water but surfaced after gasses in their remains caused them to float to the surface. They were deceased a short period of time but were already severely decomposed and unrecognizable, due to putrefaction that occurred while underwater and high temperatures. It was not until a week later that dental records revealed their identities.[15]

Skeletonization

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Skeletonization occurs when the UID has decayed to the point that bones and possibly some tissues are all that is found, usually when death occurred a significant amount of time before discovery. If a skeletonized body is found, fingerprints and toeprints are impossible to recover, unless they have survived the initial decomposition of the remains. Fingerprints are often used to identify the dead and were used widely before DNA comparison was possible.[6] In some cases, partial remains limit the available information. Skeletonized UIDs are often forensically reconstructed if searching dental records and DNA databases is unsuccessful.

Burning

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Often, someone who tries to conceal a body attempts to destroy it or render it unrecognizable.[16] The currently unidentified Yermo John Doe was killed approximately one hour before he was found, but was completely unrecognizable.[17] When Lynn Breeden, a Canadian model, was murdered and set ablaze in a dumpster, her body was so severely damaged that DNA processing and fingerprint analysis were impossible. She was identified sometime later after her unique dentition matched her dental records, and DNA extracted from her blood at a different scene was matched.[18] Linda Agostini's body was found burned near Albury, Australia in 1934. Her remains were identified ten years later through dental comparison.[19]

Identification process

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Usually, bodies are identified by comparing their usually unique DNA, fingerprints and dental characteristics.[20] DNA is considered the most accurate, but was not widely used until the 1990s. It is often obtained through hair follicles, blood, tissue and other biological material.[21] Bodies can also be identified with other physical information, such as illnesses, evidence of surgery, breaks and fractures, and height and weight information.[22] A medical examiner will often be involved with identifying a body.[23][24] Since 2018, genetic genealogy has also been used to identify many bodies by matching the deceased’s DNA with that of relatives who have uploaded their DNA to genealogy sites.

Mortuary photographs

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Many police departments and medical examiners have made efforts to identify the deceased by placing mortuary photographs of the UID's face online. In some instances, the mortuary photographs would be retouched of wounds if they are to be released to the public.[25] Dismembered corpses may also be digitally altered to appear attached to the body.[26] This is not considered to be the most effective method, as the nature of death often distorts the UID's face.[27] An example of this is that of "Grateful Doe," who was killed in a vehicular crash in 1995. He sustained extreme trauma that disfigured his face.[28]

A Jane Doe found in a river in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, had died months earlier, but was preserved by the cold temperatures. Her morgue photographs were displayed publicly on a medical examiner's website, but her face had been distorted by swelling after absorbing water, with additional decomposition.[29]

Death masks have also been used to assist with identification, which have been stated to be more accurate, as they are required to display "relaxed expressions," which often do not illustrate the faces of the UIDs as they were found, such as that of L'Inconnue de la Seine, a French suicide victim found in the late 1800s.[30] However, a death mask will still depict sunken eyes or other characteristics of a long-term illness, which do not often show how they would have looked in life.[6]

Reconstructions

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Main article: Forensic facial reconstruction

When a body is found in an advanced state of decomposition or has died violently, reconstructions are sometimes required to receive assistance from the public, when releasing images of a corpse is considered taboo.[31] Often, those in a recognizable state will often be reconstructed due to the same reason. Faces can be reconstructed with a three-dimensional model or by 2D, which includes sketches or digital reconstructions, similar to facial composites.[32][33] Sketches have been used in a variety of cases. Forensic artist Karen T. Taylor created her own method during the 1980s, which involved much more precise techniques, such as estimating locations and sizes of the features of a skull. This method has been shown to be fairly successful.[34]

The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children has developed methods to estimate the likenesses of the faces of UIDs whose remains were too deteriorated to create a two-dimensional sketch or reconstruction due to the lack of tissue on the bones. A skull would be placed through a CT scanner and the image would then be manipulated with a software that was intended for architecture design, to add digital layers of tissue based on the UID's age, sex and race.[35]

Examples

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The following gallery depicts various ways UIDs have been reconstructed:

  • Death mask (L'inconnue de la Seine)
    Death mask (L'inconnue de la Seine)
  • Forensic sketch (Broward County John Doe, 1979)
    Forensic sketch (Broward County John Doe, 1979)
  • Facial composite (Pinellas County John Doe, 1980)
    Facial composite (Pinellas County John Doe, 1980)
  • Three-dimensional clay reconstruction (Caroline County John Doe)
    Three-dimensional clay reconstruction (Caroline County John Doe)
  • Jane Doe alias “Mary Anderson”
    Jane Doe alias “Mary Anderson”
  • Reconstruction created through a CT scan (Lumberton Jane Doe)
    Reconstruction created through a CT scan (Lumberton Jane Doe)

Problems

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In some cases, such as that of Colleen Orsborn, law enforcement had erroneously excluded the true identity of the unidentified person as a possible identity. In Orsborn's case, she had fractured one of the bones in her leg, but a medical examiner who performed the autopsy on her remains was not able to discover evidence of the injury and subsequently excluded her from the case. It was not until 2011 when DNA confirmed Orsborn was indeed the victim found in 1984.[36] In cases such as the Racine County Jane Doe, the decision to rule out one possible identity has also been subjected to criticism. Aundria Bowman, a teen who disappeared in 1989 who bore a strong resemblance to a body found in 1999, was excluded, according to the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System.[37] On an online forum, known as Websleuths, users have disagreed with this ruling.[38] In the case of Lavender Doe, a mother of a missing girl also disagreed with the exclusion of her missing daughter through DNA, as she claimed the reconstruction of the victim looked very similar to her daughter.[39]

Notable cases

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The Somerton Man was found in 1948 in Adelaide, South Australia, and possibly identified in 2022 using DNA analysis.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Resolved Cases". doenetwork.org. The Doe Network. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  2. ^ Slott, Ellen L. (21 December 1977). "Sculptor Reconstructs Faces to Aid Police". The Evening Review. p. 3. Retrieved 21 July 2014 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  3. ^ "Why Are Unidentified People Called John or Jane Doe?". mentalfloss.com. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  4. ^ "Hong, Jackie. What happens to the unidentified dead? (2016) The Toronto Star". Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  5. ^ "National Missing and Unidentified Persons System". Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e Madea, Burkhard, Johanna Preuss, and Frank Musshoff. "From Flourishing Life to Dust-The Natural Cycle." Mummies of the World. Ed. Alfried Wieczorek and Wilfried Rosendahl. First ed. 2010. 28. Print.
  7. ^ "New push to ID teen victim of 1977 murder". King 5. King TV. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Bodies Remain Unidentified". The Daily Times-News. 19 September 1976. p. 10. Retrieved 7 August 2014 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  9. ^ "Sumter County shooting victims identified through DNA after 44 years". wltx.com. CBS. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  10. ^ Dixon, Deb. "New Clues about 'Pearl Lady's' Husband". WKRC Cincinnati. CBS. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  11. ^ Stryker, Ace (2 April 2008). "In Southwest, illegal immigrants often die anonymously". Seattle Pi. Associated Press. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  12. ^ "NamUs UP # 10566". identifyus.org. National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. 27 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  13. ^ "Pima Arizona Jane Doe April 1981". canyouidentifyme.org. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  14. ^ Romey, Kristin M.; Rose, Mark (January–February 2001). "Special Report: Saga of the Persian Princess". Archaeology. 54 (1). Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  15. ^ Bourdett, Paul, prod. "Water Logged." Forensic Files. Dir. Michael Jordan. HLN. 10 December 2010. Television
  16. ^ Hayes, Ashley (13 February 2013). "How authorities identify a burned body". CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  17. ^ "NamUs UP # 918". National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. 12 March 2008. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  18. ^ Dowling, Paul. "Charred Remains." Forensic Files HLN. Atlanta, Georgia, 13 November 1997. Television.
  19. ^ Pennay, Bruce, "Agostini, Linda (1905–1934)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2 May 2007
  20. ^ Claridge, Jack (10 December 2014). "Identifying the Victim". Explore Forensics. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  21. ^ "8 Body Parts Forensic Scientists Use to ID a Body". Forensic Science Technician. 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  22. ^ Valk, Diana (18 November 2013). "3 Ways to Identify a Body When DNA is Not An Option". Forensics Outreach. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  23. ^ "IDENTIFICATION PROCESS". virtualmuseum.com. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  24. ^ "POSTMORTEM IDENTIFICATION". Crime Library. 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  25. ^ Friess, Steve (25 January 2004). "To identify 'John Doe' victims, investigators turn to the Web". Boston Globe. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  26. ^ Pravir Bodkha, Bishwanath Yadav (December 2012). "A Role of Digital Imaging in Identification of Unidentified Bodies" (PDF). J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 34 (4). ISSN 0971-0973. Retrieved 31 December 2014.[permanent dead link‍]
  27. ^ "Question: Why don't you share photos from the coroner's office?". Help ID Me. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  28. ^ Lohr, David (25 April 2014). "Grateful Dead Fan Remains Nameless, 18 Years After Fatal Crash". Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  29. ^ Luthern, Ashley (27 November 2014). "Investigators trying to solve mystery of woman found in 1982". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  30. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (1 December 2007). "Ophelia of the Seine". The Guardian Weekend magazine, page 17 – 27. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  31. ^ Izadi, Elahe (9 July 2015). "Can this computer generated image of a 'Baby Doe' lead investigators to her identity?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  32. ^ Kilgannon, Corey (20 January 2015). "Through Art and Forensics, Faces of Unidentified Victims Emerge". New York Times. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  33. ^ Martinez, Rick (9 May 1979). "Sculptor Reconstructs Faces to Aid Police". San Bernardo County Sun. p. 27. Retrieved 21 July 2014 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  34. ^ Dowling, Paul. "Saving Face." Forensic Files. Prod. Paul Bourdett and Vince Sherry. Dir. Michael Jordan. 28 November 2007.
  35. ^ Hicks, Brad (29 February 2012). "Unraveling the Jane Doe Mystery". Fox News. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  36. ^ Prieto, Bianca (2 February 2011). "Dr. G links body found in Orange in 1984 to missing Daytona Beach teen girl". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
  37. ^ "NamUs UP # 4741". NamUs.org. National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  38. ^ "WI – Raymond (Racine County) – WhtFem 199UFWI, 14-25, July'99 *Graphic*". websleuths.com. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  39. ^ Sutton, Field (11 February 2014). "Brandi Well's mother reacts to Jane Doe renderings: "That looks so much like Brandi"". CBS. KTYX News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  40. ^ Cullen, Tom (1965) Autumn of Terror, London: The Bodley Head, p. 95
  41. ^ The Advertiser, "Tamam Shud", 10 June 1949, p. 2
  42. ^ Keane, Daniel; Marchant, Gabriella (26 July 2022). "Somerton Man identified as Melbourne electrical engineer, researcher says". ABC News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  43. ^ Yim, Noah (27 July 2022). "Seven-decade mystery of Somerton Man solved". The Australian. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  44. ^ "Death in Ice Valley: New clues in a Norwegian mystery". BBC News. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  45. ^ "Search For Little Miss Panasoffkee's Real Name And Killer Continues, Even After 50 Years". WUSF Public Media. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  46. ^ Kreft, Helen (2 January 2022). "Amateur detective determined to solve gruesome Burton murder that has battled police for decades". Staffordshire Live. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  47. ^ "Police Arrest Man For 1974 Murder -- Now Just Have To Figure Out Who Victim Was - CBS Los Angeles". www.cbsnews.com. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  48. ^ "Research reveals hunger Heul girl | NL Times". nltimes.nl. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  49. ^ "Pennsylvania State Police and Perry County District Attorney's Office Team with Othram to Identify a 1979 Homicide Victim". dnasolves.com. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  50. ^ Johnson, Matt (16 December 2015). "New forensic drawing released of Vernon County's 1984 Jane Doe". La Crosse Tribune. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  51. ^ Ray, Karla (17 December 2018). "Science provides new lead in 30-year-old Florida cold case". WFTV. ABC. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  52. ^ Ray, Karla (17 July 2018). "9 Investigates: New technology could bring closure to cold cases". WFTV. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  53. ^ "Identify Me: NL02 - Teteringen Girl". www.interpol.int (in French).
  54. ^ Oltermann, Philip (28 April 2022). "M&S tie and metal shoe lasts: new clues in cold case of 'the Gentleman'". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  55. ^ "Who is Oslo Plaza woman 'Jennifer Fairgate'? All the theories on Unsolved Mysteries case". Radio Times. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  56. ^ Romey, Kristin M.; Rose, Mark (January–February 2001). "Special Report: Saga of the Persian Princess". Archaeology. 54 (1). Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  57. ^ "No Clues In October Suicide Woman May Be Buried Soon Beneath Blank Grave Marker | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  58. ^ "Torso murder inquiry moves to Nigeria". BBC News. 27 February 2003. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  59. ^ "'Peter Bergmann': Renewed appeal over man found dead on Sligo beach 14 years ago". The Irish Times. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  60. ^ Britton, Paul (22 August 2022). ""We know she suffered a violent death": The mystery of the Angel of the Meadow". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  61. ^ "Body buried in forest 'since 2004'". BBC News. 16 November 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
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