Jump to content

Ubuntu

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ubuntu (operating system))
For the African philosophy, see Ubuntu philosophy. For other uses, see Ubuntu (disambiguation).

Ubuntu
Ubuntu 24.10 "Oracular Oriole"
DeveloperCanonical Ltd.
OS familyLinux (Unix-like)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen-source[1][2]
Initial releaseUbuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog) / 20 October 2004 (20 years ago) (2004-10-20)
Latest releaseRegular: Oracular Oriole[3] Edit this on Wikidata 24.10[3] Edit this on Wikidata / 10 October 2024; 40 days ago (10 October 2024)
LTS: 24.04.1 LTS[4] Edit this on Wikidata / 29 August 2024; 2 months ago (29 August 2024)
Repository
Marketing targetCloud computing, personal computers, servers, supercomputers, IoT
Available inMore than 55 languages by LoCos
Update methodSoftware Updater, Ubuntu Software, apt
Package managerGNOME Software, dpkg (APT), Snap – graphical front-end: Snap Store
Platforms
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux kernel)
UserlandGNU
Default
user interface		GNOME
LicenseFree software + some proprietary device drivers,[7] excluding trademarks
Official websiteubuntu.com Edit this at Wikidata

Ubuntu (/ʊˈbʊntuː/ ⓘ uu-BUUN-too)[8] is a Linux distribution derived from Debian and composed mostly of free and open-source software.[9][10][11] Ubuntu is officially released in multiple editions: Desktop,[12] Server,[13] and Core[14] for Internet of things devices[15] and robots.[16][17] The operating system is developed by the British company Canonical[18] and a community of other developers, under a meritocratic governance model.[8][19] As of October 2024, the latest interim release is 24.10 ("Oracular Oriole"), with most-recent long-term support release is 24.04 ("Noble Numbat").

As with other Linux distributions, all of the editions can run on a computer alone, or in a virtual machine. An upgrade to Ubuntu is released every six months, with long-term support (LTS) releases every two years.[8][20][21] Canonical provides security updates and support for each Ubuntu release, starting from the release date until the release reaches its designated end-of-life (EOL) date.[8][22][23] Canonical generates revenue through the sale of premium services related to the Ubuntu software and donations from those who download Ubuntu directly.[24][25][26]

Ubuntu is named after the Nguni philosophy of ubuntu, "humanity to others" with a connotation of "I am what I am because of who we all are".[8] Since the release of the first version in 2004, Ubuntu has become one of the most popular Linux distributions for general purposes[27][28] and is backed by large online communities like Ask Ubuntu. Numerous community-editions of Ubuntu also exist.[29] It is also popular for cloud computing, with support for OpenStack.[30]

Ubuntu - Version History - Visual Timeline - 20231019

History

[edit]
See also: Ubuntu version history

Ubuntu is built on Debian's architecture and infrastructure, and comprises Linux server, desktop and discontinued phone and tablet operating system versions.[31] Ubuntu releases updated versions predictably every six months,[32] and each release receives free support for nine months (eighteen months prior to 13.04)[33] with security fixes, high-impact bug fixes and conservative, substantially beneficial low-risk bug fixes.[34] The first release was in October 2004.[35]

Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation's goal to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project.[36]

On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for third-party cloud management platforms, such as those used at Amazon EC2.[37]

In 2011, Ubuntu's default desktop was changed from GNOME 2 to the in-house Unity instead of GNOME 3.[38] After nearly 6.5 years, the default desktop was changed back to GNOME 3 in 2017 upon the release of version 17.10.[39]

Ubuntu, since 16.04.5, requires a 2 GB or larger installation medium.[40][41] The last release of Ubuntu available on a minimal CD was 18.04.[42]

32-bit x86 processors were supported up to Ubuntu 18.04.[43] It was decided to support "legacy software", i.e. select 32-bit i386 packages, for Ubuntu 19.10 (since out of support) and 20.04 LTS.[44]

On 9 August 2024, Ubuntu announced a change in policy to always use the latest upstream code of the Linux kernel at the time of each Ubuntu release, even if the kernel code hasn't seen a stable release.[45]

Features

[edit]

As of version 23.10, a default installation of Ubuntu contains a minimal selection of software, namely a web browser (Firefox) and basic GNOME utilities (including the desktop).[46] Many additional software packages are accessible from the built-in Ubuntu Software (previously Ubuntu Software Center) as well as any other APT-based package management tools. Many additional software packages that are no longer installed by default, such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic, are still accessible in the repositories and installable by the main tool or by any other APT-based package management tool. Cross-distribution snap packages and Flatpaks are also available,[47] that both allow installing software, such as some of Microsoft's software, in most of the major Linux operating systems (such as any currently supported Ubuntu version and in Fedora). The default file manager is GNOME Files, formerly called Nautilus.[48][49]

All of the application software installed by default is free software. In addition, Ubuntu redistributes some hardware drivers that are available only in binary format, but such packages are clearly marked in the restricted component.[50]

Current long-term support (LTS) releases are supported for five years, and are released every two years. Since the release of Ubuntu 6.06, every fourth release receives long-term support.[32] Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the 'Ubuntu stack' (cloud computing infrastructure).[51] The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server; since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was increased to five years as well.[52][53][54] LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date.[55]

Ubuntu packages are based on Debian's unstable branch, which are synchronized every six months. Both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (e.g. APT and Ubuntu Software). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, so packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu.[56] Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian,[57] although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.[58] Before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. At some point during the release process, the Debian Import Freeze is implemented. This prevents the automatic import of packages from Debian without an explicit request from a developer. In combination with other freezes, this helps packagers ensure that frozen features interoperate well together.[59][60]

Security

[edit]

Ubuntu aims to be secure by default.[61][62] User programs run with low privileges and cannot corrupt the operating system or other users' files. For increased security, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, which allows the root account to remain locked and helps prevent inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes.[63] Polkit is also being widely implemented into the desktop.[citation needed]

Most network ports are closed by default to prevent hacking.[64] A built-in firewall, Uncomplicated Firewall, allows end-users who install network servers to control access. A GUI is available to configure it.[65] Ubuntu compiles its packages using GCC features such as PIE and buffer overflow protection to harden its software.[66][relevant? – discuss] These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 0.01% in 64-bit.[67]

Ubuntu also supports full disk encryption[68] as well as encryption of the home and private directories.[69]

Installation

[edit]

The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the Ubuntu desktop release 22.04 LTS, a PC with at least 2 GHz dual-core processor, 4 GB of RAM and 25 GB of free disk space is recommended.[70] For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu. Ubuntu also supports the ARM architecture.[5][71][72][73][74] It is also available on Power ISA,[5][75][76][77] while older PowerPC architecture was at one point unofficially supported,[78] and now newer Power ISA CPUs (POWER8) are supported. The x86-64 ("AMD64") architecture is also officially supported.[5]

Live images are the typical way for users to assess and subsequently install Ubuntu.[9] These can be downloaded as a disk image (.iso) and subsequently burnt to a DVD or USB flash drive and then booted. Other methods include running the live version via Ventoy, UNetbootin, Universal USB Installer, or Startup Disk Creator (a pre-installed tool on Ubuntu, available on machines already running the OS) directly from a USB drive (making, respectively, a live DVD or live USB medium). Running Ubuntu in this way is slower than running it from a hard drive, but does not alter the computer unless specifically instructed by the user. If the user chooses to boot the live image rather than execute an installer at boot time, there is still the option to then use the Ubuntu Desktop Installer once booted into the live environment.[79] The Ubuntu Desktop Installer replaced the former Ubiquity installer since Ubuntu 23.04.[80] Disk images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site.[81]

Additionally, USB flash drive installations can be used to boot Ubuntu and Kubuntu in a way that allows permanent saving of user settings and portability of the USB-installed system between physical machines (however, the computers' BIOS must support booting from USB).[82] In newer versions of Ubuntu, the Ubuntu Live USB creator can be used to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a live CD or DVD). Creating a bootable USB drive with persistence is as simple as dragging a slider to determine how much space to reserve for persistence; for this, Ubuntu employs casper.[83][84]

Package classification and support

[edit]

Ubuntu divides most software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available.[85] Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members known as "Masters of the Universe" (MOTU),[86] but not from Canonical Ltd.[citation needed]

Free software Non-free software
Officially supported by Canonical Main Restricted
Community supported/Third party Universe Multiverse

Free software includes software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements,[85] which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmware, in the Main category, because although some firmware is not allowed to be modified, its distribution is still permitted.[87]

Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment.[85]

In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognised repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu.[88]

The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public.[89] Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release.[citation needed]

In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads that must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression.[90] Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.[citation needed]

Canonical previously hosted a partner repository that let vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software.[91] The software in the partner repository was officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supported the packaging of the software for Ubuntu[92][93][94] and provided guidance to vendors.[91] However, in anticipation for the release of Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Canonical closed the partner repository, as the only package still hosted in it was Adobe Flash, which would not be released with 22.04.[95] Ubuntu developer Steve Langasek said in a development mailing list that he felt the "Snap Store has matured to the point that I believe it supersedes the partner archive".[96]

Package Archives

[edit]

A Personal Package Archive (PPA) is a software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published as an Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) repository by Launchpad.[97] While the term is used exclusively within Ubuntu, Launchpad's host, Canonical, envisions adoption beyond the Ubuntu community.[98]

Third-party software

[edit]

Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.[99]

Additionally, third-party application suites are available for download via Ubuntu Software and the Snap store,[100] including many games such as Braid, Minecraft and Oil Rush,[101] software for DVD playback and media codecs.[102]

Releases

[edit]
For further information on all Ubuntu releases, including older ones not covered here, see Ubuntu version history.
Currently supported releases
Version Code name Release date General support until Security support (ESM) until
16.04 LTS Xenial Xerus[103] 2016-04-21[104] Old version, no longer maintained: 2021-04-30[105] Old version, yet still maintained: 2026-04
18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver 2018-04-26[106] Old version, no longer maintained: 2023-05-31[107] Old version, yet still maintained: 2028-04
20.04 LTS Focal Fossa 2020-04-23[108] Old version, yet still maintained: 2025-05-29[109] Old version, yet still maintained: 2030-04
22.04 LTS Jammy Jellyfish[110] 2022-04-21[111] Old version, yet still maintained: 2027-06-01 Old version, yet still maintained: 2032-04
24.04 LTS Noble Numbat 2024-04-25[112] Current stable version: 2029-05-31 Current stable version: 2034-04-25
24.10 Oracular Oriole 2024-10-10 Current stable version: 2025-07 -
Legend:
Old version, not maintained
Old version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

Each Ubuntu release has a version number that consists of the year and month number of the release.[113] For example, the first release was Ubuntu 4.10 as it was released on 20 October 2004.[35]

Ubuntu releases are also given alliterative code names, using an adjective and an animal (e.g., "Bionic Beaver"). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer, at least until restarting the cycle with the release of Artful Aardvark in October 2017.[114] Commonly, Ubuntu releases are referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name; for example, the 24.04 LTS release is commonly known as "Noble". Releases are timed to be approximately one month after GNOME releases.[citation needed]

Upgrades from one LTS release to the next LTS release (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS to Ubuntu 18.04 LTS etc.) are supported,[115] while upgrades from non-LTS have only supported upgrade to the next release, regardless of its LTS status (e.g. Ubuntu 23.10 to Ubuntu 24.04 LTS). However, it is possible to skip an LTS upgrade, going straight from 16.04 LTS to 18.04.5 LTS, by waiting for a point release that supports such updating.[citation needed]

LTS releases have optional extended security maintenance (ESM) support available, including e.g. 18.04 "Bionic" that is otherwise out of public support, adding support for that version up to 2028, giving a total of 10 years.[116]

Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat), was released on 10 October 2010 (10–10–10). This departed from the traditional schedule of releasing at the end of October in order to get "the perfect 10",[117] and makes a playful reference to The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books, since, in binary, 101010 equals decimal 42, the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything" within the series.[118]

Variants

[edit]
See also: List of Linux distributions § Ubuntu-based
Ubuntu family tree[dubious – discuss]

Ubuntu Desktop (formally named as Ubuntu Desktop Edition, and simply called Ubuntu) is the variant officially recommended for most users. It is designed for desktop and laptop PCs and is officially supported by Canonical. A number of variants are distinguished simply by each featuring a different desktop environment, or, in the case of Ubuntu Server, no desktop.[81] LXQt and Xfce[119] are often recommended for use with older PCs that may have less memory and processing power available.[citation needed]

Official distributions

[edit]

Most Ubuntu editions and flavours simply install a different set of default packages compared to the standard Ubuntu Desktop. Since they share the same package repositories, all of the same software is available for each of them.[120][121] Ubuntu Core[a] is the sole exception as it only has access to packages in the Snap Store.[122]

Distribution Description
Edubuntu Edubuntu, formerly Ubuntu Education Edition, is a flavour of Ubuntu that has been modified for education. It is designed for preschool, primary, secondary and tertiary educations through the installation of different packages.
Kubuntu An Ubuntu flavour using the KDE interface instead of the GNOME (and Unity) interface used by Ubuntu Desktop.[123]
Lubuntu Lubuntu is an Ubuntu flavour that is "lighter, less resource hungry and more energy-efficient", using the LXQt desktop environment (used LXDE before 18.10).[124][125][126]
Ubuntu Core An Ubuntu edition focused on IoT and embedded systems. It has no graphical interface, and only allows access over SSH. Unlike other variants, it does not use the traditional apt package manager but relies entirely on Snap packages.[122] It is designed to be configured via model assertions which are text documents defining which Snap packages and configurations apply to the OS image.[127]
Ubuntu Budgie An Ubuntu flavour using Budgie.
Cinnamon-logo Ubuntu Cinnamon An Ubuntu flavour using Linux Mint's Cinnamon desktop. Formerly known as Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix.[128][129]
Ubuntu Kylin An Ubuntu flavour aimed at the Chinese market.
Ubuntu MATE An Ubuntu flavour using MATE, a desktop environment forked from the now-defunct GNOME 2 code base, with an emphasis on the desktop metaphor.[130]
Ubuntu Server Ubuntu has a server edition[131][132] that uses the same APT repositories as the Ubuntu Desktop Edition. The differences between them are the absence of an X Window environment in a default installation of the server edition (although one can easily be installed, including GNOME, KDE, Unity or Xfce), and some alterations to the installation process.[133] The server edition uses a screen-mode, character-based interface for the installation, instead of a graphical installation process. This enables installation on machines with a serial or "dumb terminal" interface without graphics support.

The server edition (like the desktop version) supports hardware virtualization and can be run in a virtual machine, either inside a host operating system or in a hypervisor, such as VMware ESXi, Oracle, Citrix XenServer, Microsoft Hyper-V, QEMU, a Kernel-based Virtual Machine, or any other IBM PC compatible emulator or virtualiser. AppArmor security module for the Linux kernel is used by default on key software packages, and the firewall is extended to common services used by the operating system.

It has versions of key server software pre-installed, including Tomcat, PostgreSQL (v12.2), Docker, Puppet, Python (v3.9), PHP (v8.0), NGINX (v1.17), and MySQL (v8.0).

Ubuntu Studio Based on Ubuntu, providing open-source applications for multimedia creation aimed at the audio, video and graphic editors. This release uses the KDE Plasma 5 desktop environment; previous releases used Xfce.[140]
Ubuntu Unity Logo Ubuntu Unity An Ubuntu flavour using Unity 7.[141][142][143]
Xubuntu An Ubuntu flavour using Xfce. Xubuntu is intended for use on less-powerful computers or those who seek a highly efficient desktop environment on faster systems, and uses mostly GTK applications.[144]

Ubuntu had some official distributions that have been discontinued, such as Gobuntu; including some previously supported by Canonical, like Ubuntu Touch, that is now maintained by volunteers (UBports Community).

Unofficial distributions

[edit]

Alongside the official flavours are those that are unofficial. These are still in the process of becoming recognised as official flavours by Canonical.[145][146]

Distribution Description
Deepin-logo UbuntuDDE An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using Deepin Desktop Environment.[147]
Ubuntu Sway An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using Sway Window Manager.[148]
Ubuntu Web An unofficial Ubuntu flavour using GNOME Desktop Environment, with the focus on web applications.[149]

Cloud computing

[edit]
Cloud Ubuntu Orange Box

Ubuntu offers Ubuntu Cloud Images which are pre-installed disk images that have been customised by Ubuntu engineering to run on cloud-platforms such as Amazon EC2, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure and LXC.[150] Ubuntu is also prevalent on VPS platforms such as DigitalOcean.[151]

Eucalyptus interface

Ubuntu has support for OpenStack, with Eucalyptus to OpenStack migration tools added by Canonical.[152][153] Ubuntu 11.10 added focus on OpenStack as the Ubuntu's preferred IaaS offering though Eucalyptus is also supported. Another major focus is Canonical Juju for provisioning, deploying, hosting, managing, and orchestrating enterprise data center infrastructure services, by, with, and for the Ubuntu Server.[154][155]

Adoption and reception

[edit]

Installed base

[edit]

As Ubuntu is distributed freely and historically there was no registration process (still optional[156][157]), Ubuntu usage can only be roughly estimated.[158] In 2015, Canonical's Ubuntu Insights page stated "Ubuntu now has over 40 million desktop users and counting".[159]

W3Techs Web Technology Surveys estimated in November 2020 that:

  • Ubuntu is by far the most popular Linux distribution for running web servers; of the websites they analyze it is "used by 47.3% of all the websites who use Linux",[160] and Ubuntu alone powers more websites than Microsoft Windows, which powers 28.2% of all websites, or 39% of the share Unix has (which includes Linux and thus Ubuntu). All Linux/Unix distributions in total power well over twice the number of hosts as Windows for websites based on W3Techs numbers. Ubuntu and Debian only (which Ubuntu is based on, with the same package manager and thus administered the same way) make up 65% of all Linux distributions for web serving use; the usage of Ubuntu surpassed Debian (for such server use) in May 2016.[citation needed]
  • Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution among the top 1,000 sites and gains around 500 of the top 10 million websites per day.[161]

W3Techs analyses the top 10 million websites only.[162]

Wikimedia Foundation data (based on user agent) for September 2013 shows that Ubuntu generated the most page requests to Wikimedia sites, including Wikipedia, among recognizable Linux distributions.[163][164]

As of June 2024, Ubuntu 22.04 is used in Microsoft NDv5, a Microsofts Azure cloud computer, its fastest one (of 7 Azure supercomputers, all running on Ubuntu), currently 3rd fastest supercomputer on the TOP500 list (only beaten by the only two exaflop computers; is itself half an exaflop, only the top 3 are that powerful).[165] Other supercomputers running Ubuntu rank also high on the list e.g. NVIDIA's Selene supercomputer still ranks highly, and was fifth-fastest one in the world in November 2022[166] after an upgrade from seventh place, where it entered the list in June. Another Nvidia-based supercomputer using Ubuntu previously topped the Green500 list (it and the next one was also Ubuntu-based), a list which is a reordering of former list, ordered by power-efficiency.[167] On the TOP500 list, that supercomputer was ranked 170nd (and many Ubuntu-based rank higher than that).[168]

Large-scale deployments

[edit]

The public sector has also adopted Ubuntu. As of January 2009, the Ministry of Education and Science of North Macedonia deployed more than 180,000[169] Ubuntu-based classroom desktops, and has encouraged every student in the country to use Ubuntu-powered computer workstations;[170] the Spanish school system has 195,000 Ubuntu desktops.[169] The French police, having already started using open-source software in 2005 by replacing Microsoft Office with OpenOffice.org, decided to transition to Ubuntu from Windows XP after the release of Windows Vista in 2006.[171] By March 2009, the Gendarmerie Nationale had already switched 5,000 workstations to Ubuntu.[171] Based on the success of that transition, it planned to switch 15,000 more over by the end of 2009 and to have switched all 90,000 workstations over by 2015 (GendBuntu project).[171] Lt. Colonel Guimard announced that the move was very easy and allowed for a 70% saving on the IT budget without having to reduce its capabilities.[171] In 2011, Ubuntu 10.04 was adopted by the Indian justice system.[172]

In 2004,[173] the city of Munich, Germany, started the LiMux project, and later forked Kubuntu 10.04 LTS for use on the city's computers.[174] After originally planning to migrate 12,000 desktop computers to LiMux, it was announced in December 2013 that the project had completed successfully with the migration of 14,800 out of 15,500 desktop computers,[175] but still keeping about 5,000 Windows clients for unported applications. In February 2017 the majority coalition decided, against heavy protest from the opposition,[176] to evaluate the migration back to Windows,[177] after Microsoft had decided to move its company headquarters to Munich.[178] Governing Mayor Dieter Reiter cited lack of compatibility with systems outside of the administrative sector, such as requiring a governmental mail server to send e-mails to his personal smartphone, as reasons for the return, but has been criticised for evaluating administrative IT based on private and business standards.[179] In May 2020, the recently elected Alliance 90/The Greens party and the Social Democrat party negotiated a new coalition agreement, stating: "Where it is technologically and financially possible, the city will put emphasis on open standards and free open-source licensed software".[180][181]

In March 2012, the government of Iceland launched a project to get all public institutions using free and open-source software. Already, several government agencies and schools have adopted Ubuntu. The government cited cost savings as a big factor for the decision, and also stated that open-source software avoids vendor lock-in. A 12-month project was launched to migrate the biggest public institutions in Iceland to using open-source software, and help ease the migration for others.[182] US president Barack Obama's successful campaign for re-election in 2012 used Ubuntu in its IT department.[183] In August 2014, the city of Turin, Italy, announced its migration from Windows XP to Ubuntu for the 8,300 desktop computers used by the municipality, becoming the first city in Italy to adopt Ubuntu.[184][185]

Starting in 2008, the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization behind Wikipedia, switched from multiple different Linux operating systems to Ubuntu.[186][187]

Reception

[edit]

Ubuntu was awarded the Reader Award for best Linux distribution at the 2005 LinuxWorld Conference and Expo in London,[188] received favorable reviews in online and print publications,[189][190] and has won InfoWorld's 2007 Bossie Award for Best Open Source Client OS.[191] In early 2008, PC World named Ubuntu the "best all-around Linux distribution available today", though it criticized the lack of an integrated desktop effects manager.[192] Chris DiBona, the program manager for open-source software at Google, said "I think Ubuntu has captured people's imaginations around the Linux desktop," and "If there is a hope for the Linux desktop, it would be them". As of January 2009, almost half of Google's 20,000 employees used Goobuntu, a slightly modified version of Ubuntu.[169] In 2012, ZDNet reported that Ubuntu was still Google's desktop of choice.[193] In March 2016, Matt Hartley picked a list of best Linux distributions for Datamation; he chose Ubuntu as number one.[194]

In 2008, Jamie Hyneman, co-host of the American television series MythBusters, advocated Linux (giving the example of Ubuntu) as a solution to software bloat.[195] Other celebrity users of Ubuntu include science fiction writer Cory Doctorow[196] and actor Stephen Fry.[197]

In January 2014, the UK's authority for computer security, CESG, reported that Ubuntu 12.04 LTS was "the only operating system that passes as many as 9 out of 12 requirements without any significant risks", though it was unclear if any other Linux distributions were tested.[198]

32-bit "deprecation" controversy

[edit]

In June 2019, Canonical announced that they would be deprecating support for 32-bit applications and libraries in Ubuntu 19.10.[199]

Because Steam's Linux client depends on these 32-bit libraries, Valve announced that they would no longer be supporting Ubuntu. After uproar from the Linux gaming community, Canonical backtracked on this decision and decided to support select 32-bit libraries. As a result, Valve decided that Steam would support Ubuntu 19.10 again.[200][201]

Wine needs most of the same 32-bit library packages that the Steam package depends on, and more, to enable its version of WoW64 to run 32-bit Windows applications. The parts of Wine that would continue to function without 32-bit libraries would be limited to the subset of Windows applications that have a 64-bit version, removing decades of Windows compatibility. In Canonical's statement on bringing back the libraries, they mentioned using "container technology" in the future to make sure that Wine continues to function.[202]

Conformity with European data privacy law

[edit]

Soon after being introduced in 2012, doubts emerged on the conformance of the shopping lens (a feature that displays Amazon suggestions in the searching tool Unity Dash) with the European Data Protection Directive.[203][204] A petition was later signed and delivered to Canonical demanding various modifications to the feature in order to clearly frame it within European law. Canonical did not reply.[citation needed]

In 2013, a formal complaint on the shopping lens was filed with the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the UK data privacy office. Almost one year later the ICO ruled in favor of Canonical, considering the various improvements introduced to the feature in the meantime to render it conformable with the Data Protection Directive.[205] According to European rules, this ruling is automatically effective in the entirety of the European Union. However, the ruling also made clear that at the time of introduction the feature was not legal, among other things, since it was missing a privacy policy statement.[citation needed]

System terminal advertising controversies

[edit]

Ubuntu has integrated increasing quantities of advertising into the operating system's terminal, leading to multiple controversies with its user base.[citation needed]

In 2017, Canonical placed a message regarding HBO's Silicon Valley in the MOTD file, causing the message to be shown whenever a terminal session started. Over the following years, more messages would be placed into the MOTD.[206]

In 2022, ads for Ubuntu's premium service, Ubuntu Advantage, were introduced into the apt system update utility. This move caused controversy in the user community, with some users considering advertising a fair business model to support development, while other users found the inclusion inappropriate and annoying.[207]

Local communities (LoCos)

[edit]
Not to be confused with Linux User Group.

In an effort to reach out to users who are less technical, and to foster a sense of community around the distribution, Local Communities,[208] better known as "LoCos", have been established throughout the world. Originally, each country had one LoCo Team. However, in some areas, most notably the United States and Canada, each state or province may establish a team.[209] A LoCo Council approves teams based upon their efforts to aid in either the development or the promotion of Ubuntu.[210]

Hardware vendor support

[edit]

Ubuntu works closely with OEMs to jointly make Ubuntu available on a wide range of devices.[211] A number of vendors offer computers with Ubuntu pre-installed, including Dell,[212] Hasee,[213] Sharp Corporation, and Cirrus7.[214][215] Specifically, Dell offers the XPS 13 laptop, Developer Edition with Ubuntu pre-installed.[216] Together, Dell, Lenovo, HP, and Acer offer over 200 desktop and over 400 laptop PCs preloaded with Ubuntu.[217] System76 computers are also sold with Ubuntu.[218] Dell and System76 customers are able to choose between 30-day, three-month, and yearly Ubuntu support plans through Canonical.[219] Dell computers (running Ubuntu 10.04) include extra support for ATI/AMD Video Graphics, Dell Wireless, fingerprint readers, HDMI, Bluetooth, DVD playback (using LinDVD), and MP3/WMA/WMV.[220] Asus also sold some Eee PCs with Ubuntu pre-installed and announced "many more" models running Ubuntu for 2011.[221][222][223] Vodafone has made available a notebook for the South African market called "Webbook".[224][225][226]

Dell sells computers (initially Inspiron 14R and 15R laptops) pre-loaded with Ubuntu in India and China, with 850 and 350 retail outlets respectively.[227][228] Starting in 2013, Alienware began offering its X51 model gaming desktop pre-installed with Ubuntu at a lower price than if it were pre-installed with Windows.[229]

While Linux already works on IBM's mainframe system (Linux on IBM Z), IBM in collaboration with Canonical (and SUSE; "Linux Foundation will form a new Open Mainframe Project") announced Ubuntu support for their z/Architecture for the first time (IBM claimed their system, IBM zEnterprise System, version z13, the most powerful computer in the world in 2015;[230] it was then the largest computer by transistor count; again claimed fastest in 2017 with IBM z14[231]), at the time of their "biggest code drop" ("LinuxOne") in Linux history.[232]

In early 2015, Intel launched the Intel Compute Stick small form factor computer available preloaded with Ubuntu or Windows operating systems.[233]

Windows interoperability

[edit]

Many Windows applications can be run on Ubuntu, much like in other Linux distributions, using the Wine compatibility layer, which can be managed via frontends such as Bottles.

Multiple Windows virtual machines can also be installed by KVM/QEMU and Virt-Manager.[234] Graphics settings are easiest in QXL/SPICE mode. For 3D accelerated graphics performance, there is a third-party VirGL driver or GPU Full Passthrough mode.

In a networked environment, file sharing between Ubuntu Linux and Windows is possible by Samba client/server software. Host Ubuntu Linux and the guest Windows virtual machines are also virtually networked in KVM, so file sharing between the host and virtual guest machines can also be done by the Samba in the KVM environment.

RDP server of GNOME Remote Desktop and Remmina client software is used for remote desktop connection between Ubuntu Linux and the other OSs.

In March 2016, Microsoft announced that it would support the Ubuntu userland on top of the Windows 10 kernel by implementing the Linux system calls as a subsystem. At the time, it was focused on command-line tools like Bash and was aimed at software developers.[235][236][237] WSL was made available with Windows 10, version 1709.[238] As of 2019, other Linux distributions are also supported.[239]

In 2019, Microsoft announced the new WSL 2 subsystem that includes a Linux kernel, that Canonical announced will have "full support for Ubuntu".[240] By this time, it was possible to run graphical Linux apps on Windows.[241] In 2021, Microsoft went on to add out-of-the-box support for graphical Linux apps, through the WSLg project.[242][243]

In May 2021, Microsoft extended its Threat and Vulnerability Management solution, which was a Windows-only solution thus far, to support Ubuntu, RHEL, and CentOS.[244] Starting with version 6, PowerShell runs on Ubuntu and can manage both Windows and Ubuntu computers remotely from either platforms.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Ubuntu Core is a "containerised" version of Ubuntu. The goal of this Ubuntu edition is to provide a more: minimal; secure; maintainable operating system base that can be expanded by "snaps".

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "kernel.ubuntu.com". kernel.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  2. ^ "Index of /ubuntu". archive.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Oracular Oriole Release Notes". Retrieved 10 October 2024.
  4. ^ "Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS released". 29 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d "Installation". Ubuntu Server Documentation. Canonical Ltd. 2020. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. Ubuntu 20.04 Server Edition [...] supports four 64-bit architectures: amd64, arm64, ppc64el, s390x
  6. ^ "Supported platforms". Ubuntu Core Documentation. Canonical Ltd. 2020. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  7. ^ "Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems". Free Software Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d e Canonical. "About the Ubuntu project". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  9. ^ a b Canonical. "Licensing". ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  10. ^ Canonical. "Our mission". ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  11. ^ Canonical. "Debian". ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  12. ^ Canonical. "Ubuntu PC operating system". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  13. ^ Canonical. "Ubuntu Server - for scale out workloads". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  14. ^ Canonical. "Ubuntu Core". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  15. ^ Canonical. "Ubuntu for the Internet of Things". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  16. ^ "Your first robot: A beginner's guide to ROS and Ubuntu Core [1/5]". blog.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  17. ^ Trenholm, Richard. "Open source Ubuntu Core connects robots, drones and smart homes". CNET. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
  18. ^ Canonical. "Canonical and Ubuntu". ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  19. ^ Canonical. "Governance". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  20. ^ "Releases - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  21. ^ "LTS - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  22. ^ "Releases - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  23. ^ Canonical. "Release end of life". ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  24. ^ Canonical. "Support and management". ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  25. ^ Canonical. "Plans and pricing". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  26. ^ Canonical. "Thank you for your contribution". Ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  27. ^ "Ubuntu Pulls Its Latest Desktop Release Over Hate Speech Concerns". PCMag Middle East. 15 October 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  28. ^ "Top Five Reasons Why Ubuntu Is the Most Used Linux OS". 7 September 2015.
  29. ^ Evangelho, Jason. "Linux For Beginners: Understanding The Many Versions Of Ubuntu". Forbes. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  30. ^ Canonical. "OpenStack on Ubuntu is your scalable private cloud, by Canonical". ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  31. ^ "Ubuntu and Debian". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  32. ^ a b "About Ubuntu. The Ubuntu Story". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  33. ^ Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (20 March 2013). "Ubuntu To Halve Support Window for 'Regular' Releases". OMG! Ubuntu!. Ohso Ltd. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  34. ^ "Time Based Releases". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  35. ^ a b Mark Shuttleworth (20 October 2004). "Announcing Ubuntu 4.10 "The Warty Warthog Release"". lists.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  36. ^ Hill, Benjamin Mako (8 July 2005). "Announcing Launch of ($10 m) Ubuntu Foundation". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  37. ^ "RightScale Adds Full Support for Ubuntu Server to Its Cloud Management Platform". Canonical Ltd. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  38. ^ Paul, Ryan (25 October 2010), "Shuttleworth: Unity shell will be default desktop in Ubuntu 11.04", Ars Technica, retrieved 9 August 2024
  39. ^ "Ubuntu". DistroWatch.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  40. ^ "Index of /releases/16.04.5". releases.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  41. ^ "Index of /releases/14.04.5". releases.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  42. ^ "Installation/MinimalCD". Canonical Ltd. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  43. ^ "Golem.de: IT-News für Profis". www.golem.de. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  44. ^ "Statement on 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS". Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  45. ^ Sneddon, Joey (9 August 2024), "Canonical Announce Major Ubuntu Kernel Change", OMG Ubuntu, retrieved 9 August 2024
  46. ^ "Rethinking Ubuntu Desktop: a more thoughtful default installation". Ubuntu Community Hub. 6 July 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  47. ^ "Ubuntu 17.04 review: Don't call it abandonware, per se". Ars Technica. 11 May 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
  48. ^ "DefaultApps - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  49. ^ "Files – Apps for GNOME". apps.gnome.org. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  50. ^ "Licensing". ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
  51. ^ Morgan, Timothy Prickett (20 April 2010). "Ubuntu Server primed for the bigtime". The Register. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  52. ^ "Ubuntu 12.04 to feature extended support period for desktop users". Fridge.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  53. ^ Paul, Ryan (28 May 2012). "Precision and purpose: Ubuntu 12.04 and the Unity HUD reviewed". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  54. ^ "Releases". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  55. ^ Shuttleworth, Mark (12 May 2008). "The Art of Release". MarkShuttleworth.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  56. ^ Shuttleworth, Mark. "FAQs: Why and Whither for Ubuntu? What about binary compatibility between distributions?". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  57. ^ "Website does not reference Debian visibly". Ubuntu Website Bug Tracking [Obsolete]. Canonical Group. 19 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2010 – via Launchpad.
  58. ^ "Ubuntu vs. Debian, reprise". 20 April 2005. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
  59. ^ "UbuntuDevelopment/ReleaseProcess - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  60. ^ "DebianImportFreeze - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  61. ^ "Security". Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  62. ^ "Security/Features - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  63. ^ "Root Sudo". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  64. ^ "Default Network Services". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  65. ^ "Gufw". Ubuntu Community Help Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  66. ^ "Compiler Flags". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  67. ^ "Debian: Secure by Default". D-SbD.Alioth.Debian.org. Alioth Project. Archived from the original on 3 November 2004. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  68. ^ "FullDiskEncryptionHowto". Ubuntu Community Help Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  69. ^ "Encrypted Home". Ubuntu Community Help Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  70. ^ "Download Ubuntu Desktop". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  71. ^ "Ubuntu 11.10 will support ARM processors to take on Red Hat". The Inquirer. 10 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  72. ^ Paul, Ryan (26 April 2012). "Precise Pangolin rolls out: Ubuntu 12.04 released, introduces Unity HUD". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  73. ^ Larabel, Michael (23 January 2012). "Ubuntu's Already Making Plans For ARM in 2014, 2015". Phoronix.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  74. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (22 August 2011). "Ubuntu Linux bets on the ARM server". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  75. ^ "Ubuntu for IBM POWER8". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  76. ^ Larabel, Michael (14 March 2012). "Ubuntu Plans to Drop Non-SMP PowerPC Support". Phoronix.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  77. ^ "Technical Board Decision". Lists.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. February 2007. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  78. ^ "Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx)". CDimage.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  79. ^ "Installing Ubuntu from the Live CD". Easy-Ubuntu-Linux.com. Integrity Enterprises. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  80. ^ "Ubuntu Desktop 23.04 release roundup". Ubuntu. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  81. ^ a b "Releases.Ubuntu.com". Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  82. ^ "Boot from USB Ubuntu with Persistence". PenDriveLinux.com. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  83. ^ "Casper, the Friendly (and Persistent) Ghost". Linux Journal. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  84. ^ "casper – a hook for initramfs-tools to boot live systems". Manpages.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  85. ^ a b c "About Ubuntu: Licensing". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  86. ^ "MOTU - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  87. ^ "Kernel/Firmware - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  88. ^ "Ubuntu Backports". Ubuntu Community Help Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  89. ^ "Stable Release Updates". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  90. ^ "SRU Verification". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  91. ^ a b "Application packaging". Canonical.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  92. ^ "Application packaging". Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  93. ^ Thomason, Brian. "Partner Repository Forum FAQ". Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2010 – via Ubuntu Forums.
  94. ^ "Desktop support features". Canonical.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  95. ^ Sneddon, Joey (28 January 2022). "Ubuntu is Axing the Partner Repo Nobody Uses". OMG! Ubuntu. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  96. ^ Langasek, Steve (27 January 2022). "Proposed deprecation of the Canonical partner archive". Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  97. ^ "Packaging/PPA - Launchpad Help". help.launchpad.net. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  98. ^ "Launchpad Blog". blog.launchpad.net. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  99. ^ "Ubuntu – Details of package ubuntu-restricted-extras in jammy". packages.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  100. ^ "Ubuntu Software Center". Shop.Canonical.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
  101. ^ Planella, David (December 2011). "Top 10 Ubuntu Software Centre app downloads for November". Developer.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  102. ^ "Install VLC on Linux | Snap Store". Snapcraft. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  103. ^ Shuttleworth, Mark (21 October 2015). "X marks the spot". MarkShuttleworth.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  104. ^ "Canonical unveils 6th LTS release of Ubuntu with 16.04". Ubuntu Insights. Canonical Ltd. 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  105. ^ "Extended Security Maintenance for Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial Xerus) begins April 30 2021" (Mailing list). Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  106. ^ "Bionic Release Schedule". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  107. ^ Sandecki, Lech (14 March 2023). "Time to prepare for Ubuntu 18.04 LTS End of Standard Support on 31 May 2023". Ubuntu Blog.
  108. ^ "Ubuntu 20.04 Release Date & Planned Features (Updated)". OMG! Ubuntu!. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  109. ^ "The Ubuntu lifecycle and release cadence". Ubuntu.com. Canonical. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  110. ^ "0.43ubuntu1.9 : distro-info-data package : Ubuntu". Launchpad. 15 October 2021. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  111. ^ "Releases - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  112. ^ "Noble Numbat Release Schedule". Ubuntu Community Hub. 5 January 2024.
  113. ^ "Common Questions: Ubuntu Releases and Version Numbers". Ubuntu Community Help Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
  114. ^ "Development Code Names". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  115. ^ "Upgrade Notes: General Upgrade Information". Ubuntu Community Help Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  116. ^ "Ubuntu 14.04 and 16.04 lifecycle extended to ten years". Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  117. ^ Shuttleworth, Mark (2 April 2010). "Shooting for the Perfect 10.10 with Maverick Meerkat". MarkShuttleworth.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
  118. ^ Shuttleworth, Mark (11 May 2010). "ubuntu-marketing: 10.10.10". Ubuntu Mailing Lists. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
  119. ^ Wallen, Jack. "Lightweight Linux Desktop Alternative: Xfce". Linux.com – The Source for Linux Information. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  120. ^ "Ubuntu flavours". Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  121. ^ "UbuntuFlavors - Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  122. ^ a b Salter, Jim (2 February 2021). "Containerize all the things with Ubuntu Core 20". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  123. ^ "Kubuntu - Friendly Computing". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  124. ^ Smart, Chris (May 2009). "Another day, another Ubuntu derivative". Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  125. ^ LXDE (February 2009). "Lubuntu? LXDE Meet up with Mark Shuttleworth in Berlin". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  126. ^ "lubuntu". lubuntu. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  127. ^ Proven, Liam (17 June 2022). "Ubuntu releases Core 22: Its IoT and edge distr". The Register. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  128. ^ "Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix | Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix, traditionally modern". Ubuntu Cinnamon Remix. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  129. ^ Sneddon, Joey (28 March 2023). "Ubuntu Cinnamon Now Official Ubuntu Flavour". OMG! Ubuntu!. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  130. ^ Sneddon, Joey (1 March 2015). "Ubuntu 15.04 Beta Available to Download, Ubuntu MATE Is Now An Official Flavor". OMG Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  131. ^ a b "Ubuntu Server - for scaleout workloads". Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  132. ^ "BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes". Ubuntu Wiki. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  133. ^ "Preparing to Install". Ubuntu Official Documentation. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  134. ^ "Ubuntu Server for ARM". Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. Ubuntu 20.04 LTS includes support for the very latest ARM-based server systems powered by certified 64-bit processors. [...] Ubuntu delivers server-grade performance on ARM
  135. ^ a b "What's new in 16.04 LTS". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. 2016. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  136. ^ "Ubuntu Extended Security Maintenance | Security". Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  137. ^ Adam Conrad (21 April 2016). "Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus) released". lists.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
  138. ^ Larabel, Michael. "Taking ZFS for a Test Drive on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS". Phoronix.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  139. ^ "zfs: ZFS on Linux - the official OpenZFS implementation for Linux". 6 June 2017. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017 – via GitHub.
  140. ^ "Ubuntu Studio". Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  141. ^ "Ubuntu Unity". ubuntuunity.org. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  142. ^ "Ubuntu Unity Becoming An Official Flavor With 22.10 Release". www.phoronix.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  143. ^ Proven, Liam (20 October 2022). "Ubuntu has a new remix in the family: Unity". The Register. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  144. ^ "Xubuntu". xubuntu.org. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  145. ^ Pablinux (23 September 2019). "Ubuntu Cinnamon, probably official flavor in the coming months". Linux Adictos. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  146. ^ Nestor, Marius (14 October 2021). "Ubuntu Unity 21.10 Released to Keep the Unity7 Desktop Alive in 2021". 9to5Linux. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  147. ^ "UbuntuDDE - Your Beautiful Ubuntu Linux Distribution". Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  148. ^ "Ubuntu Sway Remix". ubuntusway.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  149. ^ "Ubuntu Web Remix - A powerful free/libre web OS". Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  150. ^ "Ubuntu Cloud Images". Cloud-images.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  151. ^ "Where Do Droplets Form?". DigitalOcean Company Blog. DigitalOcean. 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  152. ^ "Canonical switches to OpenStack for Ubuntu Linux cloud". ZDNet. 10 May 2011. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  153. ^ Prickett, Timothy (10 May 2011). "Ubuntu eats OpenStack for clouds". The Register. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  154. ^ Kirkland, Dustin (7 June 2011). "Dustin Kirkland of Canonical" (Interview). Interviewed by Barton George. Cloud Expo, New York City: Dell Inc. Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2012 – via YouTube.
  155. ^ "ServerTeam: Orchestra". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. 4 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  156. ^ "WikiGuide/Registration - Community Help Wiki". help.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  157. ^ "software installation - Why does Ubuntu require us to register an account on Ubuntu website to be able to install a Snap package?". Ask Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  158. ^ Kerner, Sean Michael (7 April 2010). "Ubuntu Claims 12 Million Users as Lucid Linux Desktop Nears". LinuxPlanet.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
  159. ^ "About Ubuntu Insights". Insights.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  160. ^ "Usage Statistics and Market Share of Linux for Websites, November 2020". w3techs.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  161. ^ "Debian/Ubuntu extend the[ir] dominance in the Linux web server market at the expense of Red Hat/CentOS". W3Techs. Q-Success. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  162. ^ "Web Technologies Statistics and Trends". W3Techs. Q-Success. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  163. ^ Zachte, Eric (September 2013). "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Operating Systems". Wikimedia Statistics. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  164. ^ Relph-Knight, Terry (10 February 2012). "A tale of two distros: Ubuntu and Linux Mint". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  165. ^ "Frontier keeps top spot, but Aurora officially becomes the second exascale machine | TOP500". www.top500.org. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  166. ^ "Selene - NVIDIA DGX A100, AMD EPYC 7742 64C 2.25GHz, NVIDIA A100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband". TOP500. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  167. ^ "November 2020". TOP500. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  168. ^ "NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD - NVIDIA DGX A100, AMD EPYC 7742 64C 2.25GHz, NVIDIA A100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband". TOP500. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  169. ^ a b c Vance, Ashlee (10 January 2009). "A Software Populist Who Doesn't Do Windows". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
  170. ^ "Every Student in the Republic of Macedonia to Use Ubuntu-powered Computer Workstations". Ubuntu. Canonical Ltd. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  171. ^ a b c d Paul, Ryan (11 March 2009). "French police: We saved millions of euros by adopting Ubuntu". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  172. ^ "India's Justice Sytem [sic] Switches to Ubuntu 10.04". News.Softpedia.com. SoftNews Net SRL. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  173. ^ "Munich Mayor Says Switch to Linux Saved Money, Reduced Complaints". PCWorld. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022. The city of Munich started the LiMux project in 2004 and began migrating from Windows NT to a fully open source desktop infrastructure in 2006.
  174. ^ "Landeshauptstadt München – Das Projekt LiMux" [City of Munich – The Project LiMux]. Muenchen.de: Das offizielle Stadtportal (in German). Portal München Betriebs GmbH / Landeshauptstadt München / Stadtwerke München GmbH. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  175. ^ Essers, Loek (13 December 2013). "Munich open-source switch 'completed successfully'". Archived from the original on 13 October 2014.
  176. ^ iX (12 February 2017). "LiMux-Aus in München: Opposition wettert gegen "katastrophale Fehlentscheidung"". iX. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  177. ^ iX (9 February 2017). "Von Linux zurück zu Microsoft: Schwarz-Rot in München will LiMux rauswerfen". iX. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  178. ^ iX (8 November 2013). ""Büro der Zukunft": Microsoft zieht nach München-Schwabing". iX. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  179. ^ iX. ""Bin Microsoft-Fan": Münchner Bürgermeister kritisiert Linux - derstandard.at/2000003144506/Bin-Microsoft-Fan-Muenchner-Buergermeister-kritisiert-Linux-in-Stadtverwaltung". iX. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  180. ^ Schaer, Cathrin (14 May 2020). "Linux not Windows: Why Munich is shifting back from Microsoft to open source – again". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  181. ^ "Mit Mut, Visionen und Zuversicht: Ganz München im Blick" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  182. ^ Brown, Mark (23 March 2012). "Icelandic government makes a push for open-source software". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
  183. ^ Gallagher, Sean (20 November 2012). "How Team Obama's tech efficiency left Romney IT in dust". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2018. Key in maximizing the value of the Obama campaign's IT spending was its use of open source tools and open architectures. Linux—particularly Ubuntu—was used as the server operating system of choice.
  184. ^ Stahie, Silviu (8 August 2014). "Turin to Be First Italian City to Adopt Ubuntu, Unshackle from the 'Tyranny of Proprietary Software'". News.Softpedia.com. SoftNews Net SRL. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  185. ^ Guccione, Gabriele (4 August 2014). "Il Comune di Torino rinnova i pc e dà l'addio a Microsoft: "Risparmiamo 6 milioni"". la Repubblica. Gruppo Editoriale L′Espresso. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  186. ^ Weiss, Todd R. (9 October 2008). "Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012.
  187. ^ Paul, Ryan (9 October 2008). "Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  188. ^ Masters, John (June 2005). "LinuxWorld Expo UK 2005" (PDF). Linux Magazine. Linux New Media. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
  189. ^ Adelstein, Tom (19 April 2005). "Linux in Government: Linux Desktop Reviews, Part 6 – Ubuntu". Linux Journal. Archived from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  190. ^ McAllister, Neil (January 2008). "Gutsy Gibbon: Desktop Linux OS Made Easy". PC World. 26: 84.
  191. ^ Venenzia, Paul (10 September 2007). "Best of open source in platforms and middleware". InfoWorld. Archived from the original on 8 June 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  192. ^ Strohmeyer, Robert (2 June 2008). "Desktop Linux Face-Off: Ubuntu 8.04 vs. Fedora 9". PC World. Archived from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  193. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (29 August 2012). "The truth about Goobuntu: Google's in-house desktop Ubuntu Linux". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016. Goobuntu use is encouraged and 'All our development tools are for Ubuntu.'
  194. ^ Hartley, Matt; Byfield, Bruce (15 March 2016). "Best Linux Distro: Linux Experts Rate Distros". Datamation. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016. Obviously, Ubuntu was going to be at the top of the list.[...] Ubuntu has done more to put desktop Linux into the hands of the common man than any other distribution out there.
  195. ^ Hyneman, Jamie (18 February 2008). "MythBusters: 7 Tech Headaches—and How to Fix Them". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010.
  196. ^ Thomas, K.; Channelle, A.; Sicam, J. (2009). Beginning Ubuntu Linux. Apress. p. xxxii. ISBN 978-1-4302-1999-6.
  197. ^ Sneddon, Joey (27 August 2012). "Stephen Fry: 'I Use Ubuntu'". OMG! Ubuntu!. Ohso Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
  198. ^ Hillenius, Gijs (20 January 2014). "Ubuntu 'highest score' in UK gov security test". JoinUp from the European Commission. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  199. ^ Langasek, Steve (18 June 2019). "i386 architecture will be dropped starting with eoan (Ubuntu 19.10)". Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  200. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Stephen J. (24 June 2019). "Canonical returns 32 bit Ubuntu Linux support after uproar". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  201. ^ Fisher, Christine (24 June 2019). "Canonical backtracks on pulling 32-bit support from Ubuntu Linux". Engadget. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  202. ^ "Statement on 32-bit i386 packages for Ubuntu 19.10 and 20.04 LTS". Ubuntu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  203. ^ "Ubuntu's Shopping Lens Might Be Illegal in Europe". Softpedia.com. 9 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  204. ^ "Blogger Claims Ubuntu's New Shopping Lens Breaks EU Law". OMG! Ubuntu!. Ohso Ltd. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  205. ^ Sneddon, Joey (10 August 2014). "Unity Shopping Lens Is Legal, Says UK Data Protection Body". OMG! Ubuntu!. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  206. ^ Popa, Bogdan (26 June 2020). "Canonical Under Fire for Putting Ads in the Ubuntu MOTD". softpedia. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  207. ^ Borisov, Bobby (15 October 2022). "Ubuntu Once Again Angered Users by Placing Ads in the Terminal". Linuxiac. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  208. ^ "Ubuntu Local Community Teams". Ubuntu Wiki. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  209. ^ "Ubuntu LoCo Team Portal". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 November 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  210. ^ "About Local Community (LoCo) Teams". LoCo.Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  211. ^ "XPS 13 Developer Edition". Dell.com. Dell Inc. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  212. ^ "Dell and Ubuntu". Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  213. ^ Hilzinger, Marcel (9 December 2008). "Günstiges Netbook aus China". LinuxCommunity. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
  214. ^ "Tiny PCs can be beautiful, the Cirrus7 Nimbini is one of those PCs". Geek.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  215. ^ "Cirrus7 Nimbini – The Most Stylish Ubuntu PC Ever Made?". OMG! Ubuntu!. Ohso Ltd. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  216. ^ "XPS 13 Laptop, Developer Edition". Dell.com. Dell Inc. Archived from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  217. ^ Canonical. "Ubuntu Desktop certified hardware | Ubuntu". certification.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  218. ^ "Bonobo WS". system76.com. Archived from the original on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
  219. ^ "System76 announces servers with Ubuntu 7.10 and Canonical support services". Ubuntu.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 1 March 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
  220. ^ "Dell Upgrades Consumer Linux PCs to Ubuntu 8.04". YourBlog.Dell.com. Dell Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
  221. ^ "Asus will preload Ubuntu Linux on three Eee PCs". The Inquirer. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  222. ^ Woods, Ben (3 June 2011). "Asus preloads Eee PC models with Ubuntu". ZDNet UK. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  223. ^ Parrish, Kevin (3 June 2011). "Asus Launching Eee PC Netbooks with Ubuntu". TomsHardware.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  224. ^ O'Brien, Terrence (19 October 2011). "Vodafone brings ARM and Ubuntu together for South African Webbook". Engadget. AOL. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  225. ^ Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (18 October 2011). "The Ubuntu Powered 'Vodafone Webbook' Launched". OMG! Ubuntu!. Ohso Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
  226. ^ Nestor, Marius (21 October 2011). "Ubuntu 11.10 Powered Webbook Sells at $190". News.Softpedia.com. SoftNews Net SRL. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
  227. ^ "Dell launch with Ubuntu at retail in India" (Press release). Canonical Ltd. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  228. ^ Murphy, Mark (18 June 2012). "Dell Extends Ubuntu Retail into India". Blog.Canonical.com. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  229. ^ "Alienware X51 gaming PC now available with Ubuntu, starts at $600". Engadget. AOL. 5 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  230. ^ "IBM Launches z13 -- Most Powerful & Secure System Ever Built". www-03.ibm.com (Press release). 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  231. ^ "IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection". www-03.ibm.com (Press release). 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  232. ^ Merriman, Chris (17 August 2015). "IBM makes 'biggest code drop' as Canonical and Suse tie-up brings better Linux to mainframes: UbuntuOne brings industry standard tools to a mainframe environment". Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  233. ^ "Intel Compute Stick Product Brief" (PDF). Intel.com. Intel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  234. ^ "How to Properly Install a Windows 11 Virtual Machine on KVM". 26 August 2023.
  235. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (29 March 2016). "Microsoft and Canonical partner to bring Ubuntu to Windows 10". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  236. ^ Hammons, Jack (3 March 2017). "Bash on Ubuntu on Windows". MSDN. Archived from the original on 30 November 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  237. ^ Kirkland, Dustin (30 March 2016). "Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers". Ubuntu Insights. Canonical Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  238. ^ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (15 October 2017). "Windows Subsystem for Linux graduates in Windows 10 Fall Creators Update". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  239. ^ Devine, Richard (28 January 2023). "The best Linux distros for WSL on Windows 10 and 11". Windows Central. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  240. ^ "Canonical announces support for Ubuntu on Windows Subsystem for Linux 2". blog.ubuntu.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  241. ^ Hoffman, Chris (1 March 2018). "How to Run Graphical Linux Desktop Applications from Windows 10's Bash Shell". How-To Geek. Lifesavvy Media. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  242. ^ Warren, Tom (21 April 2021). "Microsoft enables Linux GUI apps on Windows 10 for developers". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  243. ^ Loewen, Craig (21 April 2021). "The Initial Preview of GUI app support is now available for the Windows Subsystem for Linux". Windows Command Line Blog. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  244. ^ Jawad, Usama (12 May 2021). "Microsoft Threat and Vulnerability Management now supports Linux". Neowin. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubuntu&oldid=1256404401"