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95th Infantry Division (United States)

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95th Infantry Division
95th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia
Active1918
1921–1945
1947 - present
Country United States
Branch United States Army
TypeInfantry
SizeDivision
Garrison/HQFort Sill, Oklahoma
Nickname(s)"Iron Men of Metz" (special designation)[1]
"Victory Division"[2]
Engagements
Commanders
Current
commander		Brigadier General Daphne Davis[3]
Command Sergeant MajorCSM Stephen Raney[3]
Insignia
Distinctive unit insignia

The 95th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army. Today it exists as the 95th Training Division, a component of the United States Army Reserve headquartered at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

Activated too late to deploy for World War I, the division remained in the Army's reserve until World War II, when it was sent to Europe. Renowned for fighting back fierce German counterattacks, the division earned the nickname "Iron Men of Metz" for fighting to liberate and defend the town.

In April 1945, the 95th Infantry Division (United States) "Victory" division uncovered a German prison and civilian labor camp in the town of Werl. On April 7, the unit reported discovering a camp housing some 4,500 undernourished French officers and 800 enlisted men. The 95th provided the prisoners with emergency rations from the division's own supplies.

After World War II, the division spent another brief period in reserve before being activated as one of the Army's training divisions.

The 95th Infantry Division (United States) was recognized as a liberating unit by the United States Army Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1995.

Over the next fifty years the division would see numerous changes to its structure as its training roles changed and subordinate units shifted in and out of its command. It activated many regimental and brigade commands to fulfill various training roles. The division then began conducting one station unit training, a responsibility it continues to this day.

History

[edit]

World War I

[edit]

The 95th Division was first constituted on 4 September 1918 in the National Army. It was organized that month at Camp Sherman, Ohio.[4] The division was organized with the 189th Infantry Brigade and the 190th Infantry Brigade.[5] The division was slated to be deployed overseas to fight in World War I, and training of all of the division's units began immediately.[6] On 11 November, the Armistice with Germany was signed, ending hostilities. The division's deployment was cancelled, and it was demobilized in December 1918.[4] All of the division's officers and enlisted men were discharged from the military or transferred to other units.[6]

The division was commanded by:[7]

  • Colonel Julien Edmund Victor Gaujot (acting), September 23–25, 1918
  • Colonel Edward Croft (acting), September 25, 1918 – October 24, 1918
  • Brigadier General Mathew C. Smith, October 24, 1918 – December 22, 1918

Interwar period

[edit]

The 95th Division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Eighth Corps Area, and assigned to the XVIII Corps. The division was further allotted to the state of Oklahoma as its home area. The division headquarters was organized on 31 August 1921 at the Oklahoma State Capitol building in Oklahoma City. It was relocated on 3 May 1922 to the Tradesmen's National Bank Building in Oklahoma City, and relocated once again in August 1924 to 203-1⁄2 West Grand Avenue. The headquarters remained there until activated for World War II. To maintain communications with the officers of the division, the chief of staff published a newsletter titled "The Observation Post." The newsletter informed the division's members of such things as when and where the inactive training sessions were to be held, what the division's summer training quotas were, where the camps were to be held, and which units would be assigned to help conduct the Citizens Military Training Camps (CMTC).

The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Fort Sill, Oklahoma, the location where much of the 95th Division's training activities occurred in the interwar years. The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training with the 3rd Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 1925–27; 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, 1927–33; and the 3rd Battalion, 29th Infantry Regiment, 1933–39 at Fort Sill. Other units, such as the special troops, artillery, engineers, aviation, medical, and quartermaster, trained at various posts in the Eighth Corps Area. For example, the division's artillery trained at Fort Sill with the 1st Field Artillery; the 320th Engineer Regiment trained at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and Fort Logan, Colorado, with the 2nd Engineer Regiment; the 320th Medical Regiment trained at Fort Sam Houston with the 2nd Medical Regiment; and the 320th Observation Squadron trained at Brooks Field, Texas. In addition to the unit training camps, the infantry regiments of the division rotated responsibility to conduct the CMTC training held at Fort Sill each year.

On a number of occasions, the division participated in Eighth Corps Area and Third Army command post exercises in conjunction with other Regular Army, National Guard, and Organized Reserve units. These training events gave division staff officers' opportunities to practice the roles they would be expected to perform in the event the division was mobilized. Unlike the Regular and Guard units in the Eighth Corps Area, the 95th Division did not participate in the various Eighth Corps Area maneuvers and the Third Army maneuvers of 1938, 1940, and 1941 as an organized unit due to lack of enlisted personnel and equipment. Instead, the officers and a few enlisted reservists were assigned to Regular and Guard units to fill vacant slots and bring the units up to war strength for the exercises. Additionally, some officers were assigned duties as umpires or as support personnel. But, for each maneuver, the division maximized the number of participants. For example, for the 1938 maneuver at Camp Bullis, Texas, the 95th Division provided 173 officers to the 2nd Division and 68 to the National Guard's 45th Division. Similar numbers participated in the two succeeding exercises.[8]

World War II

[edit]

On 15 July 1942, the division was ordered into active military service and reorganized at Camp Swift, Texas.[4] Major General Harry L. Twaddle was assigned to command, and he remained in this position until the division was demobilized at the end of the war.[9] The 189th and 190th Infantry Brigades were disbanded as part of an army-wide elimination of brigades. Instead, the division was based around three infantry regiments, the 377th Infantry Regiment, the 378th Infantry Regiment, and the 379th Infantry Regiment.[10] The 380th Infantry Regiment remained in an inactive status, and was disbanded on 11 November 1944. The division also received a new shoulder sleeve insignia in August 1942.[11] Over the next two years, the division trained extensively in locations throughout the United States, including Camp Coxcomb in California.[6]

Order of battle

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Before Organized Reserve infantry divisions were ordered into active military service, they were reorganized on paper as "triangular" divisions under the 1940 tables of organization. The headquarters companies of the two infantry brigades were consolidated into the division's cavalry reconnaissance troop, and one infantry regiment was removed by inactivation. The field artillery brigade headquarters and headquarters battery became the headquarters and headquarters battery of the division artillery. Its three field artillery regiments were reorganized into four battalions; one battalion was taken from each of the two 75 mm gun regiments to form two 105 mm howitzer battalions, the brigade's ammunition train was reorganized as the third 105 mm howitzer battalion, and the 155 mm howitzer battalion was formed from the 155 mm howitzer regiment. The engineer, medical, and quartermaster regiments were reorganized into battalions. In 1942, divisional quartermaster battalions were split into ordnance light maintenance companies and quartermaster companies, and the division's headquarters and military police company, which had previously been a combined unit, was split.[12]

  • Headquarters, 95th Infantry Division
  • 377th Infantry Regiment
  • 378th Infantry Regiment
  • 379th Infantry Regiment
  • Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 95th Infantry Division Artillery
    • 358th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
    • 359th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
    • 360th Field Artillery Battalion (155 mm)
    • 920th Field Artillery Battalion (105 mm)
  • 320th Engineer Combat Battalion
  • 320th Medical Battalion
  • 95th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized
  • Headquarters, Special Troops, 95th Infantry Division
    • Headquarters Company, 95th Infantry Division
    • 795th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company
    • 95th Quartermaster Company
    • 95th Signal Company
    • Military Police Platoon
    • Band
  • 95th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Europe

[edit]
American soldiers of the 378th Infantry Regiment enter Metz, 1944.

The 95th Infantry Division was assigned to XIII Corps of the Ninth United States Army, Twelfth United States Army Group.[13] The division sailed for Europe on 10 August 1944.[14] The 95th Infantry Division arrived in England on 17 August. After receiving additional training, it moved to France one month later on 15 September. During this time it was reassigned to III Corps.[13] The division bivouacked near Norroy-le-Sec, from 1 to 14 October.[14] It was then assigned to XX Corps of the Third United States Army.[13] The division was sent into combat on 19 October in the Moselle bridgehead sector east of Moselle and South of Metz and patrolled the Seille near Cheminot, capturing the forts surrounding Metz and repulsing enemy attempts to cross the river.[14] It was during the defense of this town from repeated German attacks that the division received its nickname, "The Iron Men of Metz."[1] On 1 November, elements went over to the offensive, reducing an enemy pocket east of Maizières-lès-Metz. On 8 November, these units crossed the Moselle River and advanced to Bertrange. Against heavy resistance, the 95th captured the forts surrounding Metz and captured the city by 22 November.[14]

The division pushed toward the Saar on 25 November and entered Germany on the 28th. The 95th seized a Saar River bridge on 3 December and engaged in bitter house-to-house fighting for Saarlautern.[14] Suburbs of the city fell and, although the enemy resisted fiercely, the Saar bridgehead was firmly established by 19 December. While some units went to an assembly area, others held the area against strong German attacks.[14] On 2 February 1945, the division began moving to the Maastricht area in the Netherlands, and by 14 February, elements were in the line near Meerselo in relief of British units.[14] During this time the division returned to the Ninth Army under XIX Corps, though saw temporary assignments to several other corps through the spring.[13]

On 23 February, the division was relieved, and the 95th assembled near Jülich, Germany, on 1 March. It forced the enemy into a pocket near the Hitler Bridge at Uerdingen and cleared the pocket on 5 March, while elements advanced to the Rhine.[14] From 12 March, the 95th established defenses in the vicinity of Neuss. Assembling east of the Rhine at Beckum on 3 April, it launched an attack across the Lippe River the next day and captured Hamm and Kamen on the 6th.[14] After clearing the enemy pocket north of the Ruhr and the Möhne Rivers, the division took Werl and Unna on 9/10 April, Dortmund on 13 April and maintained positions on the north bank of the Ruhr.[14] It held this position until the end of the war.

Casualties

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  • Total battle casualties: 6,591[15]
  • Killed in action: 1,205[15]
  • Wounded in action: 4,945[15]
  • Missing in action: 61[15]
  • Prisoner of war: 380[15]

Demobilization

[edit]

The division returned to the United States on 29 June 1945 where it began the process of preparing to join the invasion forces of the Japanese Island of Honshu as part of the First United States Army. With the ending of the war in Japan, the division, remaining on orders for the Pacific, staged a minor mutiny before the orders were changed. This resulted in the division being demobilized and releasing its soldiers from Army service. It was inactivated on 15 October 1945 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi.[14] The division took 31,988 German prisoners.[16] Soldiers of the division were awarded one Medal of Honor, 18 Distinguished Service Crosses, 1 British Military Cross, 14 Legion of Merit Medals, 665 Silver Star Medals, 15 Soldier's Medals, 2,992 Bronze Star Medals, and 162 Air Medals. The division was awarded one Presidential Unit Citation and four campaign streamers during its time in combat.[16]

Cold War

[edit]

The division was reactivated on 13 May 1947 at Oklahoma City as a reserve unit. However, it was not mobilized for any combat duties following World War II.[4] In 1952, the division underwent reorganization, with the first change being the addition of the 291st Infantry Regiment of Tulsa, Oklahoma, from the 75th Infantry Division.[6] The second change that year for the division was the withdrawal of assignment of the 377th Infantry Regiment from the 95th, which was transferred to the 75th Infantry Division. The 377th had headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana since its activation after World War II.[6]

The year 1955 saw further changes to the division and more changes of assignment for subordinate elements. On 1 January 1955, the 291st Regiment was again assigned to the 75th Infantry Division from the 95th and was subsequently inactivated on 31 January 1955.[6] On 30 January, the 377th Regiment was reassigned to the 95th from the 75th and its headquarters moved from New Orleans to Tulsa, Oklahoma. The same date saw the relocation of the 379th Regimental headquarters from Hot Springs, Arkansas where it had been since 1947, to Little Rock, Arkansas.[6]

US Army recruits in Basic Combat Training.

On 1 April 1958 the 95th Infantry Division was redesignated as the 95th Division (Training) and a major reorganization of mission assignments was underway. Personnel trained for infantry combat, field artillery, military police and combat support roles were now to undergo re-training to enable them to train others.[6] The division had a new role as one of the 13 Training Divisions in the Army Reserve. The same year the division's size increased as the 291st Regiment was reassigned again from the 75th and was redesignated as 291st Regiment (Advanced Individual Training). With the reorganization of the division all of the regiments were redesignated. The 95th Divisional Artillery became the 95th Regiment (Common Specialist Training) with headquarters at Shreveport, Louisiana. The 377th became the 377th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), as did the 378th and 379th, and all were reassigned new training sites.[6] In 1966, the division received a distinctive unit insignia.[11]

In 1967, the division was reorganized according to the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan, part of an army-wide transformation. The division's former World War II components were reorganized into brigades.[17] The division's former headquarters was reactivated as 1st Brigade, 95th Division at Tulsa, Oklahoma. The 920th Field Artillery Battalion became the 2nd Brigade, 95th Division, also in Tulsa.[18] The 320th Engineer Battalion became the 3rd Brigade, 95th Division at Oklahoma City, and the 795th Ordnance Battalion became the 4th Brigade, 95th Division in Shreveport, Louisiana.[18] In 1975, the division's center was changed to Midwest City, Oklahoma.[4]

The division was located in three states, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. The 1st Brigade was headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma and had elements of the 377th and 379th in regiments in its battalions. The 2nd Brigade was headquartered in Lawton, Oklahoma with elements of the 378th and 379th Regiments.[6] The 3rd Brigade was headquartered in Stillwater, Oklahoma, a move made in September 1975, and consisted of only 291st Regiment elements. The 4th Brigade was headquartered in Bossier City, Louisiana, a suburb of Shreveport, and includes the 95th Regiment and one element of the 379th.[6] The Committee Group was headquartered in Little Rock, Arkansas with no Regimental elements. The 95th Support Battalion was headquartered in Midwest City, Oklahoma with the Division Headquarters, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 95th Division Leadership Academy, and the 95th Division Maneuver Training Command.[6] On 1 January 1979 the division's four brigades was reorganized specifically for one station unit training.[6]

The division experienced tremendous expansion in October 1984 with the addition of the 4073d US Army Reception Station, in Lafayette, Louisiana, with a strength of 809 personnel.[6] The 402nd Brigade was also activated under the division's administrative control. It was designated to expand the training base for the Army's Field Artillery Training Center located at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.[6] In 1989 the division's location was returned to Oklahoma City.[4]

Present day

[edit]

The division continued its mission of training and operating one station unit training. In 1996, the division received three additional brigades as part of an Army consolidation of training commands. The 5th Brigade, 95th Division was activated in San Antonio, Texas, the 6th Brigade, 95th Division was activated in Topeka, Kansas, and the 7th Brigade, 95th Division was activated from the 95th Training Command in Little Rock, Arkansas.[19]

In 2000, the brigade took on the additional responsibility of training Reserve Officer's Training Corps cadets. The 8th Brigade, 95th Division was activated as a provisional unit in charge of ROTC units throughout the southwestern United States.[19] In 2005, the division headquarters were relocated to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. This put the division at the area's major training center, allowing it to more effectively provide training oversight.[4]

Subordinate units

[edit]

As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 95th Training Division (Initial Entry Training):

  • 1st Brigade (Initial Entry Training), Fort Sill, Oklahoma[20]
    • 1st Battalion, 330th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Fort Wayne, Indiana[21]
    • 3d Battalion, 334th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Milwaukee, Wisconsin[22]
    • 2d Battalion, 354th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Grand Prairie, Texas
    • 1st Battalion, 355th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Round Rock, Texas[23]
    • 2nd Battalion, 377th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Lincoln, Nebraska[24]
    • 3d Battalion, 378th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Norman, Oklahoma[25]
    • 2d Battalion, 379th Regiment (Training Support), Fort Sill, Oklahoma
  • 2d Brigade (Initial Entry Training), Vancouver, Washington
    • 2d Battalion, 413th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Riverside, California[26]
    • 1st Battalion, 415th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Phoenix, Arizona[27]
    • 3d Battalion, 415th Regiment (Basic Combat Training), Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington
  • 3d Brigade (Initial Entry Training), Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
    • 1st Battalion, 320th Regiment (Military Police One Station Unit Training), Abingdon, Virginia
    • 2d Battalion, 330th Regiment (Engineer One Station Unit Training), Arlington Heights, Illinois
    • 1st Battalion, 334th Regiment (Training Support), Milwaukee, Wisconsin[22]
    • 1st Battalion, 354th Regiment (Military Police One Station Unit Training), Tulsa, Oklahoma[28]
    • 1st Battalion, 390th Regiment (Engineer One Station Unit Training), Amherst, New York[29]

Honors

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Unit decorations

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The division has never received a unit award from the United States Army.[4] However, in a recent ceremony in Columbus, Indiana a bridge was named "Iron Men of Metz Memorial Bridge"[30]

Campaign streamers

[edit]
Conflict Streamer Year(s)
World War II Northern France 1944
World War II Rhineland 1944–1945
World War II Ardennes-Alsace 1944–1945
World War II Central Europe 1945

Legacy

[edit]

In the 1962 film, Hell Is for Heroes, the actors wear the 95th Division's shoulder patch on their uniforms. The division is also an element of the Legacy of the Aldenata book series.

A number of soldiers who served with the 95th Division later went on to achieve notability for various reasons. They include journalist Harry Ashmore,[31] writer Jerry Rosholt, oil tycoon Ernest L. Massad, and Lieutenant General Emmett H. Walker, Jr. Additionally, one soldier of the division received the Medal of Honor during his service, Andrew Miller, who received the medal in World War II during the division's fight for Metz. Miller captured a number of German machine gun nests and soldiers while leading a squad of men in assaulting the city.[32][33] German born (MG) Gerd Grombacher served as an NCO interrogating POWs and was commissioned 2LT Grombacher in January 1945. He directly assisted in the negotiations for the capture of Metz in 1944.

In the 2021 film, Dear Sirs, directed by Mark Pedri and produced by Carrie McCarthy follows the path of Sgt. Silvio Pedri. Silvio's grandson, Mark, uncovered an archive of documents and photos detailing the horrifying journey of his grandfather as an American POW during World War II. In the winter of 2018, Mark and his fiancé will set out to retrace his footsteps across Germany on bike, piecing together a long-forgotten story in an effort to understand the man who raised him.

In November 1944, Sgt Silvio J. Pedri of the 95th Infantry was sent on a mission to cross the Moselle river near Metz, France. His objective was clear: secure the opposite bank and create a diversion so that a larger unit could build a bridge to bring in the heavy artillery and take the city of Metz from the German army. Sgt Pedri had trained for almost two years for this moment, detailing every step of the way in letters to his fiancé in Rock Springs, Wyoming. However, no amount of training could have prepared him for what happened over the course of these few days. After losing most of his closest friends in a grueling battle against the Germans and mother nature, Sgt Pedri was taken prisoner. His letters home went silent, as did his account of the War once he finally made it back to American soil. After being captured by the German Army, Silvio was transported to a POW hospital in Heppenheim where he was treated for trench foot and injuries sustained in combat during the Battle of Metz. From there he was sent to Stalag XII-A in Diez where he was forced to work in a metal scrap yard near the camp. As the allies advanced into Germany, Silvio and 800 other American POWs were put on a train and shipped north to Stalag XB near the village of Sandbostel.

The film depicting Silvio's journey has been used as a tool to bring families closer to the veterans in their lives who have served.

Notable people

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Walter Bedell Smith served with the division during World War I. Silvio J Pedri served with the division during the Battle of Metz. He was a Staff Sergeant in the 377th Infantry Regiment, Company B earning a Silver Star for Gallantry in Action in the vicinity of the Immeldange, France. He was captured by the German Army and became a POW from November 14, 1944 - April 28, 1945. After liberation, Silvio returned home to Rock Springs, Wyoming, where he worked in a trona mine for the rest of his career.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Regular Army / Army Reserve Special Designation Listing". United States Army Center of Military History. 2009. Archived from the original on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
  2. ^ Order of Battle, p. 351.
  3. ^ a b "95th Training Division (Initial Entry Training)". 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Lineage and Honors Information: 95th Infantry Division". The United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  5. ^ McGrath, p. 174.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "GlobalSecurity.org: 95th Infantry Division". GlobalSecurity. Archived from the original on 16 July 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  7. ^ Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the World War. Vol. 3, Part 2. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 1988. p. 662 – via Google Books.
  8. ^ Clay, Steven E. (2010). U.S. Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941, Volume 1. The Arms: Major Commands and Infantry Organizations. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 269–270.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ "World War II Combat Chronicle, 95th Infantry Division". Combat Chronicles of U.S. Army Divisions in World War II. Arlington, VA: Center of Military History, United States History. 31 January 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  10. ^ Almanac, p. 592.
  11. ^ a b "The Institute of Heraldry: 95th Infantry Division". The Institute of Heraldry. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  12. ^ Wilson, John B. (1998). Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army. pp. 161, 169–170.
  13. ^ a b c d Order of Battle, p. 356.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Almanac, p. 565.
  15. ^ a b c d e Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
  16. ^ a b Order of Battle, p. 353.
  17. ^ McGrath, p. 159.
  18. ^ a b McGrath, p. 221.
  19. ^ a b McGrath, p. 222.
  20. ^ "108th TNG CMD".
  21. ^ "330th Regiment | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH)".
  22. ^ a b "U.S. Army Center of Military History - Lineage and Honors Information".
  23. ^ "355th Regiment".
  24. ^ "377th Regiment".
  25. ^ "378th Regiment | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH)".
  26. ^ "413th Regiment | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH)".
  27. ^ "415th Regiment".
  28. ^ "354th Regiment".
  29. ^ "390th Regiment | Lineage and Honors | U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH)".
  30. ^ "Celebration of 'Iron Men' stretches far beyond city". Therepublic.com. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
  31. ^ Ochs, Martin (1995). "Search for Racial Justice". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 71 (2). ISSN 0042-675X. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2006.
  32. ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients — Vietnam (A-L)". United States Army. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
  33. ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients — Vietnam (M-Z)". United States Army. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2008.

Sources

[edit]
  • McGrath, John J. (2004). The Brigade: A History: Its Organization and Employment in the US Army. Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-4404-4915-4.
  • Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States. United States Government Printing Office. 1959. ASIN B0006D8NKK.
  • Order of Battle of the United States Army: World War II European Theater of Operations. Department of the Army. 1945. ISBN 978-0-16-001967-8.
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