Turbo-Hauser bases
Turbo-Hauser bases are amido magnesium halides that contain stoichiometric amounts of LiCl. These mixed Mg/Li amides of the type R2NMgCl⋅LiCl are used in organic chemistry as non-nucleophilic bases for metalation reactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates. Compared to their LiCl free ancestors Turbo-Hauser bases show an enhanced kinetic basicity, excellent regioselectivity, high functional group tolerance and a better solubility.[1]
Preparation
[edit]Typically Turbo-Hauser bases are prepared by treating an amine with a Grignard reagent and lithium chloride. In some cases they are prepared by treating a lithium amide with MgCl2:
- RMgX + LiCl + R'2NH → LiMg(NR'2)Cl2 + RH
- R'2NLi + MgCl2 → LiMg(NR'2)Cl2
Common Turbo-Hauser bases: R'2NH = iPr2NMgCl·LiCl (iPr-Turbo-Hauser base), TMPMgCl·LiCl, TMP (Turbo-Hauser base or Knochel-Hauser Base)
Structure
[edit]In solution, Turbo-Hauser bases participate in temperature- and concentration-dependent equilibria. Diffusion-Ordered Spectroscopy (DOSY) show that at room temperature and high concentrations (0.6 M) dimeric [iPr2NMgCl·LiCl]2 remains intact solution.[2][3]
Solid State Structure
[edit]The iPr-Turbo-Hauser base crystallizes as a dimeric amido bridged contact ion pair (CIP).[4] Due to the high steric demand of the TMP ligand the dimerization process is sterically hindered. This is why the TMP-Turbo-Hauser base crystallizes as a monomeric CIP.[5] In both structures LiCl coordinates to the magnesium amides.
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(thf)2Li(μ−Cl)2Mg(v−NiPr2)2Mg(μ−Cl)2Li(thf)2 + 2 thf ⇌ 2 (thf)(NiPr2)Mg2(μ−Cl)2Li(thf)2
(thf)2Li(μ−Cl)2Mg(v−NiPr2)2Mg(μ−Cl)2Li(thf)2 ⇌ [Mg(NiPr2)(μ−Cl)(thf)]2 + [Li(μ−Cl)(thf)2]2
The solid state structure of TMPMgCl·LiCl is retained almost completely in THF solution independently of temperature and concentration. Due to the high steric demand of the TMP ligand, the THF ligand dissociates from the magnesium cation. This dissociation gives a magnesium amido complex with enhanced reactivity for deprotonation of C-H bonds.[6]
- (thf)R2NMg(μ−Cl)2Li(thf) ⇌ R2NMg(μ−Cl)2Li(thf) + thf
Reactions
[edit]Turbo-Hauser bases are used as metalation/deprotonation reagents. In this way, they resemble some organolithium reagents. The lithiated compounds, however, are only stable at low temperatures (e.g. -78 °C) and suffer competing addition reactions (like e.g. Chichibabin reactions). In contrast, the magnesium compounds are less reactive. The magnesium amide complex is stabilized by LiCl. Turbo-Hauser bases display a high functional group tolerance and greater chemoselectivity at high and low temperatures.[7][8][9] The resulting reagent is then quenched with an electrophile.
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iPr2NMgCl·LiCl and TMPMgCl·LiCl react differently. The TMP-Turbo-Hauser base easily metalates ethyl-3-chlorobenzoate in the C2 position, while the same reaction carried out with the iPr-Turbo-Hauser base resulted in no metalation at all. Instead, an addition-elimination reaction occurs.[4]
Another difference is illustrated by the differing rates of deprotonation of isoquinoline in THF solution. Whereas TMPMgCl·LiCl required only 2h and 1.1 equivalents, iPr2NMgCl·LiCl needed 12h and 2 equivalents for comparable metalation.[8]
The differing reactivity of the TMP vs iPr-based reagents is related to the fact that the TMP is always a terminal ligand whereas iPr2N is sometimes bridging (μ-). Generally, in organolithium chemistry monomeric species display the most active kinetic species. This could explain why reactions of the monomeric TMP-Turbo-Hauser base are much faster than that of dimeric iPr-Turbo-Hauser base. The regioselective ortho deprotonation reactions of TMPMgCl·LiCl could stem from a sufficient complex-induced proximity effect (CIPE) between the bimetallic aggregate and the functionalized (hetero)aromatic substrate.[6]
Related reagents
[edit]- Turbo-Grignard reagents used for halide/Mg exchange reactions.[7] "Turbo-Grignards", as they are often called, are aggregates with the formula [i-PrMgCl·LiCl]2[10]
- Organozinc-LiCl complexes[11]
References
[edit]- ^ Li-Yuan Bao, Robert; Zhao, Rong; Shi, Lei (2015). "Progress and Developments in the turbo Grignard Reagent i-PrMgCl·LiCl: A Ten-Year Journey". Chemical Communications. 51 (32): 6884–6900. doi:10.1039/c4cc10194d. PMID 25714498.
- ^ Neufeld, R.; Stalke, D. (2015). "Accurate Molecular Weight Determination of Small Molecules via DOSY-NMR by Using External Calibration Curves with Normalized Diffusion Coefficients" (PDF). Chem. Sci. 6 (6): 3354–3364. doi:10.1039/C5SC00670H. PMC 5656982. PMID 29142693.
- ^ Neufeld, R.; Teuteberg, T. L.; Herbst-Irmer, R.; Mata, R. A.; Stalke, D. (2016). "Solution Structures of Hauser Base iPr2NMgCl and Turbo-Hauser Base iPr2NMgCl·LiCl in THF and the Influence of LiCl on the Schlenk-Equilibrium". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (14): 4796–4806. doi:10.1021/jacs.6b00345. PMID 27011251.
- ^ a b Armstrong D. R.; García–Álvarez, P.; Kennedy, A. R.; Mulvey, R. E.; Parkinson, J. A. (2010). "Diisopropylamide and TMP Turbo-Grignard Reagents: A Structural Rationale for their Contrasting Reactivities". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (18): 3185–3188. doi:10.1002/anie.201000539. PMID 20352641.
- ^ García–Álvarez, P.; Graham, D. V.; Hevia, E.; Kennedy, A. R.; Klett, J.; Mulvey, R. E.; O'Hara, C. T.; Weatherstone, S. (2008). "Unmasking Representative Structures of TMP-Active Hauser and Turbo-Hauser Bases". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47 (42): 8079–8081. doi:10.1002/anie.200802618. PMID 18677732.
- ^ a b Neufeld, R.; Stalke, D. (2016). "Solution Structure of Turbo-Hauser Base TMPMgCl⋅LiCl in [D8]THF". Chem. Eur. J. 22 (36): 12624–12628. doi:10.1002/chem.201601494. PMID 27224841.
- ^ a b Li–Yuan Bao, R.; Zhao, R.; Shi, L. (2015). "Progress and developments in the turbo Grignard reagent i-PrMgCl·LiCl: a ten-year journey". Chem. Commun. 51 (32): 6884–6900. doi:10.1039/C4CC10194D. PMID 25714498.
- ^ a b Krasovskiy, A.; Krasovskaya, V.; Knochel, P. (2006). "Mixed Mg/Li Amides of the Type R2NMgCl⋅LiCl as Highly Efficient Bases for the Regioselective Generation of Functionalized Aryl and Heteroaryl Magnesium Compound". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45 (18): 2958–2961. doi:10.1002/anie.200504024. PMID 16568481.
- ^ "Selective Metalation, Deprotonation, and Additions". sigmaaldrich.com. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ^ Knochel, Paul; Gavryushin, Andrei (2010). "Lithium Dichloro(1-methylethyl)-magnesate". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01161. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.
- ^ Feng, C.; Cunningham, D.W.; Easter, Q.T.; Blum, S.A. (2016). "Role of LiCl in Generating Soluble Organozinc Reagents". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 (35): 11156–11159. doi:10.1021/jacs.6b08465. PMID 27547857.
