Tsundur massacre
| Tsundur Massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of Caste-related violence in India | |
| Location | Tsundur, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India |
| Date | August 6, 1991 11:00 am (IST) |
| Target | Dalits (Mala community) |
Attack type | Massacre, caste violence |
| Weapons | Bladed weapons, possibly blunt objects |
| Deaths | 8 |
| Victims | Dalit men from the Mala community |
| Perpetrators | Reddy caste men |
| Assailants | Reddy men, alleged support from police |
| Motive | Caste-based discrimination, retaliation for Dalit assertion |
| Inquiry | Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee |
| Accused | 212 individuals charged in 12 separate cases |
| Convicted | None (all acquitted due to lack of evidence) |
| Verdict | Supreme Court dismissed charges due to lack of evidence |
| Charges | Various charges including murder |
The Tsundur Massacre refers to the killing of several Dalit people in the village of Tsundur, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India, on 6 August 1991.[1] 8 Dalits were massacred by Reddy men with the alleged help of the police.[2][3] When a young graduate Dalit youth was beaten because his feet unintentionally touched a Reddy woman near a cinema hall, the Dalits of the village supported him. As a result, Dalits were socially boycotted by the Reddy landowners of the village. Many Dalits have lost their livelihood as they depend on the daily wages by working in the paddy fields of the Reddys. The significance of this atrocity was Dalits collectively fought to gain legal justice by invoking SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act 1989.
Background
[edit]The village of Tsundur was locally dominated by the Reddy peasantry, who were categorized as Shudras but attained notable economic, social, and political power in Andhra following independence.[4] The Reddy community also participated in the anti-Brahmin movement to claim Kshatriya status.[4] Following this post-colonial development, on 7 July 1991, Ravi, a Dalit boy, had accidentally touched a Reddy women sitting in front of him in a cinema hall with his foot.[3] Ravi apologized immediately, but some Reddy youth roughed him up.[3] Later, Ravi was tracked down, beat up, and forced to drink brandy by some Reddy youth, and the Reddy youth brought Ravi to a police station and demanded that he be arrested for allegedly misbehaving with women while drunk.[3] A parallel incident occurred with another Dalit boy named Rajababu, who was knifed in Tsundur by a certain Krishna Reddy for allegedly grazing his body against two Reddy girls outside a cinema hall, a claim which the Dalit side contests.[3] Following these two incidents, there were a social boycott of Dalits that lasted a month, which forced them to travel to Tenali to buy basic provisions or Ongole for work.[3] The attacks on the Dalits of Tsundur were carried out to 'teach them a lesson', primarily to try to make them submissive to the local caste Hindus, such as the dominant Reddy peasantry, and comply with their position as 'untouchables'.[5] This position was challenged as Dalit families in the village sought to educate their children so they could be independent of low social status.[6] Many Dalits believed that their caste held a much higher rate of literacy on average than the local Reddy community, who were believed to not be as interested in educational attainment.[6] It is widely believed that these events lead to the massacre
Massacre
[edit]On 6 August 1991 at around 11.00 am, police forces suddenly entered the homes of Mala Dalit families, causing the Mala men to flee into the fields at the request of the local women who were worried about their safety.[3] Armed Reddy men were lying in wait. and when the Dalit men entered the fields they were hacked down and murdered.[3] Some of the victims' corpses were thrown into nearby fields while others were thrown in the river.[3] Local police were reported to have not acted at all to prevent the massacre. [7] The attack was not reported for over 24 hours until a Dalit women escaped the village and walked over 17 miles to notify the district collector in Guntur.[3] After the massacre, the remaining Dalits fled to Tenali, where they were offered refuge by the Salvation Army Church.[3]
Prosecution
[edit] |
212 people were charged in a total of 12 separate cases regarding the incident. 33 defendants subsequently died and the Supreme Court of India then dismissed the charges citing lack of evidence. A Division Bench comprising Justices L. Narasimha Reddy and M.S. Jaiswal turned down the verdict of trial court saying the prosecution had failed to prove the exact time of death, place of occurrence and the identity of attackers. A report by the Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee titled The Chundur Carnage August 6, 1991, was published.[8] It was reprinted in the anthology The Hunger of the Republic: Our Present in Retrospect (2021) published by Tulika Books.
Bojja Tharakam was senior public prosecutor Tsundur massacre case in the Andhra Pradesh High Court.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Berg, Dag-Erik (27 February 2020). Dynamics of Caste and Law: Dalits, Oppression and Constitutional Democracy in India. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-108-48987-4.
- ^ Chakravarti, Uma (17 September 2018). Gendering Caste: Through a Feminist Lens. SAGE Publishing India. p. 141. ISBN 978-93-81345-46-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kannabiran, Vasanth; Kannabiran, Kalpana (1991). "Caste and Gender: Understanding Dynamics of Power and Violence". Economic and Political Weekly. 26 (37): 2130–2133. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 41626993.
- ^ a b Berg 2020, p. 109.
- ^ Berg 2020, p. 128.
- ^ a b Berg 2020, p. 134.
- ^ John, Mary E.; Lalita, Ke (1995). Background Report on Gender Issues in India: Long Report. Institute of Development Studies. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-85864-166-9.
- ^ Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee. "The Chundur Carnage August 6, 1991" (PDF).
- "Andhra HC strikes down all sentences in Dalit massacre case". Deccan Herald. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
- IANS (22 April 2014). "Andhra HC strikes down all sentences in Dalit massacre case". business-standard.com. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
Further reading
[edit]- Police Killings and Rural Violence in Andhra Pradesh
- Brutal Killings of Harijans in Tsundur Village of Guntur District
- Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh
- "Post-Chundur_and_Other_Chundurs.pdf" (PDF). balagopal.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- "THE TSUNDURU CARNAGE-APCLC REPORT" (PDF). balagopal.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- "Read Caste, Class and Social Articulation in Andhra Pradesh, India: Mapping Differential Regional Trajectories - ODI Working Papers 179". www.readbag.com.