Rolls-Royce Trent 900
| Trent 900 | |
|---|---|
.JPG)
| |
| Type | Turbofan |
| National origin | United Kingdom |
| Manufacturer | Rolls-Royce Holdings |
| First run | 18 March 2003[1] |
| Major applications | Airbus A380 |
| Developed from | Trent 800 |
| Developed into | Trent 1000 |
The Rolls-Royce Trent 900 is a high-bypass turbofan produced by Rolls-Royce plc to power the Airbus A380, competing with the Engine Alliance GP7000. Initially proposed for the Boeing 747-500/600X in July 1996, this first application was later abandoned but it was offered for the A3XX, launched as the A380 in December 2000. It first ran on 18 March 2003, made its maiden flight on 17 May 2004 on an A340 testbed, and was certified by the EASA on 29 October 2004. Producing up to 374 kN (84,000 lbf), the Trent 900 has the three shaft architecture of the Rolls-Royce Trent family with a 2.95 m (116 in) fan. It has a 8.5–8.7:1 bypass ratio and a 37–39:1 overall pressure ratio.
Development
[edit]
In July 1996, Rolls-Royce offered the Trent 900 for the proposed Boeing 747-500/600X, targeting a 2000 service entry and competing with the General Electric/Pratt & Whitney Engine Alliance. With a scaled-down Trent 800 core and a similar 2.8 m (110 in) fan, increasing bypass ratio from 6.5 to 8.5, the 345–365 kN (78,000–82,000 lbf) engine could also power the Airbus A3XX.[2] The $450 million development aimed for a December 1999 certification but the 747X was later abandoned, leaving the A3XX, its Airbus competitor, as a possible application from 2003.[3]
By July 2000, the Trent 900 was the first engine to be ordered for the A3XX, by then with a swept fan.[4] By September, its design was not frozen and the fan diameter could increase by up to 13 cm (5 in) for a 68,000 to 80,000 lbf (300 to 360 kN) thrust.[5] The A3XX was launched as the A380 on 19 December 2000.[6] It was then selected by Singapore Airlines and Virgin Atlantic over the competing GP7200.[7] The Trent 900 ran for the first time on 18 March 2003, achieving its certification thrust of 81,000 lbf (360 kN) on 2 April and attaining 88,000 lbf (390 kN) a week later, with growth room to 94,000 lbf (420 kN). Its 300 cm (118 in) fan comes from the Trent 8104 demonstrator, and a contra-rotating HP spool is used for the first time, for up to 2% better efficiency.[1]
The Trent 900 made its maiden flight on 17 May 2004 on Airbus's A340-300 testbed, replacing the port inner CFM56 engine.[8] Its final certification was granted by the EASA on 29 October 2004,[9] and the FAA on 4 December 2006. After a twelve-month suspension caused by delays to the A380, Rolls-Royce announced in October 2007 that production of the Trent 900 had been restarted.[10] On 27 September 2007, British Airways announced the selection of the Trent 900 to power 12 A380 aircraft,[11] helping to take the engine's share of the A380 engine market to 52% at the end of February 2009.
Design
[edit]The Trent 900 is an axial flow, high bypass turbofan with the three coaxial shafts of the Rolls-Royce Trent family. The 2.95 m (116 in) fan with swept blades is driven by a 5-stage LP turbine, the 8-stage IP compressor and the 6-stage HP compressor are both powered by a single stage turbine, with the HP spool rotating in the opposite direction of the others. It has a single annular combustor and is controlled by an EEC. It is certified for thrusts between 334.29 and 374.09 kN (75,152 to 84,098 lbf).[9]
Its swept-back fan is inherited from the Trent 8104 demonstrator and a contra-rotating HP spool is used for the first time.[1] It features a scaled-down Trent 800 core.[2] It can be transported on a Boeing 747 freighter whole, the only A380 engine capable of being transported this way.[12] The swept-back fan is 15% lighter than previous wide-chord blades.[citation needed]
Rolls-Royce has seven risk and revenue sharing partners on the Trent 900: Industria de Turbo Propulsores (low-pressure turbine), Hamilton Sundstrand (electronic engine controls), Avio S.p.A. (gearbox module), Marubeni Corporation (engine components), Volvo Aero (intermediate compressor case), Goodrich Corporation (fan casings and sensors) and Honeywell (pneumatic systems). In addition, Samsung Techwin, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) are programme associates.[citation needed]
Variants
[edit]
| Variant | Take-off | Maximum Continuous |
|---|---|---|
| Trent 970-84 | 334.29 (75,152) | 319.60 (71,850) |
| Trent 972-84 | 341.41 (76,752) | |
| Trent 970B-84 | 348.31 (78,304) | |
| Trent 972B-84 | 356.81 (80,213) | |
| Trent 977-84 | 359.33 (80,781) | |
| Trent 977B-84 | 372.92 (83,835) | |
| Trent 980-84 | 374.09 (84,098) | |
| Trent 972E-84 | 341.41 (76,752) |
Upgrades
[edit]The Trent 900 family of engines had their first set of upgrades marketed as the Trent 900EP; these were available for delivery from 2012. This package delivered a 1% saving on fuel burn compared to non EP engines. Rolls-Royce told Aviation Week and Space Technology that the upgrades were intended in most cases for both new engines and as retrofits.[13] This upgrade is based on advancements made during the development of the Trent XWB for the Airbus A350 XWB and matches improvements made for the Trent 700 called the Trent 700EP.[14] Block 1 includes elliptical leading edges in the compressor, smaller low-pressure turbine tip clearances, and new coating for the high-pressure compressor drum, as well as an upgrade to the engine control (FADEC) software.
The EP2 package entered testing in May 2013 and was scheduled to be available for delivery in mid 2014. This package aims to provide a further 0.8% reduction in fuel burn on top of the improvements offered by the EP package.[15] Changes include better sealing of the low-pressure turbine, improvements to fan blade tip clearances, and other changes derived from the engines developed for the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350.[13] EP2 passed a type certificate test by European Aviation Safety Agency on 27 November 2013[16] and an update type certificate was issued on 11 December 2013.[9]
Another modernization was introduced in 2016 with the EP3 package.[17]
Applications
[edit]Operational history
[edit]Qantas QF32 uncontained engine failure
[edit]Qantas Flight 32 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from London to Sydney via Singapore. On 4 November 2010, the aircraft operating the route, an Airbus A380, suffered an uncontained failure in one of its four Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines. The failure occurred over the Riau Islands, Indonesia, four minutes after takeoff from Singapore Changi Airport. After holding for almost two hours to assess the situation, the aircraft made a successful emergency landing at Changi. No injuries occurred to the passengers, crew, or people on the ground, despite debris from the aircraft falling onto houses in Batam.[18]
On inspection, a turbine disc in the aircraft's number-two engine (on the port side nearer the fuselage) was found to have disintegrated, causing extensive damage to the nacelle, wing, fuel system, landing gear, flight controls, and engine controls, and a fire in a fuel tank that self-extinguished. The subsequent investigation concluded that the failure had been caused by the breaking of a stub oil pipe, which had been manufactured improperly.[19]
The failure was the first of its kind for the A380, the world's largest passenger aircraft. At the time of the accident, 39 A380s were operating with five airlines: Qantas, Air France, Emirates, Lufthansa, and Singapore Airlines. The accident led to the temporary grounding of the rest of the six-plane Qantas A380 fleet.[20] It also led to groundings, inspections, and engine replacements on some other Rolls-Royce-powered A380s in service with Lufthansa and Singapore Airlines, but not in the A380 fleets of Air France or Emirates, which were powered by Engine Alliance engines.
Cost
[edit]In 2000 Qantas were quoted a price of US$12.85 million per Trent 900.[21] In 2015 Emirates Airlines signed a contract for 200 Trent 900s including long-term service support at a cost of US$9.2 billion or US$46 million per engine.[22] In 2016 ANA bought engines for three new Airbus A380 aircraft for $300m: $25m per Trent 900.[23] A new set of LLPs is worth $7 million and an overhaul costs slightly more.[24]
Engines on display
[edit]Trent 900s are on display at LeBourget Air Museum (Paris, France), Seville University (Seville, Spain), and the Málaga Aeronautical Museum (Málaga, Spain).
Specifications (Trent 900)
[edit]Data from EASA [9]
General characteristics
- Type: Three-shaft high bypass turbofan engine
- Length: 5,478 mm (215.7 in) tip of spinner minus rubber tip to Tail Bearing Housing Plug Mount Flange
- Diameter: 2,950 mm (116 in) fan
- Dry weight: 6,246 kg (13,770 lb)
Components
- Compressor: single stage LP (fan), 8-stage IP axial compressor (IPC), 6-stage HP axial compressor (HPC)
- Combustors: Single annular combustor
- Turbine: single stage HP turbine (HPT), single stage IP turbine (IPT), 5-stage LP turbine (LPT)
Performance
- Maximum thrust: 334.29 to 374.09 kN (75,152 to 84,098 lbf)
- Overall pressure ratio: 37–39[12]
- Bypass ratio: 8.5–8.7[12]
- Air mass flow: 1,204–1,245 kg (2,655–2,745 lb)/sec[12]
- Specific fuel consumption: 16 g/(kN⋅s) (0.56 lb/(lbf⋅h)) in cruise (Mach 0.85, altitude 10,668 m (35,000 ft))[25]
- Thrust-to-weight ratio: 5.46–6.11
See also
[edit]Related development
Comparable engines
Related lists
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Thrust advance". Flight International. 20 May 2003.
- ^ a b Max Kingsley-Jones (24 July 1996). "R-R offers Trent 900 on 747-X". Flight International.
- ^ Andrew Doyle (26 February 1997). "Kawasaki, R-R reconsider plans for Trent 900 engine". Flight International.
- ^ Julian Moxon (25 July 2000). "Trent 500 shapes up". Flight International.
- ^ Guy Norris (12 September 2000). "GP7000 to get launch on A3XX". Flight International.
- ^ "Airbus jumbo on runway". CNN. 19 December 2000.
- ^ Paul Lewis/Andrew Doyle (9 January 2001). "Workshare deals increase European stake in GP7000". Flight International.
- ^ "Airbus A380 Engine Begins Flight Trials on A340 Testbed" (Press release). Airbus. 17 May 2004.
- ^ a b c d e "Type certificate data sheet E.012" (PDF). EASA. 21 February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
- ^ "Rolls-Royce settles into a launch groove for A380". Flight International. 15 October 2007.
- ^ "Rolls-Royce hit by Airbus delays". BBC News. 6 October 2006.
- ^ a b c d "Trent 900 Brochure" (PDF). Rolls-Royce. 6 July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2010.
- ^ a b Norris, Guy (7 October 2013). "Rolls Begins Improved A380 Engine Tests". Aviation Week and Space Technology. pp. 44–45.
- ^ "Trent 900EP's 1% improvement is 'just the start': Rolls-Royce". Flight Global. 28 October 2009.
- ^ "Rolls Tests A380 Trent Upgrade". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 19 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Enhanced Trent 900 passes EASA type test". Flight Global. 26 November 2013.
- ^ "Rolls-Royce Trent 900". Rolls-Royce plc.
- ^ "Indonesians collect debris from Qantas plane engine". ABC News. 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012.
- ^ "Aviation Safety Investigation Report 089 – In-flight uncontained engine failure Airbus A380-842, VH-OQA". Australian Transport Safety Bureau, Department of Transport and Regional Services, Government of Australia. Retrieved 4 July 2013. (Archive)
- ^ Koranyi, Balazs (23 November 2010). "Qantas plan to resume A380 flights eases Rolls woes". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ Will Horton (14 December 2010). "High thrust Trent 900s limited to 75 flight cycles: Qantas". FlightGlobal.
- ^ "Rolls-Royce wins largest ever order from Emirates" (Press release). Rolls-Royce. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
- ^ "ANA Group selects Rolls-Royce engines worth $300m for Airbus A380 aircraft" (Press release). Rolls-Royce. 29 January 2016.
- ^ "Semi-Annual Jet Aircraft Value Listing". Aircraft Value News. 25 June 2018.
- ^ Élodie Roux (2007). Turbofan and turbojet engines: Database handbook. Elodie Roux. p. 485. ISBN 9782952938013. OCLC 879328119.
External links
[edit]
- "Trent 900". Rolls-Royce.
- "TCDS Number E00075EN" (PDF). FAA. 25 April 2019.