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Ling Tosite Sigure

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Ling Tosite Sigure
Ling Tosite Sigure; from left to right: 345, Pierre, TK
Ling Tosite Sigure; from left to right: 345, Pierre, TK
Background information
OriginSaitama, Japan
Genres
Years active2002–present
Labels
MembersTōru "TK" Kitajima
Miyoko "345" Nakamura
Masatoshi "Pierre" Nakano
Past membersNoda MEN
Websitesigure.jp

Ling Tosite Sigure (Japanese: 凛として時雨, Hepburn: Rin Toshite Shigure, literally "Cold as a rain shower in late autumn", stylized as Ling tosite sigure) are a Japanese rock trio, formed in 2002 in Saitama Prefecture.[5] The band's style resembles post-hardcore and progressive rock, math-rock, often incorporating rapid changes of tempo and mood framed in complex guitar melodies and technical drumming. They utilize both male and female vocals ranging from soft singing to loud wails and screams.[2][6][7]

Biography

[edit]

Ling Tosite Sigure was formed in 2002 in Saitama, Japan. TK (vocals, guitar) and 345 (vocals, bass) started first with NodaMEN (drums) then Pierre Nakano (drums) joined shortly, replacing Noda.[8][9] The band released several demos before starting their own label, Nakano Records, and releasing their debut album #4. Their second album Inspiration is DEAD was released on August 22, 2007, following an EP Feeling Your UFO the previous year, giving the band increased popularity and exposure throughout Japan. They appeared in the Countdown music festival in 2007 and continued to tour on a regular basis.[2]

On April 23, 2008, the band released their first single "Telecastic fake show", which charted in the Oricon Top 20.[10] In July they participated in the Fuji Rock Festival and in August the Rising Sun Rock Festival. In December 2008, Ling Tosite Sigure released the single "moment A rhythm", after signing to major label Sony Music. The single included an art book consisting of Kitajima's photography.[11]

Their third album, Just a Moment, was released on May 15, 2009, from which "JPOP Xfile" was featured on Space Shower TV.[9] In August they performed at the Summer Sonic Festival and toured throughout Japan. In 2010, the band performed a massive nationwide tour, "I Was Music", culminating at the high-profile Saitama Super Arena venue in the band's home city. In May, they traveled to England and played their first international shows in London and Brighton before returning to the studio to record new material.[12][13]

The band released their fourth album Still a Sigure Virgin? on September 22, 2010. They went on their "Virgin Killer" tour from late October to early December.[14] The first music video from the album, "I Was Music", aired on September 14. In 2011, the band continued to tour as TK released a film and photo book and Nakano released an instructional drum DVD.

On November 14, 2012, they released single titled "Abnormalize". The title song was used for the opening of the anime series Psycho-Pass. The song was performed on Music Station.[15]

The band's 5th studio album I'mperfect was released on April 10, 2013. The band signed to specialized European record label JPU Records in June 2013 and released I'mperfect all across Europe.[16]

The band released the single "Enigmatic Feeling" on November 5, 2014. The title song was used for the opening of the anime series Psycho-Pass 2.[17]

On January 14, 2015, the band released another single, "Who What Who What", and their first compilation album Best of Tornado. Unlike their other singles, "Who What Who What" only contained one song, which was used for the anime movie Psycho-Pass: The Movie.[18] The song was performed on Music Station. Best of Tornado featured remixed and remastered editions of their previous songs. There were 3 different releases of the album: the regular version, featuring one disc; the Tornado Edition, which contained 2 discs, the second having 11 music videos, and the Hyper Tornado Edition which contained 3 discs, the third being several demo tapes and audio of their live performances.[19]

An EP titled Es or S was released on September 2, 2015. The limited edition featured a 7-inch LP, A-side playing "SOSOS" and the B-side being "Mirror Frustration".[20]

On August 23, 2017, the band released the single "DIE meets HARD". The single featured a song made in collaboration with Koji Nakamura ("DIE meets HARD Koji Nakamura Remix"). The Limited Edition came with 2 discs; one containing 3 songs and the other containing their "DIE meets HARD" music video and a 15-minute podcast between the 3 members (titled DIE HARD radio on the disk). A 1-minute edit of the song was used as the opening for the drama series Shimokitazawa DIE HARD.[21]

On November 17, 2017, the band's 6th studio album #5 was announced with a February 14, 2018, release date. This was the band's first album release in roughly 5 years. The limited-edition came with a DVD containing music videos for "Chocolate Passion" and "#5", as well as a second installment of DIE HARD radio, which once again featured a podcast between the three members. In addition, a nationwide tour (Rin to Shinku Tour 2018 "Five For You") was announced to accompany the album, starting March 3 at Kanazawa EIGHT HALL, and lasting 12 total performances.[22]

On April 18, 2019, the band released their new song "laser beamer" digitally. The song was written for the first ever stage adaptation of the anime series Psycho-Pass entitled Psycho-Pass: Virtue and Vice.[23][24]

On July 3, 2019, the band digitally released the single titled "Neighbormind / laser beamer" from which "Neighbormind" was later used as the main theme for the Japanese dub of the film Spider-Man: Far From Home.[25]

Almost exactly 15 years after the release of #4 the band decided to release a remastered version on November 11, 2020, titled #4 -Retornado- (or #4 -Retornade-[26]).

The band released a new single Perfake Perfect on January 20, 2021. The title's song was used as theme song of the second stage adaptation Psycho-Pass: Virtue and Vice 2 from the Psycho-Pass anime series. Few days before, on January 18, 2021, the Perfake Perfect Tour took its first place in KT Zepp Yokohama.[27]

On May 11, 2022, the band released the new digital single "Tatsumaite senno (竜巻いて鮮脳)" to celebrate their 20th anniversary.[28]

On Sep 21st, "Marvelous Persona" was chosen as the opening theme for Line News Vision drama series, Joge Kankei.[29]

On Nov 11th, Sigure announced their work-in-progress seventh studio album Last Aurorally, along with a promotional tour titled Aurora Is Mine. The album released on April 12, 2023.[30]

On July 1, 2023, The band announced the concert of Tornado Anniversary 2023 〜15m12cm〜 to celebrate 15th year of their major debut single, moment A rhythm on December 8, 2023.[31]

On April 24, 2024, The band made a announcement in celebration of Pierre Nakano joined Ling Tosite Sigure in 2004, they have decided to do four concert tours starting in Zepp Osaka Bayside, Haneda & Divercity, and ends in Zepp Nagoya.[32]

Band members

[edit]
Current members
  • Tōru "TK" Kitajima (北嶋徹 born December 23, 1982) – guitar, vocals (2002–present)
  • Miyoko "345" Nakamura (中村美代子 born April 1, 1983) – bass guitar, vocals (2002–present)
  • Masatoshi "Pierre" Nakano (ピエール中野 born July 18, 1980) – drums (2004–present)
Former member
  • Noda MEN (野田MEN) – drums (2002–2004)

Timeline

[edit]

Discography

[edit]

Studio albums

[edit]
Title Album details Peak positions Sales
[33]
JPN
[34]
#4
  • Released: November 9, 2005
  • Label: Nakano Records (ANTX-1002)
  • Formats: CD, digital download
145 9,000
Inspiration Is Dead
  • Released: August 22, 2007
  • Label: Nakano Records (ANTX-1009)
  • Formats: CD, digital download
39 28,000
Just a Moment 4 44,000
Still a Sigure Virgin?
  • Released: September 22, 2010
  • Label: Sony Music Associated Records (AICL-2174)
  • Formats: CD, digital download
1 45,000
I'mperfect
  • Released: April 10, 2013
  • Label: Sony Music Associated Records (AICL-2526)
  • Formats: CD, digital download
3 30,000
#5
  • Released: February 14, 2018
  • Label: Sony Music Associated Records
  • Formats: CD, digital download
5 13,552+[35][36]
Last Aurorally
  • Released: April 12, 2023
  • Label: Sony Music Associated Records
  • Formats: CD, digital download, Blu-ray
9 4,484[37]

Compilation album

[edit]
Title Album details Peak positions Sales
[33]
JPN
[34]
Best of Tornado 6 26,984+[38][39]
PSYCHO-PASS:Cutting the Digital Domination
  • Released: June 7, 2023
  • Label: Sony Music Associated Records (AIJL-5340)
  • Formats: Vinyl
44 765+[40]

Extended plays

[edit]
Title EP details Peak positions Sales
[33]
JPN
[34]
Feeling Your UFO 192 2,100
es or s 5 11,044+[41]

Singles

[edit]
Title Year Notes Peak positions Sales
[33]
Certifications Album
JPN
Oricon

[42]
JPN
Billboard
"Telecastic Fake Show" 2008 17 80[43] 21,000 Just a Moment
"Moment a Rhythm" One track CD+photo booklet 15 13,000
"Abnormalize" 2012 Opening song for the anime series Psycho-Pass 8 13[44] 100,000+ I'mperfect
"Enigmatic Feeling" 2014 Opening song for the anime series Psycho-Pass 2 8 5[46] 100,000+ Best of Tornado
"Who What Who What" 2015 Opening song for the anime film Psycho-Pass: The Movie 6 4[47] 17,792+[48] Non-album single
"Die Meets Hard" 2017 Opening song for the drama series Shimokitazawa Die Hard 17 46[49] 5,394+ #5
"Neighbormind / Laser Beamer" 2019 "Neighbormind" as the theme song for the Japanese dub of Spider-Man: Far From Home.[50]
"Laser Beamer" as the theme song for the stage play of Psycho-Pass Virtue and Vice.[51]
14 3,000[52] Last Aurorally
"Perfake Perfect" 2021 "Perfake Perfect" as the theme song for the stage play of Psycho-Pass Virtue and Vice 2. 14
"alexithymiaspare (アレキシサイミアスペア)" 2023 Opening song for the anime movie Psycho-Pass Providence 40

Digital singles

[edit]
Title Year Notes Peak positions Sales
[33]
Certifications Album
JPN
Oricon

[42]
JPN
Billboard
"Tatsumaite senno (竜巻いて鮮脳)" 2022 "Tatsumaite senno" as the song to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the band. Last Aurorally
"Marvelous Persona" "Marvelous Persona" as the theme song of LINE NEWS VISION vertical mystery drama "The Ender"
"Kodoku no Saibou (狐独の才望)" 2023 Opening song for the Netflix anime series Onmyoji. Non-album singles
"Trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrue Lies" 2024 "Trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrue Lies" as the opening song for the stage play of Psycho-Pass Virtue and Vice 3. 50 1,084[53]

Music videos

[edit]
Year Song Director(s)
2005 "Sadistic Summer" Un­known
2006 "想像のSecurity"

(Imagination Security)

Hideaki Fukui
2007 "DISCO FLIGHT" UNLUCKY YOUNGMEN
2008 "Telecastic fake show" Un­known
2009 "secret cm" Yusuke Kurita
"JPOP Xfile" Jika
2010 "I was music" Daisuke Shimada
"illusion is mine" Yasunori Kakegawa
2012 "abnormalize" Masakazu Fukatsu
2013 "Beautiful Circus "
"Metamorphose"
2014 "Enigmatic Feeling"
2015 "Who What Who What" Un­known
"SOSOS"
2017 "DIE meets HARD" Ikuma Ara
2018 "Chocolate Passion" maxilla
"#5" Un­known
2019 "Laser Beamer" Shuichi Banba
"Neighbormind" Masakazu Fukatsu
2021 "Perfake Perfect" Junta Yamaguchi
2022 "Tatsumaite senno (竜巻いて鮮脳)" Masaki Watanabe (maxilla)
"Marvelous Persona" shuntaro
2023 "alexithymiaspare (アレキシサイミアスペア)" Ikuma Ara
"Kodoku no Saibou" (狐独の才望) shuntaro
2024 "Trrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrue Lies" Yousuke Asada

Tours and concerts

[edit]

Japan

[edit]
  • 40 Days Video Tour (2004)
  • Sadistic Summer Tour (2004)
  • Simple Is Dead (2005)
  • Give Me Your Turbo Tour (2005)
  • 3454123 Tour (2006)
  • Exotic Summer Feeling Tour (2006)
  • Pegasus Oneman Tour (2006)
  • My Name Is Dead Tour (2007)
  • Dynamite Sexy Summer Oneman Tour (2007)
  • Nakano Inspiration Tour (2007)
  • Fighiting G Oneman Tour (2008)
  • P_Rhythm Autumn Tour (2008)
  • Last A Moment Tour (2009)
  • Fuji Rock Festival with Various Artists (2008)[54]
  • Rising Sun Rock Festival with Various Artists (2008)[55]
  • Tornado Z Tour (2009)[56]
  • Summer Sonic Festival with Various Artists (2009)[57]
  • I was music Tour (2010)[58]
  • The Smashing Pumpkins Extra Show with Ling tosite Sigure and 9mm Parabellum Bullet as supporting acts (2010)[59]
  • Virgin Killer Tour (2010)
  • Virgin Killer Suicide Tour (2011)
  • αβ+1 Tour (2011)
  • Dear Perfect Tour (2013)
  • ~Nippon Budokan 10th Tornado Anniversary~ (2013)
  • Hyper Tornado Tour (2015)
  • S.O.S Tour (2015)
  • トキニ雨#15"~Hybrid Tornado Edition~ (2016)
  • Five for you Tour (2018)
  • Five for you – Vacuum the Hall Edition (2018)
  • Golden Fake Thinking Tour (2019)
  • Perfake Perfect Tour (2021)
  • Dead is Alive Tour (2022)
  • Dead Is Alive ~竜巻いて延命~ Tour (2022)
  • Aurora Is Mine Tour (2023)
  • Tornado Anniversary 2023 ~15m12cm~(2023)
  • Pierrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrre Vibes Tour (2024)

Overseas

[edit]
  • The Great Escape Festival in UK with Various Artists (2010)[60]
  • Dear Perfect - Taipei (2013)
  • Japan Night in UK with Various Artists (2015)[61]
  • Five for You – Beijing (2018)

Awards and nominations

[edit]
Year Award Category Work/Nominee Result
2014 Space Shower Music Video Awards Best Video "Enigmatic Feeling" Nominated[62]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Despres, Shawn (October 30, 2009). "Ling Tosite Sigure". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Buchanan, John D. "Ling Tosite Sigure | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  3. ^ Sawada, Daisuke; Tsuchida, Mayumi (May 14, 2009). "Various Sounds from Ling tosite sigure – 凛として時雨のサウンドに潜む多面性を探る" [Various Sounds from Ling tosite Sigure – Exploring multifaceted sound]. Tower Records Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  4. ^ Thea de Gallier (July 13, 2015). "Japan Night leaves its mark on London". Louder Sound. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  5. ^ "凛として時雨 の記事まとめ" [Ling tosite sigure Overview]. Rockin'On Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  6. ^ McQuistan, Colin (July 14, 2015). "Sigure – A Most Enigmatic Live Act". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  7. ^ "Profile | Ling tosite sigure". Official website. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  8. ^ "Ling tosite sigure". JpopAsia. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  9. ^ a b Miyake, Shinichi (May 2009). "Power Push! Interview – Ling tosite Sigure". Space Shower TV (in Japanese). Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  10. ^ "Telecastic fake show | 凛として時雨" [Telecastic fake show | Ling tosite Sigure]. Oricon (in Japanese). May 5, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  11. ^ Takuya, Furukawa (December 22, 2008). "凛として時雨『moment A rhythm』" [Ling tosite Sigure "moment A rhythm"]. Rockin'On Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  12. ^ "凛として時雨がイギリスへ、『The Great Escape』に出演" [Ling tosite Sigure performed at the UK's Great Escape]. Rockin'On Japan (in Japanese). May 10, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  13. ^ "凛として時雨、2010 UKライヴ・レポート" [Ling tosite Sigure 2010 UK live report]. Barks Japan (in Japanese). May 25, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  14. ^ Despres, Shawn (October 15, 2010). "Ling tosite sigure seek virgin fans on the road". The Japan Times. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  15. ^ Sugioka, Yuki. "凛として時雨 『abnormalize』インタビュー" [Ling tosite Sigure "abnormalize" Interview]. Billboard Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  16. ^ Buchanan, John D. "I'mperfect – Ling Tosite Sigure | Release Info". AllMusic. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  17. ^ Tran, Can (September 20, 2014). "Video: Japanese anime Psycho Pass 2 1st trailer". Digital Journal. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  18. ^ Loveridge, Lynzee (November 24, 2014). "Ling tosite Sigure Performs Psycho-Pass Film's Theme Song". Anime News Network. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  19. ^ "凛として時雨、新曲断片を公開&ベスト盤にデモテープ音源" [Ling tosite Sigure released new CDs & demo tapes audio]. Natalie (in Japanese). November 27, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  20. ^ "凛として時雨、新作はベルリンRECのミニアルバム「es or s」" [Ling tosite Sigure's new work Es or S is recorded in Berlin]. Natalie (in Japanese). July 13, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  21. ^ "Ling tosite Sigure's "DIE meets HARD" runs wild with bra thieves and gun-wielding uncles". Jrock News. August 17, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  22. ^ "凛として時雨、5年ぶりニュー・アルバム『#5』リリース決定! 全国ツアー&15周年記念ポップ・アップ・ギャラリーの開催も!" [Ling tosite Sigure released new album '# 5' for the first time in 5 years! Nationwide tour & 15th-anniversary pop-up, gallery holding!]. Gekirock (in Japanese). November 17, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  23. ^ "Ling Tosite Sigure Digitally Releases 'laser beamer' & Music Video". MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON | もしもしにっぽん. 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  24. ^ "「舞台 PSYCHO-PASS サイコパス Virtue and Vice」公式サイト". 「舞台 PSYCHO-PASS サイコパス Virtue and Vice」公式サイト (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  25. ^ "Ling Tosite Sigure Debut Spider-Man: Far From Home Theme 'Neighbormind' Live". MOSHI MOSHI NIPPON | もしもしにっぽん. 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-08.
  26. ^ "DISCOGRAPHY | Ling tosite sigure". www.sigure.jp. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  27. ^ "INFORMATION | 凛として時雨". www.sigure.jp. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
  28. ^ "Tatsumaite senno | 凛として時雨". www.sigure.jp. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  29. ^ https://twitter.com/sigure_official/status/1572784811143442433 [bare URL]
  30. ^ https://twitter.com/sigure_official/status/1615635110665109504 [bare URL]
  31. ^ https://twitter.com/sigure_official/status/1675104462891888641 [bare URL]
  32. ^ https://x.com/sigure_official/status/1783330100991127639?s=46&t=DmyWObKofYS792tHY-h7_A [bare URL]
  33. ^ a b c d e "オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」". Oricon. Retrieved 2010-09-26. (subscription only)
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  36. ^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング 2018年03月05日付(2018年02月19日~2018年02月25日)" [Weekly CD Album Ranking March 5, 2018 (February 19–25, 2018)] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  37. ^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング 2023年04月24日付(2023年04月10日~2023年04月16日)" [Weekly CD Album Ranking April 24, 2023 (April 10–16, 2023)] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on April 19, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
  38. ^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング 2015年01月26日付(2015年01月12日~2015年01月18日)" [Weekly CD Album Ranking January 26, 2015 (January 12–18, 2015)] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  39. ^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング 2015年02月02日付(2015年01月19日~2015年01月25日)" [Weekly CD Album Ranking February 2, 2015 (January 19–25, 2015)] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  40. ^ "オリコン週間 アルバムランキング 2023年06月05日~2023年06月11日 41~50位 | ORICON NEWS". 2023-06-15. Archived from the original on 2023-06-15. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  41. ^ "週間 CDアルバムランキング 2015年09月14日付(2015年08月31日~2015年09月06日)" [Weekly CD Album Ranking September 14, 2015 (August 31–September 6, 2015)] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
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  43. ^ "Billboard Japan Hot 100 | Charts". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  44. ^ "Japanese Music: Top Japanese Songs Chart". Billboard. 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
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  46. ^ "Japanese Music: Top Japanese Songs Chart". Billboard. 2014-11-22. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  47. ^ "Japanese Music: Top Japanese Songs Chart". Billboard. 2015-01-31. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  48. ^ "週間 CDシングルランキング 2015年01月26日付(2015年01月12日~2015年01月18日)" [Weekly CD Single Ranking January 26, 2015 (January 12–18, 2015)] (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  49. ^ "Japanese Music: Top Japanese Songs Chart". Billboard. 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2018-10-12.
  50. ^ "Ling Tosite Sigure Release 'Spider-Man: Far from Home' Theme Music Video". Moshi Moshi Nippon. 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  51. ^ "Ling Tosite Sigure Digitally Releases "Laser Beamer" & Music Video". Moshi Moshi Nippon. 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  52. ^ "週間 CDシングルランキング 2019年07月15日付" [Weekly CD Single Ranking for July 15, 2019]. Oricon Style (in Japanese). Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  53. ^ "週間 CDシングルランキング 2024年07月29日付(2024年07月15日~2024年07月21日)" [Weekly CD Single Ranking July 29, 2024 (January 15–21, 2024)] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
  54. ^ "14th Fuji Rock Festival". Fuji Rock Festival Website. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  55. ^ "Rising Sun Rock Festival in Ezo 2008". Rising Sun Rock Festival Website (in Japanese). Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  56. ^ "Ling tosite sigure TOUR2009 Tornado Z Review". Schecter Web Magazine (in Japanese). Schecter Guitar Research. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  57. ^ "Summer Sonic Festival 2009". Summer Sonic Festival Website (in Japanese). Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  58. ^ "Ling tosite sigure TOUR2010 "I was music" SUPER FINAL Review". Schecter Web Magazine (in Japanese). Schecter Guitar Research. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  59. ^ Robson, Daniel (August 6, 2010). "Corgan hails Summer Sonic's '90s vibe". The Japan Times. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  60. ^ Hoile, Philip (April 22, 2010). "The Great Escape 2010: Preview". Zap! Bang! Magazine. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  61. ^ "JAPAN NIGHT: VAMPS and more J-Rock bands at JAPAN NIGHT". Hyper Japan Website. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
  62. ^ "2014 Space Shower Music Video Awards". Natalie (in Japanese). February 1, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
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