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Vlachs of Serbia

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(Redirected from Timok Vlachs)
This article is about the Romanian-speaking population living in eastern Serbia. For other uses, see Vlachs of Serbia (disambiguation).

Vlachs of Serbia
Total population
21,013 (2022 census)[1]
150,000–300,000 (unofficial estimates)[2][3][4]
Regions with significant populations
Eastern Serbia
Languages
Romanian and Serbian
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Orthodox
Related ethnic groups
Romanians in Serbia

The Vlachs (Romanian: rumâń; Serbian: власи / vlasi) are a Romanian-speaking population group living in eastern Serbia, mainly within the Timok Valley. They are characterized by a culture that has preserved archaic and ancient elements in matters such as language or customs. Their ethnic affiliation is highly disputed, with some considering the Vlachs as an independent ethnic group while others consider them part of the Romanians.

History

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"Vlach" is a word of Germanic origin, originally used by the Germanic tribes to refer to the Romans. It would later be adopted by the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire and virtually all Slavs to refer to the Romance languages-speakers in the Balkans that remained following the various migrations into the area. These peoples never referred to themselves as "Vlachs", but as some variant of "Roman". Today there are several peoples that are still commonly referred to as Vlachs, these including the Vlachs of eastern Serbia.[5]

There are hypotheses about an autochthonous origin of the Vlachs in the area in which they currently live. Researchers who promoted this idea include the researcher Atanasie Popovici, a native of the area.[6] However, most researchers agree that the Vlachs of eastern Serbia originate from areas in present-day Romania and settled in land in which they live today as a result of migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries.[6][7] These migrations occurred due to the difficult living conditions in Hungary, Moldavia and Wallachia.[8] Strong migrations were recorded between 1718 and 1739 after the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718; during this time, eastern Serbia was part of the Banat of Temeswar. Migrations to eastern Serbia continued after this period, albeit on a smaller scale.[6] More precisely, migrations were recorded in the periods of 1723–1725, 1733–1734, 1818 and 1834. These were directed to the settlements of Jošanica, Krepoljin, Laznica (Laznița), Osanica, Ribare, Suvi Do, Vukovac, Žagubica (Jagubița or Jăgobița). These migrations increased the number of houses in the area around the Homolje Mountains (Serbian: Хомољске планине / Homoljske planine; Romanian: Munții Homolie or Munții Homoliei) from 80 in 1718 to 155 in 1733. Furthermore, the two latter waves led to the foundation of the settlements of Bliznak, Breznica, Izvarica, Jasikovo, Krupaja, Milanovac and Sige. According to the place of origin of these new migrants, the Vlachs of eastern Serbia were divided into ungureni (originating from the Kingdom of Hungary, or more precisely, from Banat and Transylvania proper) and țărani (originating from Moldavia and Wallachia).[8] The Vlachs are still divided into these two groups according to the Romanian dialect they speak; the ungureni have a speech closely related to the Banat Romanian dialect while the dialect of the țărani is closer to the Wallachian one. Dialectally, there are two other groups of Vlachs, the munteni and the bufani, but these are largely assimilated into the former two.[6]

Ethnic map of Vlachs in eastern Serbia

Before the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859, the Vlachs in eastern Serbia were officially known as "Romanians".[9] On the other hand, the country of Wallachia (the name of which was derived from "Vlach"),[10] was known in Serbian as Влашка / Vlaška. Furthermore, in ethnographic studies of the 19th or early 20th century, the Vlachs of eastern Serbia were regarded as Romanians in an undisputed way. However, after 1859 and the formation of the first modern Romanian state, this practice was reversed, with the name of "Vlach" being imposed over on the community of eastern Serbia to break similarities with the Romanians; this was intensified after the creation of Yugoslavia.[11]

According to an article by Ivan Miladinović for Večernje novosti, at the end of 1946, Yugoslav Partisans leader Josip Broz Tito presented a proposal to allow Romania to annex the Vlach-populated areas in eastern Serbia since "Romanian comrades, Gheorghiu-Dej and Ana Pauker, think it is their people and their territory"; Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Serbia Blagoje Nešković would have expressed strong opposition to this proposal.[12]

Culture

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Language

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Main article: Romanian language in Serbia

The Vlachs speak a group of archaic Romanian varieties known as "Vlach" in Serbia. The Romanian language is not in use in local administration, not even in localities where members of the minority represent more than 15% of the population, where it would be allowed according to Serbian law.[13] This is mostly because of the lack of teachers and because Vlach is more of an oral than a written language. Since 2012, there have been continuous efforts to standardize Vlach in a written form, and the teaching of Vlach has started in schools. While the Vlach standard written language is under development, the Vlach Council in Serbia in 2006 debated the use of Serbian as the official language and Romanian as the literary language. This proposition of the council was confirmed in a document it issued in 2010 – endorsing the Serbian language while written Vlach was being developed. In 2012, the council decided to adopt a proposition on written and oral Vlach and started to work towards its standardization.[14] According to the Serbian census of 2011, among the 35,330 individuals who identified as Vlachs, 28,918 declared that they spoke Vlach, and 186 Romanian. Out of 43,095 individuals who declared that their mother tongue was Vlach, 28,918 declared their ethnicity as Vlach, 12,156 as Serb, 67 as Romanian, 174 as other, 1,150 who did not declare and 266 unknown.[15] In southern and eastern Serbia, where the population with a Vlach identity was concentrated, there were 32,873 people with a Vlach identity, and 2,073 people with a Romanian identity, according to the 2011 Serbian census.[16]

Religion

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The Romanian Orthodox Church in Malajnica, built in 2004, is the first Romanian church in eastern Serbia. Before its construction, Romanians in Eastern Serbia were not allowed to hear liturgical services in their native language.[17][18][19] Most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia are Orthodox Christians who had belonged to the Serbian Orthodox Church since the 19th century. This changed on 24 March 2009, when Serbia recognized the authority of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Eastern Serbia and the confessional rights of the Vlachs.[20]

The 2006 Serbian law on religious organizations did not recognize the Romanian Orthodox Church as a traditional church, as it had received permission from the Serbian Church to operate only within Vojvodina, but not in Eastern Serbia.[13] At Malajnica, a Vlach priest belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church encountered deliberately-raised administrative barriers when he attempted to build a church.[13][21]

Vlach magic

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The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs and beliefs that are frowned upon by the Orthodox Church. Vlach magic rituals are well known across modern Serbia. The Vlachs celebrate the ospăț (hospitium, in Latin), called in Serbian praznik or slava. The customs of the Vlachs are very similar to those from Southern Romania (Wallachia).[22]

Identity and ethnic classification

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The identity and ethnic classification of the Timok Vlachs is highly contested. The Serbian government considers the Timok Vlachs a distinct and independent group and rejects any conflation with the Romanians, citing census results and their right to self-identify with the minority of their choice. On the other hand, the Romanian government's position is that the Timok Vlachs are simply Romanians, that the split into "Romanian" and "Vlach" identities is artificial and that Serbia has failed to protect the minority rights of the Romanians.[23]

These disputes also occur between the Timok Vlachs themselves. Two main groups stand out: an "anti-Romanian" group and another "pro-Romanian" group. The former regards Serbia as the homeland of the Timok Vlachs and rejects any connection to Romania, while the latter relates the Timok Vlachs and Romanian through elements such as language and often regards Romania as the homeland of the Timok Vlachs, although both agree on the need for the Serbian government to do more to protect the Timok Vlachs.[24]

The situation within the National Council of the Vlach National Minority [sr] is particularly convulsed. In 2009, during an interview for the Serbian newspaper Politika, Živoslav Lazić, the president of the council and mayor of Veliko Gradište (Grădiștea Mare), called the efforts by "some in Serbia" to prove that the Romanians and the Timok Vlachs are a separate minority as "xenophobic". He also argued that claims about Romanianization of the Timok Vlachs by Romania come from people whose real aim is the assimilation of the Timok Vlachs.[25] In 2010, shortly before the first elections to choose the members of the Vlach National Council, Vlach politician Miletić Mihajlović accused the council of being pro-Romanian and of having as its main objective "transfer" the Vlachs into the Romanians, adding that Serbia was the homeland of the Vlachs.[26] The new council elected in 2010 adopted an anti-Romanian stance. In 2012, the new president, Radiša Dragojević, stated that "Nobody has the right to ask Vlachs to declare themselves as Romanians", that "Vlachs consider Serbia their motherland" and that "We have no objections, nor any basis to turn to Romania, nor does Romania have any basis to make any demands on our behalf". According to Dragojević himself, according to the 23 members that corresponded to the council of the Timok Vlachs, only four were pro-Romanian.[27] In 2018, a new Vlach council was elected, and the coalition Vlachs for Serbia won 22 of the 23 seats. Dragojević, president of the Vlach council and member of the coalition commented that their result was due to pro-Romanian Vlach political formations having either boycotted the elections or having run for the elections for the National Council of the Romanian National Minority instead.[28]

Today there is a movement among some members of the Timok Vlachs to align themselves with Romania and identify themselves as part of the Romanian identity in Serbia.[29] As of 2009, an estimated two to three thousand Timok Vlachs were attending secondary schools and universities in Romania. It has been said that the Serbian political elite might fear that part of these could return to Serbia with a Romanian national consciousness that could influence the rest of the Timok Vlachs.[25] The Association of the Vlachs of Serbia (Serbian: Zajednica Vlaha Srbija / Заједница Влаха Србије, ZVS) stands out for this. The ZVS has made claims such as that Romania is the motherland of the Timok Vlachs, that they speak Romanian and that Serbia tries to assimilate the Vlachs by referring to them in this way to separate them from the Romanian nation. The Vlach National Party is a Wlach political party in Serbia led by Predrag Balašević. The party claims that the Serbia is trying to manipulate the culture and history of the Vlachs and impose a "historical cultural construct" on them. It also blends the Timok Vlachs with the Romanians from Romania into the same group. Timoc Press is another pro-Romanian organization in the Timok Valley, funded by the Department for Romanians Everywhere of the Romanian government, which considers the Timok Vlachs and the Romanians a single nation, the former of which is being assimilated by the Serbs. Even so, there are anti-Romanian organizations. An example is the Vlach Democratic Party (VDS), whose president in 2012, Siniša Celojević, declared that "The Vlachs of Serbia are not, and will never be, members of the Romanian national minority", which Romania claims groups outside its borders to reinforce their historical continuity and national identity and that Romania takes advantage of the lack of minority rights for the Timok Vlachs to "infiltrate" among them. Celojević was a member of the Vlach National Council.[30]

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Ethnological map of the Romanian population by Élisée Reclus

The ethnonym is Rumâni and the community Rumâni din Sârbie,[31] translated into English as "Romanians from Serbia".[32] They are also known in Romanian as Valahii din Serbia or Românii din Timoc.[33] Although ethnographically and linguistically related to the Romanians, within the Vlach community there are divergences on whether or not they belong to the Romanian nation and whether or not their minority should be amalgamated with the Romanian minority in Vojvodina.[13]

In a Romanian-Yugoslav agreement of November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia,[34] but the agreement was not implemented.[35] In April 2005, 23 deputies from the Council of Europe, representatives from Hungary, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania, Moldova, Estonia, Armenia, Azerbaïdjan, Denmark, and Bulgaria protested against Serbia's treatment of this population.[36]

The Senate of Romania postponed the ratification of Serbia's candidature for membership in the European Union until the legal status and minority right of the Romanian (Vlach) population in Serbia is clarified.[37][38]

Predrag Balašević, president of the Vlach party of Serbia, accused the government of assimilation by using the national Vlach organization against the interests of this minority in Serbia.[39]

Since 2010, the Vlach National Council of Serbia has been led by members of leading Serbian parties (Democrat Party and Socialist Party), most of whom are ethnic Serbs having no relation to the Vlach/Romanian minority.[40] Radiša Dragojević, the current president of Vlach National Council of Serbia, stated that no one has the right to ask the Vlach minority in Serbia to identify themselves as Romanian or veto anything.[41] As a response to mister Dragojević's statement, the cultural organizations Ariadnae Filum, Društvo za kulturu Vlaha - Rumuna Srbije, Društvo Rumuna - Vlaha „Trajan“, Društvo za kulturu, jezik i religiju Vlaha - Rumuna Pomoravlja, Udruženje za tradiciju i kulturu Vlaha „Dunav“, Centar za ruralni razvoj - Vlaška kulturna inicijativa Srbija and the Vlach Party of Serbia protested and stated that it was false.[42][43]

According to a 2012 agreement between Romania and Serbia, members of the Vlach community that choose to declare as Romanians will have access to education, media, and religion in the Romanian language.[44]

Notable people

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See also

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Stanovništvo prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti" Становништво према националној припадности (in Serbian). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  2. ^ Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie (2016). "Foggy Diaspora: Romanian Women in Eastern Serbia". Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Sociologia. 61 (1): 43. doi:10.1515/subbs-2016-0002. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_13892.
  3. ^ Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie; Huțanu, Monica (2019). "Ideology and Representation of Vlach Romanian Online: Between Linguistic Activism and Unengaged Language Use". Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov: Series IV: Philology and Cultural Studies. 12(61) (1): 74. doi:10.31926/but.pcs.2019.61.12.6. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_13918.
  4. ^ Heenan, Patrick; Lamontagne, Monique, eds. (1999). The Central and Eastern Europe Handbook. London: Fitzroy Dearbon. p. 274. ISBN 1-57958-089-0.
  5. ^ Ivkov-Džigurski et al. 2012, pp. 62–63.
  6. ^ a b c d Huțanu & Sorescu-Marinković 2018, p. 2.
  7. ^ Manovich 2014, pp. 22–23.
  8. ^ a b Ivkov-Džigurski et al. 2012, pp. 68.
  9. ^ Ivkov-Džigurski et al. 2012, p. 66.
  10. ^ Ivkov-Džigurski et al. 2012, p. 63.
  11. ^ Ivkov-Džigurski et al. 2012, pp. 66–67.
  12. ^ Miladinović, Ivan (30 October 2022). "СРАМНЕ СТРАНИЦЕ ХРВАТСКЕ ПОВЈЕСТИ: Шта повезује Косово и Метохију и Истру и какве везе са тим има и Мусолини". Večernje novosti (in Serbian).
  13. ^ a b c d "The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia" Archived 2012-01-23 at the Wayback Machine, at the Council of Europe, 14 February 2008
  14. ^ Vlaška nacionalna manjina: Demografski podaci Влашка национална мањина: Демографски подаци (PDF) (in Serbian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020 – via fer.org.rs.
  15. ^ "Census data - excel table | Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia".
  16. ^ See the table "Population by ethnicity and sex, by municipalities and cities" at https://www.stat.gov.rs/en-us/oblasti/popis/popis-2011/popisni-podaci-eksel-tabele/
  17. ^ "Xenophobic actions against Timoc Romanians". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  18. ^ Drasko Djenovic (9 September 2005). "SERBIA: Romanian priest to pay for official destruction of his church". F18News. Forum 18 News Service. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  19. ^ "Haiducul credintei din Valea Timocului, Boian Alexandrovici, decorat de presedintele Basescu". RGN Press (in Romanian). 2 March 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008.
  20. ^ Miron, Gheorghe (7 December 2009). "Biserica Română din Timoc a fost recunoscută de către Curtea Supremă de Justiţie a Serbie". Ziua de Vest (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  21. ^ "Biserica românească din Malainiţa ameninţată din nou", BBC Romanian, 16 September 2005
  22. ^ Brodner, Raluca (17 June 2009). "Obiceiuri de înmormântare la românii din Timoc". ZiarulLumina.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
  23. ^ Manovich 2014, pp. 23–24.
  24. ^ Manovich 2014, p. 27.
  25. ^ a b Albunović, Marko (17 May 2009). "Власи источне Србије – од асимилације до румунизације". Politika (in Serbian).
  26. ^ "Влахе би у Румуне". Novosti (in Serbian). 8 May 2010.
  27. ^ Manovich 2014, pp. 24.
  28. ^ Baković, Biljana (13 November 2018). "Пре четири године Влах, сада Румун". Politika (in Serbian).
  29. ^ Sorescu Marinković et al. 2021, p. 130.
  30. ^ Manovich 2014, pp. 25–26.
  31. ^ "Statut". vdss-petrovac.com (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  32. ^ "Odluka o promeni sedišta". vdss-petrovac.com (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 3 September 2011.
  33. ^ C. Constante, Anton Galopenția (1943). Românii din Timoc: Românii dinitre Dunăre, Timoc și Morava. p. 50. Apoi, Valahii din Serbia, sunt harnici, muncitori, economi şi de mare dârzenie în privinţa portului şi a limbei.
  34. ^ "Iugoslavia recunoaste apartenenta vlahilor din Valea Timocului la minoritatea romaneasca". Adevărul (in Romanian). 6 November 2002. Prin acordul privind minoritatile, semnat, luni, la Belgrad, de catre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, statul iugoslav recunoaste dreptul apartenentei la minoritatea romaneasca din Iugoslavia al celor aproape 120.000 de vlahi (cifra neoficiala), care traiesc in Valea Timocului, in Serbia de Rasarit. Reprezentantii romanilor din Iugoslavia, profesori, ziaristi, scriitori, i-au multumit, ieri, la Pancevo, sefului statului pentru aceasta intelegere cu guvernul de la Belgrad. Acordul este considerat de importanta istorica pentru romanii din Valea Timocului, care, din timpul lui Iosip Broz Tito, traiesc fara drept la invatamant si viata religioasa in limba materna, practic nerecunoscuti ca etnie. "Nu vom face ca fostul regim, sa numim noi care sunt minoritatile nationale sau sa stergem cu guma alte minoritati", a spus, ieri, Rasim Ljajic, ministrul sarb pentru minoritati, la intalnirea de la Pancevo a presedintelui cu romanii din Iugoslavia. Deocamdata, statul iugoslav nu a recunoscut prin lege statutul vlahilor de pe Valea Timocului, insa de-acum va acorda acestora dreptul la optiunea etnica, va permite, in decembrie, constituirea Consiliului Reprezentantilor Romani si va participa in Comisia mixta romano-iugoslava la monitorizarea problemelor minoritatilor sarba si romana din cele doua state. In Iugoslavia traiesc cateva sute de mii de romani. Presedintele Ion Iliescu s-a angajat, ieri, pentru o politica mai activa privind romanii din afara granitelor: "Avem mari datorii fata de romanii care traiesc in afara granitelor. Autocritic vorbind, nu ne-am facut intotdeauna datoria. De dragul de a nu afecta relatiile noastre cu vecinii, am fost mai retinuti, mai prudenti in a sustine cauza romanilor din statele vecine. (...) Ungurii ne dau lectii din acest punct de vedere", a spus presedintele, precizand ca romanii trebuie sa-si apere cauza "pe baza de buna intelegere".
  35. ^ Curierul Naţional, 25 ianuarie 2003 Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine: Chiar si acordul dintre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, semnat la sfarsitul anului trecut, nu este respectat, in ceea ce priveste minoritatile, deoarece locuitorii din Valea Timocului, numiti vlahi, nu sunt recunoscuti ca minoritari, ci doar „grup etnic“.
  36. ^ Parliamentary Assembly, 28 April 2005 Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine: Deeply concerned over the cultural situation of the so-called “Vlach” Romanians dwelling in 154 ethnic Romanian localities 48 localities of mixed ethnic make-up between the Danube, Timok and Morava Rivers who since 1833 have been unable to enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches
  37. ^ "Biroul Permanenent al Senatului a amânat votul privind ratificarea Acordului de aderare a Serbiei la UE. Motivul: drepturile românilor /vlahilor din Timoc". Romanian Global News (in Romanian). 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011.
  38. ^ "Rumunija će blokirati kandidaturu?". B92 (in Serbian). 23 February 2012.
  39. ^ Власи оптужују Србију за асимилацију - Правда Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Ghica, Sorin (29 February 2012). "Falşi vlahi folosiţi împotriva românilor". Adevărul (in Romanian).
  41. ^ "Драгојевић: Власи нису Румуни". Politika. 28 February 2012.
  42. ^ "Ne gurajte probleme pod tepih". B92 (in Serbian). 29 February 2012.
  43. ^ "Vlasi (ni)su obespravljeni u Srbiji". B92 (in Serbian). 29 February 2012.
  44. ^ "Basesku: "Rumunski problem" naduvan". B92 (in Serbian). 2 March 2012.
  45. ^ "Poznati vlasi: Staniša paunović" Познати власи: Станиша пауновић. Reč naroda Реч народа (in Serbian). 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

References

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Further reading

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  • Dimitrijevic-Rufu, Dejan. Le rituel de la slava et l'imaginaire communautaire de l'unité. Les Roumains de Homolje et les Serbes en France, Revue européenne de migrations internationales. Vol. 16 N°2. Fêtes et rituels dans la migration. 2000, pp. 91–117.
  • Dragić, Dragomir. Forum za kulturu Vlaha. Vlasi ili Rumuni iz istočne Srbije i "vlaško pitanje" - pitanja i odgovori; Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji, Beograd, 2002.
  • Fifor, Mihai Viorel (2000), "Assimilation or Acculturation: Creating Identities in the New Europe. The Case of Vlachs in Serbia", Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in Central Europe, Cracow: Jagellonian University
  • Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie. "The Vlachs of North-Eastern Serbia: Fieldwork and Field Methods Today." Symposia–Caiete de Etnologie şi Antropologie. 2006.
  • Sikimić, Biljana, and Annemarie Sorescu. "The Concept of Loneliness and Death among Vlachs in North-eastern Serbia." Symposia–Caiete de etnologie şi antropologie. 2004.
  • Marinković, Annemarie Sorescu. "Vorbarĭ Rumîńesk: The Vlach on line Dictionary." Philologica Jassyensia 8.1 (2012): 47–60.
  • Ivkov-Džigurski, Anđelija, et al. "The Mystery of Vlach Magic in the Rural Areas of 21st century Serbia." Eastern European Countryside 18 (2012): 61–83.
  • Marinković, Annemarie Sorescu. "Cultura populară a românilor din Timoc–încercare de periodizare a cercetărilor etnologice." Philologica Jassyensia 2.1 (2006): 73–92.
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