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Timeline of ancient history

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For earlier events, see Timeline of prehistory and Timelines of world history.

This timeline of ancient history lists historical events of the documented ancient past from the beginning of recorded history until the Early Middle Ages. Prior to this time period, prehistory civilizations were pre-literate and did not have written language.

Brief ancient chronology
(Common Era years in astronomical year numbering)
Coming of IslamEarly Middle AgesGupta EmpireLate antiquityRoman EmpireMaurya EmpireHellenismClassical GreeceAchaemenid EmpireRoman KingdomArchaic GreeceNeo-Assyrian EmpireAncient Pueblo PeoplesBronze Age collapseHittite EmpireSack of BabylonLate Bronze AgeHammurabiMiddle Bronze AgeXia DynastyAkkadian EmpireGreat Pyramid of GizaIndus CivilizationAegean civilizationThree Sovereigns and Five EmperorsFirst DynastyBronze Age writingEarly Dynastic Period (Egypt)Egyptian hieroglyphsEarly Bronze Age

Millennia: 4th millennium BC - 3rd millennium BC - 2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium

Centuries: 34th BC - 33rd BC - 32nd BC - 31st BC - 30th BC - 29th BC - 28th BC - 27th BC - 26th BC - 25th BC - 24th BC - 23rd BC - 22nd BC - 21st BC - 20th BC - 19th BC - 18th BC - 17th BC - 16th BC - 15th BC - 14th BC - 13th BC - 12th BC - 11th BC - 10th BC - 9th BC - 8th BC - 7th BC - 6th BC - 5th BC - 4th BC - 3rd BC - 2nd BC - 1st BC - 1st AD - 2nd AD - 3rd AD - 4th AD

Early history

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Classical antiquity

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Main article: Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It refers to the timeframe of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.[40][41] Ancient history includes the recorded Greek history beginning in about 776 BC (First Olympiad). This coincides roughly with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC and the beginning of the history of Rome.[42][43]

End of ancient history in Europe

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The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity. Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. ACE 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius. The Early Middle Ages are a period in the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from CE 500 to 1000. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century. Western scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in CE 476, the death of the emperor Justinian I in CE 565, or the coming of Islam in CE 632 as the end of classical antiquity.

For later events, see Timeline of the Middle Ages.

Horizontal timeline

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Imperial ChinaAncient ChinaThree Sovereigns and Five EmperorsMiddle kingdoms of IndiaIndo-GreeksIron Age IndiaIndus Valley CivilizationAncient RomeAncient GreecePhoeniciaAxumite EmpireKingdom of KushAncient EgyptSassanid EmpireParthian EmpireSeleucid EmpireAchaemenid EmpireMesopotamiaIron AgeBronze Age
Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details

Maps

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  • Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC.
    Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC.
  • Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC.
    Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC.
  • Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC.
    Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC.
  • Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC.
    Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC.
  • World in CE 1.
    World in CE 1.
  • World in CE 100.
    World in CE 100.
  • Eastern Hemisphere in CE 200.
    Eastern Hemisphere in CE 200.
  • World in CE 300.
    World in CE 300.
  • Eastern Hemisphere in CE 486.
    Eastern Hemisphere in CE 486.

See also

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References

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  2. ^ "Beginning in the pottery-phase of the Neolithic, clay tokens are widely attested as a system of counting and identifying specific amounts of specified livestock or commodities. The tokens, enclosed in clay envelopes after being impressed on their rounded surface, were gradually replaced by impressions on flat or plano-convex tablets, and these in turn by more or less conventionalized pictures of the tokens incised on the clay with a reed stylus. The transition to writing was complete W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. p. 25.
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  8. ^ Two fragmentary Akkadian versions survive, from the 15th century BCE and from the end of the second millennium BCE: "Its great antiquity and popularity is evidenced by the large number of manuscripts of it that have survived" (Beaulieu in Clifford 2007:4).
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  40. ^ It is used to refer to various other periods of ancient history, like Ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia (such as, Assyria, Babylonia and Sumer) or other early civilizations of the Near East. It is less commonly used in reference to civilizations of the Far East.
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  52. ^ The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea Available from: https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/periplus/periplus.html

Citations and notes

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