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Tier 1 network

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A Tier 1 network is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that can reach every other network on the Internet solely via settlement-free interconnection (also known as settlement-free peering).[1][2] Tier 1 networks can exchange traffic with other Tier 1 networks without paying any fees for the exchange of traffic in either direction.[3] In contrast, some Tier 2 networks and all Tier 3 networks must pay to transmit traffic on other networks.[3]

Relationship between the various tiers of Internet providers

There is no authority that defines tiers of networks participating in the Internet.[1] The most common and well-accepted definition of a Tier 1 network is a network that can reach every other network on the Internet without purchasing IP transit or paying for peering.[2] By this definition, a Tier 1 network must be a transit-free network (purchases no transit) that peers for no charge with every other Tier 1 network[4][5] and can reach all major networks on the Internet. Not all transit-free networks are Tier 1 networks, as it is possible to become transit-free by paying for peering, and it is also possible to be transit-free without being able to reach all major networks on the Internet.

The most widely quoted source for identifying Tier 1 networks is published by Renesys Corporation, but the base information to prove the claim is publicly accessible from many locations, such as the RIPE RIS database,[6] the Oregon Route Views servers, Packet Clearing House, and others.

It can be difficult to determine whether a network is paying for peering or transit, as these business agreements are rarely public information, or are covered under a non-disclosure agreement. The Internet peering community is roughly the set of peering coordinators present at the Internet exchange points on more than one continent. The subset representing Tier 1 networks is collectively understood in a loose sense, but not published as such.

Common definitions of Tier 2 and Tier 3 networks:

  • Tier 2 network: A network that peers for no charge with some networks, but still purchases IP transit or pays for peering to reach at least some portion of the Internet.
  • Tier 3 network: A network that solely purchases transit/peering from other networks to participate in the Internet.

History

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The original Internet backbone was the ARPANET when it provided the routing between most participating networks. The development of the British JANET (1984) and U.S. NSFNET (1985) infrastructure programs to serve their nations' higher education communities, regardless of discipline,[7] resulted in the NSFNet backbone by 1989. The Internet could be defined as the collection of all networks connected and able to interchange Internet Protocol datagrams with this backbone. Such was the weight of the NSFNET program and its funding ($200 million from 1986 to 1995)—and the quality of the protocols themselves—that by 1990, when the ARPANET itself was finally decommissioned, TCP/IP had supplanted or marginalized most other wide-area computer network protocols worldwide.

When the Internet was opened to the commercial markets, multiple for-profit Internet backbone and access providers emerged. The network routing architecture then became decentralized and this meant a need for exterior routing protocols: in particular, the Border Gateway Protocol emerged. New Tier 1 ISPs and their peering agreements supplanted the government-sponsored NSFNet, that program being officially terminated on April 30, 1995.[7] The NSFnet-supplied regional networks then sought to buy national-scale Internet connectivity from these now-numerous private long-haul networks.

Routing through peering

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A bilateral private peering agreement typically involves a direct physical link between two partners. Traffic from one network to the other is then primarily routed through that direct link.

A Tier 1 network may have various such links to other Tier 1 networks.[8][9][10] Peering is founded on the principle of equality of traffic between the partners and as such disagreements may arise between partners in which usually one of the partners unilaterally disconnects the link in order to force the other into a payment scheme. Such disruptive de-peering has happened several times during the first decade of the 21st century. When this involves large-scale networks involving many millions of customers this may effectively partition a part of the Internet involving those carriers, especially if they decide to disallow routing through alternate routes. This is not largely a technical issue but a commercial matter in which a financial dispute is fought out using the other party's customers as hostages to obtain a better negotiating position. In the worst case, single-homed customers of each network will not be able to reach the other network at all. The de-peering party then hopes that the other network's customers will be hurt more by the decision than its own customers which may eventually conclude the negotiations in its favor.[11][12] Lower tier ISPs and other parties not involved in the dispute may be unaffected by such a partition as there exist typically multiple routes onto the same network. The disputes referenced have also typically involved transit-free peering in which one player only exchanged data with the other that involved each other's networks—there was no data transiting through the other's network destined for other parts of the Internet. By the strict definition of peering and the strict definition of a Tier 1 network, a Tier 1 network only peers with other Tier 1 networks and has no transit routes going anywhere. More practically speaking, Tier 1 networks serve as transit networks for lower tier networks and only peer with other Tier 1 networks that offer the same services on an adequate scale—effectively being "peers" in the truest sense of the word.[13]

More appropriately then, peering means the exchange of an equitable and fair amount of data-miles between two networks, agreements of which do not preclude any pay-for-transit contracts to exist between the very same parties. On the subject of routing, settlement-free peering involves conditions disallowing the abuse of the other's network by sending it traffic not destined for that network (i.e. intended for transit). Transit agreements however would typically cater for just such outbound packets. Tier 1 providers are more central to the Internet backbone and would only purchase transit from other Tier 1 providers, while selling transit to providers of all tiers. Given their huge networks, Tier 1 providers often do not participate in public Internet Exchanges[14] but rather sell transit services to such participants and engage in private peering.[15]

In the most logical definition, a Tier 1 provider will never pay for transit because the set of all Tier 1 providers sells transit to all of the lower tier providers everywhere, and because

  1. all Tier 1 providers peer with every other Tier 1 provider globally and,
  2. the peering agreement allows access to all of the transit customers, this means that
  3. the Tier 1 network contains all hosts everywhere that are connected to the global Internet.

As such, by the peering agreement, all the customers of any Tier 1 provider already have access to all the customers of all the other Tier 1 providers without the Tier 1 provider itself having to pay transit costs to the other networks. Effectively, the actual transit costs incurred by provider A on behalf of provider B are logically identical to the transit costs incurred by provider B on behalf of provider A—hence there not being any payment required.

List of Tier 1 networks

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These networks are universally recognized as Tier 1 networks, because they can reach the entire internet (IPv4 and IPv6) via settlement-free peering. The CAIDA AS rank is a rank of importance on the internet.[16]

Name Headquarters AS number CAIDA AS rank[16] Fiber route (km) Peering policy
AT&T[17]  United States 7018 27 660,000[18] AT&T Peering policy
Deutsche Telekom Global Carrier[19]  Germany 3320 18 250,000[20] DTAG Peering Details
GTT Communications  United States 3257 7 232,934[21][22] GTT Peering Policy
Liberty Global[23][24]  Netherlands[25] 6830 28 800,000[26] Peering Principles
Lumen Technologies (formerly CenturyLink, formerly Level 3)[27][28][29]  United States 3356 1 885,139[30][31] Lumen Peering Policy
NTT Communications (formerly Verio)[32]  Japan 2914 4 ? Global Peering Policy
Orange[33]  France 5511 11 495,000 [34] OTI peering policy
PCCW Global  Hong Kong 3491 10 ? Peering policy
Tata Communications (prev. VSNL prev. Teleglobe)[35]  India 6453 8 700,000[36] Peering Policy
Telecom Italia Sparkle (Seabone)[37]  Italy 6762 6 560,000 Peering Policy
Arelion (formerly Telia Carrier)[38]  Sweden 1299 2 70,000[39] Arelion's IP Network Peering Policy
Telxius (Subsidiary of Telefónica)[40]  Spain 12956 15 65,000[41] Peering Policy
Verizon Enterprise Solutions (formerly UUNET)[46]  United States 701 23 805,000[47] Verizon UUNET Peering policy 701, 702, 703
Zayo Group (formerly AboveNet)[48]  United States 6461 9 196,339[49] Zayo Peering Policy

While most of these Tier 1 providers offer global coverage (based on the published network map on their respective public websites), there are some which are restricted geographically. However these do offer global coverage for mobiles and IP-VPN type services which are unrelated to being a Tier 1 provider.

A 2008 report shows Internet traffic relying less on U.S. networks than previously.[50]

Regional Tier 1 networks

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See also: Internet exchange point

A common point of contention regarding Tier 1 networks is the concept of a regional Tier 1 network. A regional Tier 1 network is a network which is not transit-free globally, but which maintains many of the classic behaviors and motivations of a Tier 1 network within a specific region.

A typical scenario for this characteristic involves a network that was the incumbent telecommunications company in a specific country or region, usually tied to some level of government-supported monopoly. Within their specific countries or regions of origin, these networks maintain peering policies which mimic those of Tier 1 networks (such as lack of openness to new peering relationships and having existing peering with every other major network in that region). However, this network may then extend to another country, region, or continent outside of its core region of operations, where it may purchase transit or peer openly like a Tier 2 network.

A commonly cited example of these behaviors involves the incumbent carriers within Australia, who will not peer with new networks in Australia under any circumstances, but who will extend their networks to the United States and peer openly with many networks.[citation needed] Less extreme examples of much less restrictive peering requirements being set for regions in which a network peers, but does not sell services or have a significant market share, are relatively common among many networks, not just regional Tier 1 networks.

While the classification regional Tier 1 holds some merit for understanding the peering motivations of such a network within different regions, these networks do not meet the requirements of a true global Tier 1 because they are not transit-free globally.[51]

Other major networks

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This is a list of networks that are often considered and close to the status of Tier 1, because they can reach the majority (50+%) of the internet via settlement-free peering with their global rings. However, routes to one or more Tier 1 are missing or paid. Therefore, they are technically Tier 2, though practically something in between.

Name Headquarters AS Number CAIDA AS Rank[16] Reason
China Telecom  China 4134/4809 143 Purchases transit from Level 3/AS3356, Cogent/AS174, Verizon/AS701.
Singtel[52]  Singapore 7473 16 Purchases transit from Arelion/AS1299, Zayo/AS6461, Tata Communications/AS6453.
Cogent Communications (formerly PSINet)[53]  United States 174 3 No IPv6 routes to Hurricane Electric/AS6939, but HE is content heavy network, so may be considered Tier-1 anyway.[54][55]
Hurricane Electric[56]  United States 6939 5 IPv4: Purchases transit from Arelion/AS1299 to reach GTT/AS3257, NTT/AS2914, Cogent/AS174, and Tata/AS6453
IPv6: Lack of peering with Cogent/AS174.[57][58]
RETN[59]  United Kingdom 9002 12 Purchases transit from Level 3/AS3356
Vodafone Carrier Services
(formerly Cable & Wireless)[60] 		 United Kingdom 1273 13 Purchases transit from Arelion/AS1299 to reach AT&T/AS7018.[61]
Verizon Enterprise Solutions
(formerly XO Communications)[62][63] 		 United States 2828 220 IPv6: Purchases transit from Cogent Communications/AS1239 to reach Vodafone (CW)/AS1273 and Telecom Italia Sparkle (Seabone)/AS6763.
Telstra[64]  Australia 4637 14 Purchases transit from Level 3/AS3356, Arelion/AS1299, Zayo/AS6461.
Comcast[65]  United States 7922 29 Purchases transit from Tata/AS6453

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Winther, Mark (May 2006). "Tier1 ISPs: What They Are and Why They Are Important" (PDF). NTT America Corporate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-03.
  2. ^ a b "How the 'Net works: an introduction to peering and transit: Page 4". 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2008-11-04. Tier 1 networks are those networks that don't pay any other network for transit yet still can reach all networks connected to the internet.
  3. ^ a b "Definition of: Tier 1 network". pcmag.com. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  4. ^ Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009). Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-52938-6.
  5. ^ Norton, William B. (8 August 2011). The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet. DrPeering Press. ISBN 978-1-937451-02-8.
  6. ^ RIPE RIS database
  7. ^ a b "Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  8. ^ Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures. Elsevier. 19 July 2010. ISBN 978-0-08-047497-7.
  9. ^ Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009). Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-52938-6.
  10. ^ Norton, William B. (8 August 2011). The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet. DrPeering Press. ISBN 978-1-937451-02-8.
  11. ^ "You can't get there from here". 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2014-05-11. Cogent and Telia are having a lover's quarrel and, as a result, the Internet is partitioned. That means customers of Cogent and Telia cannot necessarily reach one another.
  12. ^ "'Peering' Into AOL-MSN Outage". 2003-09-05. Retrieved 2014-05-11. Some industry watchers believe the problem shows signs of dispute over peering agreements—deals between Internet service providers to create a direct link to route each other's packets rather than pay a third-party network service provider for transport.
  13. ^ "Level 3 IP traffic exchange policy". Retrieved 2014-05-11. Must provide paid Internet transit services to at least 500 unique transit networks utilizing BGP on a global basis.
  14. ^ Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures. Elsevier. 19 July 2010. ISBN 978-0-08-047497-7.
  15. ^ Global Networks: Engineering, Operations and Design. John Wiley & Sons. 5 November 2012. ISBN 978-1-118-39457-1.
  16. ^ a b c CAIDA AS Rank
  17. ^ "AS Rank: AS7018 (AT&T Services, Inc.)". Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  18. ^ "AT&T Communications Inc".
  19. ^ "AS Rank: AS3320 (Deutsche Telekom AG)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  20. ^ "Internet and Contents".
  21. ^ "Investor Presentation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
  22. ^ "GTT Buys Interoute for $2.3 Billion to Gain Europe Fiber Network". BloombergQuint. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-02-05.
  23. ^ "AS6830 IPv4 route propagation". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  24. ^ "CAIDA AS Rank". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  25. ^ "Contact".
  26. ^ "Liberty Global | largest international cable company". www.libertyglobal.com. Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  27. ^ "CenturyLink completes acquisition of Level 3". MediaRoom. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  28. ^ "CAIDA AS Rank". 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  29. ^ "CenturyLink Transforms, Rebrands as Lumen®". ir.lumen.com. Retrieved 2020-10-21.
  30. ^ CenturyLink, Inc. "CenturyLink completes largest deployment of G.fast technology in North America". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  31. ^ "Level 3® Internet Services" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-09-06.
  32. ^ "CAIDA AS Rank". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  33. ^ "AS Rank: AS5511 (Orange S.A.)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  34. ^ "450 000 km of submarine cables + 45 000 km terrestrial networks".
  35. ^ "AS Rank: AS6453 (TATA COMMUNICATIONS (AMERICA) INC)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  36. ^ "Tata Communications | Digital Ecosystem Enabler".
  37. ^ "AS Rank: AS6762 (Telecom Italia S.p.A.)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  38. ^ "AS Rank: AS1299 (Telia Company AB)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  39. ^ "Arelion". Arelion. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  40. ^ "AS Rank: AS12956 (Telefonica International Wholesale Services II, S.L.U.)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  41. ^ "Capacity Services" (PDF). telxius.com. Telxius. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  42. ^ a b "After delay, Verizon wraps $1.8B XO acquisition, deepening metro fiber density in 45 markets". February 2017.
  43. ^ a b "AS Rank: AS701 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  44. ^ a b "AS Rank: AS702 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  45. ^ a b "AS Rank: AS703 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  46. ^ [42][43][44][45]
  47. ^ "When you need quality, reliability and a global presence, trust Verizon Partner Solutions for all of your VOICE SERVICES requirements". www22.verizon.com. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  48. ^ "AS Rank: AS6461 (Zayo Bandwidth)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  49. ^ "Network Solutions Provider - Dark Fiber Network". Zayo Group. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  50. ^ Markoff, John (2008-08-30). "Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the US". New York Times.
  51. ^ "Who are the Tier 1 ISPs?". drpeering.net. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  52. ^ "AS Rank: AS7473 (Singapore Telecommunications (SINGTEL Internet Exchange))". Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  53. ^ "AS Rank: AS174 (Cogent Communications)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  54. ^ "Cogent - Google - HE Fun". 2016-03-09.
  55. ^ "No connectivity to Cogent IPv6 network". www.sixxs.net. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  56. ^ "AS Rank: AS6939 (Hurricane Electric LLC)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  57. ^ "Peering Disputes Migrate to IPv6". 22 October 2009.
  58. ^ "IPv6 internet broken, cogent/hurricane not peering".
  59. ^ "AS Rank: AS9002 (RETN Limited)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  60. ^ "AS Rank: AS1273 (Vodafone Group PLC)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  61. ^ "AS1273 Cable and Wireless Worldwide plc - bgp.he.net". bgp.he.net. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
  62. ^ "AS Rank: AS2828 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  63. ^ [42][43][44][45]
  64. ^ "Internet Service Provider 3-Tier Model | ThousandEyes". www.thousandeyes.com. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  65. ^ "AS Rank: AS7922 (Comcast Cable Communications, LLC)". Retrieved 2020-10-26.
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