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CyberVision 2001

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CyberVision 2001
Functional CyberVision 2001 displaying the default load screen, 40-button controllers and cassette-based media.
DeveloperThe Authorship Resource, Inc.
Manufacturer
  • Broadrein Instruments
  • CyberVision Inc.
  • United Chem-Con
TypeHome computer
Release date1978; 46 years ago (1978)
AvailabilityUnited States, exclusively through Montgomery Ward
Introductory price$399
Units shipped10,000[1]
MediaStereo cassette tape
Operating systemKB ROM bootloader
CPURCA 1802 @ ~2.52 MHz
MemoryKB RAM
Display128 × 96 4-color; RF output
GraphicsTI SN76430N
SoundLeft-channel cassette audio; tone generator
Input40-button keypads
Power12 V AC
SuccessorCyberVision 3001

The CyberVision 2001 (commonly referred to as CyberVision Home Computer) was an early 8-bit home computer, distributed by Montgomery Ward in the late 1970s. Software was contained on stereo cassettes, allowing synchronized transmission of narrated audio recordings and sound effects from one channel and program data from the other. Home television sets were used for its display using an RF connector.

The Spring/Summer 1978 Montgomery Ward catalog featured CyberVision 2001 in a two-page opening spread, with a retail launch price of $399.[2] Accompanying literature described the RCA 1802-powered system as "the revolutionary home computer... Programmed to talk... play games, teach math, or help with your tax return." Although a reported 10,000 units were shipped, limited traction coupled with manufacturing problems and rising competition resulted in discontinuation by the early 1980s and cancelation of the prototyped CyberVision 4001.[1]

History

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The Authorship Resource, Inc. ("ARI") was founded in April 1977 by John Powers and Joe Miller in Franklin, Ohio. As part of contractual work on the QUBE project for Warner Media, the two drove to a local computer shop to purchase a Compucolor 8001. On arrival, they met hardware engineers Jim McConnell and John McMullin who were actively working on a computer prototype to pitch to Montgomery Ward.[1] Powers and Miller were formally hired to develop the CyberVision operating system on July 16, 1977, and had completed a functional version of the ROM by July 18 after an all-weekend development crunch.

ARI assembled a close team of additional designers and developers including Brenda Laurel, Ken Balthaser, Jeff Schwamberger and Janey Powers to produce additional software programs and demonstration tapes. On August 10, 1977, Miller conceived the name CyberVision as a juxtaposition of cybernetics and television and two days later the computer concept was presented in Chicago.[3] On August 19, 1977, Montgomery Ward confirmed the computer would be the lead-in product for their 1978 Spring General catalog and expressed intent on ordering thousands of units for $250 wholesale.[1] The CyberVision 2001 received a two-page opening spread in the 1978 Spring General, the copy prominently advertising it as a "home computer".[4] With this, according to Kilobaud, the CyberVision 2001 was the first home computer available to the American public through a major mail order catalog.[5]

CyberVision 2001 early prototype seen in advertisements.
Early prototype of the CyberVision 2001

CyberVision 2001 appeared in select Montgomery Ward stores starting on June 2, 1978. Since the facilities did not have dedicated electronic areas, the units were sold within the sporting goods department instead.[1] According to Miller, an order for 10,000 units was placed for the CyberVision 2001 and a second round of orders arrived for the 3001 variant.[6] By July 1980, the system had been largely liquidated, with its catalog price diminishing to $88 for the computer and $1 per data tape.[7]

United Chem-Con Corp. was tasked with manufacturing the computer and subsequently began marketing the 3001 edition as an attempted reboot in Pennsylvania in December 1980.[8] According to Ken Balthaser, production was plagued from the beginning by manufacturing problems and lack of experience by Chem-Con, which at the time specialized in military equipment.[1] In 1983, James Christian of Chem-Con was asked what happened to CyberVision and remarked: "We ranked in the top 20 in a survey conducted by Popular Mechanics magazine, but sales have diminished quite a bit...We built specifically to purchase orders and not to speculation."[9]

Powers, Miller, Laurel and other core members of ARI ultimately moved to California to work at Atari and other technical ventures following the discontinuation of CyberVision.[10][11]

Technical specifications

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  • CPU: RCA 1802, 2.517483 MHz
  • Memory: 4 KB RAM (2 KB data, 2 KB video)
  • Operating system: 1 KB ROM bootloader
  • Input: 40-button alphanumeric keypad controllers (TI Scientific Calculator membranes)
  • Display: 128 × 96; at four colors (white, yellow, green, red)
  • Characters: 6 × 9 alphanumeric
  • Graphics: TI SN76430N video and sync generator
  • Sound: Left-channel audio to internal speaker, basic tone generator
  • Ports: RF out, two keypads
  • Built-in stereo cassette recorder (2000 baud)
  • PSU: External 12V AC transformer
  • Price: US$399 (1978)

Hardware

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CyberVision 2001 physical enclosure.
CyberVision 2001 Physical Enclosure

The physical enclosure is made out of structural foam. It includes an embedded stereo cassette deck and inset storage space for housing up to twelve caseless data cassette tapes. A power toggle switch, reset button, power LED and volume control are integrated into the cabinet. Two 24-pin joystick input ports and an RF output port complete the exterior. An enclosed speaker and amplifier provide audio output from the cassette data's left channel.

CyberVision 2001 Logic Board containing 91 integrated circuits.
CyberVision 2001 logic board

Internally, 91 integrated circuits power the system. An RCA 1802 CPU running at approximately 2.52 MHz drives the 1 KB system ROM alongside four distinct CDP1852 input/output chips and a CD4034B bidirectional parallel bus, to handle peripheral interfacing. 4 KB of SRAM is contained across 32 P2101 chips, allocating 2 KB for video display and 2 KB for program data. The video signal is constructed using a TI SN76430N video and sync generator. No dedicated sound chip exists, but simple tones can be generated programmatically to output to an internal speaker. An internal ROM/CPU edge connector is present on the logic board, which would become a dedicated expansion slot in the 3001 model and the 4001 prototype.[12]

Two replaceable 40-button plastic controller keypads are supplied for the unit, as the only means of accepting user input. These hand controllers lack any joystick or navigation keys common in other systems, but feature the full uppercase English alphanumeric character set along with four action buttons (On, Off, Clear, Enter). The membranes used inside of these controllers are provided by Texas Instruments, and match the ones used in their 40-key scientific calculators popularized in the 1970s. The prototyped CyberVision 4001 demonstrated a full mechanical keyboard accompaniment but was discontinued before production.[13]

Construction of the CyberVision 2001 changed subtly over the course of its release. The system photographed for inclusion in Montgomery Ward and other advertisements had reversed arrangement of the logo and reset/LED mounts, as well as a top-mounted cassette deck with its own volume control. A more integral cassette player was furnished for the consumer product with a separate volume control mounted to the cabinet.[2][13]

Software

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CyberVision software shipped on stereo cassettes marketed as Cybersettes.
Data Cassettes (Cybersettes)

The CyberVision 2001 contains rudimentary bootloader code in the computer's 1 KB ROM.[14] All programs are distributed on specially formatted stereo cassettes, marketed as Cybersettes, for playback within the embedded cassette deck.[15] These commercially released cassettes were programmed in 1802 assembly.[16]: 35 

Cybersettes

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The CyberVision 2001 uses a unique dual-channel, hybrid analog and digital data cassette format, dubbed Cybersettes.[16] In this scheme, an internal speaker outputs sound from the left audio channel, while the logic board parses the right channel's data using a 2000-baud interface. When reading tape data, the ROM initially checks for a sequence of A5 bytes as a rudimentary check for valid data. The tape motor can be programmatically toggled using the 1802 CPU's Q output port, as a means of controlling data flow.

The use of stereo cassette media allows software titles to integrate studio-quality audio recordings alongside on-screen data.[17] Interactive storybooks for children were prominently displayed at tradeshows to demonstrate the innovation of this media format, which Creative Computing referred to as "the dawn of a new era in storytelling."[18]: 18  Some programs play musical sound effects reminiscent of computer tones during data load sequences, while others narrate stories or provide usage instructions to help mask load times. The APF Imagination Machine from 1979 likewise uses a stereo cassette head to achieve similar effects.[16]

Concept tape

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CyberVision 2001 Concept Tape Audio Introduction

As part of pre-release promotions, a six-minute concept tape was produced for tradeshow demonstration. The cassette showcases the audiovisual capabilities of CyberVision and includes previews of several anticipated software programs, keypad interaction, animations and coloring effects. The process of creating these demo cassettes helped refine the tape mastering process, which was later used to more efficiently produce retail tapes in bulk.[3]

Introduction Series 1 Sampler Tape

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Included cassette tape for the CyberVision 2001
Introductory Series Cybersette Tape

A 60-minute cassette tape, titled Introduction Series 1 Sampler Tape, shipped with every CyberVision 2001 to showcase a range of nine applications, with four to five complete programs per side. An on-screen menu is provided at the tape start to allow direct program selection, whereby the system will fast-forward to the approximate program data location automatically.

  • Adjustments: Test patterns to adjust the television display for optimal viewing of the four available colors and screen centering.
  • Sub Chase: Action game where the player navigates dangerous waters to recover an unidentified flying object before interception by the enemy ship.
  • Biocycles: Biorhythms and analysis of biological cycles based on user input.
  • Math Madness – Meet the Meter: Educational math software to illustrate the metric system.
  • Math Madness – Flash Fractions: Educational math software to illustrate fractions.
  • Designer: A drawing application that allows the user to move and draw around the screen, with cassette storage capabilities.
  • Bulldozer: Two-player game with arenas and mazes, where the object is to clean-up and move objects to target areas.
  • Trivia: A memory-testing game.
  • Bedtime Story: Narrated fairytale, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, with animated on-screen graphics.

Additional Cybersettes

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While initial marketing indicated that there would be hundreds of software programs available for the system, only a small batch of titles were released before the product line was discontinued. At launch, each cassette tape cost between $9.95 and $18.95 and often included bundle deals, such as buy four, get one free.[2][8]

Montgomery Ward encouraged users to "Join Wards' Cybersette Club and receive advance notice on all new Cybersettes." The programs were organized into several different color-coordinated series including game, education, home and story.[15] Some software titles, including Designer II and Trivia II, were promoted as games but released under an unadvertised party series.[2]

Not all tapes promoted in advertisements are known to have been released. In 1980, the general manager of Chem-Con's computer division estimated that there were "about 30 program tapes" available for CyberVision.[19] The table below represents known titles from various sources, including Montgomery Ward advertisements.

CyberVision 2001 Software Titles
ID Title Tagline Series Source
101 Maze (Amazing) Find your way out of this! Game [2]
102 Bullfight Listen to the crowd! Game [2]
103 Mastermind Are you as smart as you think you are? Game [19]
104 Trivia II So you think you know the little things? Game [20]
105 Bandit (Slot Machine) Win or lose against this evil one! Game [19]
106 Moon Base Land the ship! Game [2]
107 Escape Break out if you can! Use your ingenuity! Game [19]
108 Star Flex (Pinball) Beat the wizard! Game [19]
109 Starship Explore the universe! Game [2]
110 Tank Fight See, hear its power! Game [2]
486 Designer II Paint pictures, create designs or leave messages. Game [20]
N/A Close Encounters of the Third Kind Game [3]
201 Fish by Number Pre-school educational game, number concepts. Education [19]
202 Battleship Grade school educational game. Education [19]
203 Spelling Bee Select vocabulary. Education [2]
204 Crossword Select difficulty. Education [2]
205 One or More Pre-school number game. Education [19]
206 Language Arts Grade 1. Education [2]
207 Math Grade 2. Education [2]
208 Math Grade 3. Education [2]
209 Math Grade 4. Education [2]
210 Language Arts Grade 2. Education [2]
211 Language Arts Grade 3. Education [2]
212 Language Arts Grade 4. Education [2]
213 Mouse in My House Grade 1 reading. Education [20]
214 Reading Grade 2. Education [2]
215 Introduction to Money Management Education [2]
216 Hangman School days word game. Education [19]
301 Income Tax Preparation aids and data bank. Home [2]
302 Tools and Their Basic Functions Home [2]
303 Dollar Watch Checkbook function, 10-memory calculator. Home [19]
304 Vegetable Gardening Home [2]
305 Calendar (Clock and Alarm) Basic functions of time. Home [19]
484 Address Organizer Addresses and phone numbers in an instant. Home [20]
485 Menu Organizer Store over a thousand menus on a single Cybersette. Home [20]
401 Hansel and Gretel Story [2]
402 Rumpelstiltskin Story [2]
403 Beauty and the Beast Story [2]
404 Three Billy Goats Gruff Story [2]
405 Emperor's Nightingale Story [2]
406 Three Little Pigs Story [2]
407 Three Bears Story [2]
408 Jack and the Beanstalk Story [2]
409 Sleeping Beauty Story [2]

Successors

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CyberVision 3001

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As part of a second order request from Montgomery Ward in 1979 and 1980, the CyberVision 3001 model was released and sported a new injection molded form-factor.[13][6] The 3001 is backward compatible with the 2001 and contains the same general hardware, internally. Depending on literature, the 3001 was often still branded as a 2001 or more broadly as the CyberVision Home Computer.

One substantial enhancement of the 3001 was the availability of an external expansion port that accommodated ROM cartridges in addition to cassette tape data. A version of Tiny BASIC was supplied on one such cartridge, allowing users to program their own Cybersettes using 22 different integer BASIC commands.[21]: 48–49 [22]: 76  According to Interface Age datasheets, the total usable RAM for BASIC was 1.753 KB, but it was promoted as upgradable to 32 KB of RAM.[21]: 48–49 

By late 1979, the exclusivity agreement between the developers of the CyberVision and Montgomery Ward had expired. This allowed the revamped version of the CyberVision to be resold by other companies,[23] and on December 13, 1980, it debuted locally in Pennsylvania through United Chem-Con for $329. It was promoted and displayed at regional electronic shops including Gallagher's TV in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.[8][24]

CyberVision 4001

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A second iteration of the system, CyberVision 4001, was demonstrated at various tradeshows in 1979 as a functional prototype.[13] This incarnation of the CyberVision was manufactured and resold by Broadrein Instruments of Columbus, Ohio.[25]: 15  The refined unit has a similar form factor to the 3001 and remains compatible with all existing software.[13] The planned retail price was $550, and the system was to offer an optional $100 QWERTY keyboard accessory alongside the original 40-button alphanumeric keypads.[26]

The base 4001 system includes 9 KB of RAM (6 KB for program data, 2 KB for video display and 1 KB alpha RAM) and dual 1802 microprocessors for multiprocessing capabilities. Internally, the 16 KB ROM incorporates integer BASIC, with floating point BASIC available as an external ROM (an extension of Ron Cenker's 1802 BASIC). According to Joe Miller, only one of these prototypes was built.[13]

Emulation

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As of April 2023, Emma 02 has added beta emulation support for CyberVision 2001 among its large variety of 1802-based platforms.[27] Many software titles remain unavailable, pending discovery and digitization.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Powers, Matt (May 4, 2014). "The History of a Forgotten Computer : Part 2". Game Developer. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Spring & Summer 1978 Catalog. Montgomery Ward. 1978. pp. 2–3.
  3. ^ a b c Powers, Matt (April 25, 2014). "The History of a Forgotten Computer : Part 1". Game Developer. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  4. ^ Craig, John (April 1978). "Look Out Sears!". Kilobaud Microcomputing (16). 1001001: 5.
  5. ^ Craig, John (May 1978). "Cybervision Update". Kilobaud Microcomputing (17). 1001001: 6.
  6. ^ a b Loguidice, Bill (August 11, 2010). "Home Computer Designations of the Late 1970s: A Feature Article". Armchair Arcade. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  7. ^ "Montgomery Ward Summer Clearance Sale". The Kansas City Times. July 11, 1980. p. 5.
  8. ^ a b c Mekeel, Tim (December 13, 1980). "A Calculating Step: Chem-con Enters Home Computer Market". Lancaster New Era. p. 22, 15.
  9. ^ Shaw, Charles (January 31, 1983). "Competition, Not Color, Is Key to Chem-Con". Intelligencer Journal. pp. 1, 7.
  10. ^ Horowitz, Ken (2016). Playing at the Next Level: A History of American Sega Games. McFarland. p. 132. ISBN 9780786499946.
  11. ^ Weaver, Christopher (January 10, 2017). "Interview with Brenda Laurel" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Computer History Museum. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  12. ^ Pilz, Matt. "Logic Board Photographs". CyberVision Information Portal. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Ruske, Dave. "Cybervision 2001, 3001, and 4001". COSMAC ELF: The CDP1802's Place in Microcomputing History. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  14. ^ Pilz, Matt. "Operating System ROM". CyberVision 2001. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
  15. ^ a b "Home computer in Wards book". Merchandising. Billboard Publications. February 1978.
  16. ^ a b c Ahl, David H. (September 1978). "Random Ramblings". Creative Computing. 4 (5): 34–42.
  17. ^ "Wards Has Entertainment Education Video Unit". El Paso Times: 5. March 12, 1978 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ Staples, Betsy (1979). "The Greatest Shows on Earth". Creative Computing. Vol. 5, no. 9. pp. 18–20.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Spring & Summer 1979 Catalog. Montgomery Ward. 1979. p. 517.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Three Astrocade Ads" (PDF). Bally Alley. p. 2. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  21. ^ a b Fox, Tom (April 1981). "Personal Computers–Take Your Pick". Interface Age. Vol. 6, no. 4. McPheters, Wolfe & Jones. pp. 46–49.
  22. ^ Fox, Tom (April 1981). "The Latest in Personal Computers". Interface Age. Vol. 6, no. 4. McPheters, Wolfe & Jones. pp. 72–76.
  23. ^ Ahl, David H. (August 1979). "Random Ramblings". Creative Computing. 5 (8): 20–26.
  24. ^ "'The' Home Computer". Sunday News. December 14, 1980. p. D-8.
  25. ^ Ahl, David H., ed. (April 1979). "Las Vegas Convention Center: Welcome 1979 International Winter Consumer Electronics Show". Creative Computing. 5 (4): 16–20.
  26. ^ Lander, Kathleen (February 26, 1980). "Computers in Your Living Room". L.A. Weekly. p. 65.
  27. ^ Tongeren, Marcel van (April 2, 2023). "Re: CyberVision 2001 (1978)". COSMAC ELF Group. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
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