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Template:/æ/ raising in North American English

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/æ/ raising in North American English[1]
Following
consonant 		Example
words[2] 		New York City,
New Orleans[3] 		Baltimore,
Philadelphia[4] 		Midland US,
New England,
Pittsburgh,
Western US 		Southern
US 		Canada, Northern
Mountain US 		Minnesota,
Wisconsin 		Great Lakes
US
Non-prevocalic
/m, n/ 		fan, lamb, stand [ɛə][5][A][B] [ɛə][5] [ɛə~ɛjə][8] [ɛə][9] [ɛə][10]
Prevocalic
/m, n/ 		animal, planet,
Spanish 		[æ]
/ŋ/[11] frank, language [ɛː~eɪ~æ][12] [æ~æɛə][8] [ɛː~ɛj][9] [eː~ej][13]
Non-prevocalic
/ɡ/ 		bag, drag [ɛə][A] [æ][C] [æ][5][D]
Prevocalic /ɡ/ dragon, magazine [æ]
Non-prevocalic
/b, d, ʃ/ 		grab, flash, sad [ɛə][A] [æ][D][15] [ɛə][15]
Non-prevocalic
/f, θ, s/ 		ask, bath, half,
glass 		[ɛə][A]
Otherwise as, back, happy,
locality 		[æ][E]
  1. ^ a b c d In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (am, can, had, etc.) and some learned or less common words (alas, carafe, lad, etc.) have [æ].[6]
  2. ^ In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs began, ran, and swam have [æ].[7]
  3. ^ In Philadelphia, bad, mad, and glad alone in this context have [ɛə].[6]
  4. ^ a b The untensed /æ/ may be lowered and retracted as much as [ä] in varieties affected by the Low Back Merger Shift, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.[14]
  5. ^ In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like avenue being tense) and variability is common before /dʒ/ and /z/ as in imagine, magic, and jazz.[16]
    In New Orleans, [ɛə] additionally occurs before /v/ and /z/.[17]
  1. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 182.
  2. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174.
  3. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174, 260–261.
  4. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 173–174, 238–239.
  5. ^ a b c Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2.
  6. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 173.
  7. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 238.
  8. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 178, 180.
  9. ^ a b Boberg (2008), p. 145.
  10. ^ Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2; Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–177.
  11. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), p. 183.
  12. ^ Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008).
  13. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 181–182.
  14. ^ Boberg (2008), pp. 130, 136–137.
  15. ^ a b Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
  16. ^ Labov (2007), p. 359.
  17. ^ Labov (2007), p. 373.
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