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Rockstar Lincoln Limited
Formerly
  • Spidersoft Limited (1992–1998)
  • Tarantula Studios (1998–2002)
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryVideo games
Founded5 May 1992; 32 years ago (1992-05-05) in Lincoln, England
Founders
  • Steve Marsden
  • David Cooke
Headquarters
North Hykeham
,
England
Parent

Rockstar Lincoln Limited (formerly Spidersoft Limited and Tarantula Studios) is a British video game developer based in North Hykeham. It is the quality assurance and localisation studio of Rockstar Games. Steve Marsden and David Cooke founded the company as Spidersoft in May 1992. It initially developed Game Boy and Game Gear ports of various games, including several pinball video games for the publisher 21st Century Entertainment, which acquired the studio in 1995. Following 21st Century Entertainment's shutdown in 1998, Spiderosft was sold to Take-Two Interactive and renamed Tarantula Studios. The studio continued working on Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, including Grand Theft Auto (1999). In 2002, the development arm of Tarantula Studios was shut down and its quality assurance portion integrated with Take-Two's Rockstar Games label as Rockstar Lincoln.

History

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Early years and pinball games (1992–1998)

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Rockstar Lincoln was founded as Spidersoft by Steve Marsden and David Cooke.[1] They had previously worked together in the computer chip manufacturing department of GEC-Marconi from 1982 until 1984, when they turned to game development. They created the ZX Spectrum game Technician Ted, which was published by Andrew Hewson's company Hewson Consultants in 1984.[2] The duo ported the game Speedball 2: Brutal Deluxe to the Game Boy while working with Mirrorsoft in 1991 and created a coin-op conversion of Time Scanner, a pinball video game, for Activision.[1] Hewson shut down Hewson Consultants and co-founded 21st Century Entertainment in 1991. Following a meeting between him and Marsden, Marsden and Cooke established Spidersoft in Lincoln on 5 May 1992.[1][3] The founders intended to name the company after an insect but found "Bugsoft" inappropriate. As arachnids "spooked them most", they settled on "Spidersoft".[4] Marsden initially intended to keep tropical fish at the office but found that this would have required regularly cleaning their tanks. Instead, and in line with its name, the studio adopted tarantulas, starting with a Goliath birdeater and peaking at 15 specimens.[4][5] The studio primarily developed ports and adaptations, including of pinball games developed by Digital Illusions and published by 21st Century Entertainment.[6] These include Pinball Dreams, which Spidersoft worked on for six to seven months. The studio also developed a sequel, Pinball Dreams 2, in five months.[7] Outside of pinball projects, Hewson set up the studio with Sony Imagesoft to develop Cliffhanger as a tie-in for the 1993 film.[6][8] Poker Face Paul's Blackjack and Solitaire were each completed in 25 days.[7]

21st Century Entertainment contracted Spidersoft to port the successful game Pinball Fantasies to a range of platforms, including the Atari Jaguar and Game Boy.[6] Following these ports' 1995 releases, 21st Century Entertainment sought to ensure a steady supply of pinball games without having to rely on third-party contractors, aiming at topping the pinball game niche market. To Hewson, Spidersoft appeared willing to continue developing pinball games, whereas Digital Illusions was looking to drop out of developing games in the genre. Consequently, 21st Century Entertainment acquired a controlling stake in Spidersoft.[6] As the publisher increasingly focused on pinball games, Hewson lost his passion for the business, which he felt became "formulaic". In 1997, he was offered to join a start-up founded by old contacts of his, so he agreed with his co-investors to part ways and wind down the company.[9] 21st Century Entertainment was defunct by March 1998.[10]

Acquisition and handheld games (1998–2000)

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On 1 June 1998, Take-Two Interactive announced its acquisition Spidersoft, renaming it Tarantula Studios.[11] The studio shifted its focus to game development for the Game Boy and Game Boy Color, starting with Montezuma's Return!, In-Fisherman Bass Hunter, and an unannounced project for the former platform, as well as Three Lions and Space Station Silicon Valley for the latter.[11] Marsden remained with Tarantula Studios as the studio director. In October 1999, the studio employed 24 development staff and was in the process of hiring 15 quality assurance workers. It also held five tarantulas at this time, residing in Marsden's office. Tarantula Studios developed multiple games concurrently, each with a team of two programmers and two artists.[5] Later games by Tarantula Studios include Rats! (1998) and Jim Henson's Muppets (1999),[5][12] as well as Evel Knievel (1999), Grand Theft Auto (1999), Grand Theft Auto 2 (2000), Austin Powers: Welcome to My Underground Lair! (2000), and Austin Powers: Oh, Behave! (2000) published by Take-Two's Rockstar Games label.[13][14][15] Evel Knievel became the lowest-scored Game Boy Color game on IGN at 2.0/10, with the site's writers describing it as "ruthlessly hard and impossible to play".[15]

Transition to quality assurance (2001–present)

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By 2001, the development and quality assurance departments of Tarantula Studios had been separated, of which the former was shut down in 2002.[16] The remainder was integrated with Rockstar Games as Rockstar Lincoln in the same year.[17] As part of Rockstar Games, the studio provides quality assurance and localisations—including French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish—for internal projects, such as Manhunt, Max Payne 2, and the Grand Theft Auto series.[18] In January 2011, Mark Lloyd, Rockstar Lincoln's long-time studio head who had been with the company since 1999, announced his resignation.[16][19] His departure coincided with that of Mark Washbrook, the founder and studio head of Rockstar London.[19][20] Rockstar Games stated that neither departure would affect the studios' active projects.[19] Tim Bates succeeded Lloyd as general manager.[21] Lloyd went on to found a video game consultancy service, Titanium Consultancy, which he later voluntarily wound down. Alongside Washbrook, he joined Activision's mobile-focused Activision Leeds studio in May 2012.[20]

Around 2016, Rockstar Lincoln moved into the Lindum Business Park in North Hykeham. A survey it conducted with its employees led East Midlands Trains to provide several additional stops at Hykeham railway station, within walking distance from the office, from May 2016.[22][23] Rockstar Lincoln won the "Active Workplace" award in the Lincolnshire Sports Awards in 2015 and 2016, and it was nominated again in 2017. The studio offered its employees subsidised gym memberships, and a "Sports & Social" team organised sporting and leisure activities.[21]

Leading up to the release of Red Dead Redemption 2 in October 2018, it was reported that Rockstar Lincoln staff had, of all other Rockstar Games studios, exercised the worst crunch. Former and active employees reported that testers were paid low wages, had to work long hours, and were subjected to strict security regulations. One employee stated that mandatory overtime for working on Red Dead Redemption 2 started in August 2017, prior to Rockstar Games entering "official crunch mode" that October. Testers at Rockstar Lincoln were asked to work on evenings and weekends. They would initially work three nights per week, and later five. Of those working overtime, localisers and lead testers were paid annual salaries and thus were not compensated for working additional hours. In contrast, regular testers were paid by the hour and, depending on how long they worked, earned more than their leads.[24] In response to overtime reports, the studio's management announced in a meeting held on 19 October 2018 that overtime at the studio would immediately become optional.[25] All testers at the studio were to be converted to full-time employees by 1 August 2019. Security measures were lowered to allow mobile phones at the workplace, and a flexitime system was introduced.[26]

Games developed

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As Spidersoft

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List of games developed by Rockstar Lincoln, 1992–1996
Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) Notes
1992 Hook Game Gear Sony Imagesoft Port development
1993 Poker Face Paul's Blackjack Adrenalin Entertainment
Pinball Dreams Game Boy, Game Gear, MS-DOS, Super Nintendo Entertainment System 21st Century Entertainment, GameTek Port development
Chuck Rock Game Boy Sony Electronic Publishing Port development
Cliffhanger Amiga, Game Boy, Game Gear, Nintendo Entertainment System Sony Imagesoft, Psygnosis
1994 Lemmings 2: The Tribes Game Boy Psygnosis Port development
Andre Agassi Tennis Game Gear Lance Investments Port development
Pinball Arcade MS-DOS 21st Century Entertainment
Poker Face Paul's Solitaire Game Gear Sega
Pinball Dreams 2 MS-DOS 21st Century Entertainment
Math Blaster Episode I: In Search of Spot Sega Genesis, Super Nintendo Entertainment System Davidson & Associates Port development
1995 Pinball Fantasies Atari Jaguar, Game Boy, PlayStation, Super Nintendo Entertainment System 21st Century Entertainment, GameTek Port development
Pinball World MS-DOS 21st Century Entertainment, Rebellion Developments
Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends Pinball Amiga, Amiga CD32, MS-DOS Alternative Software
Pinball Mania Amiga, Game Boy, MS-DOS 21st Century Entertainment, GameTek
1996 Pinball Builder Windows 21st Century Entertainment
Total Pinball 3D MS-DOS

As Tarantula Studios

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List of games developed by Rockstar Lincoln, 1996–2001
Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) Notes
1998 Las Vegas Cool Hand Game Boy, Game Boy Color Take-Two Interactive
Montezuma's Return!
Rats!
1999 Hollywood Pinball Game Boy Color
Space Station Silicon Valley
Three Lions
Jim Henson's Muppets
Evel Knievel Rockstar Games
Grand Theft Auto
2000 Austin Powers: Oh, Behave!
Austin Powers: Welcome to My Underground Lair!
Grand Theft Auto 2
Formula One 2000 Take-Two Interactive
2001 Kiss Pinball PlayStation Port development
Hidden & Dangerous Port development

Cancelled

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Hewson 2016, p. 226
  2. ^ Hewson 2016, pp. 84–91
  3. ^ Hewson 2016, pp. 205–208
  4. ^ a b Greaves, Sharon (August 1993). "Webbing 'Em 'Up". GB Action. No. 15. Europress. pp. 32–33. Retrieved 3 July 2022 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ a b c "Arachnocodia!". Planet Game Boy. No. 2. Future Publishing. October 1999. pp. 42–45. Retrieved 13 September 2022 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ a b c d Hewson 2016, pp. 221–222
  7. ^ a b Smith, Rob (June 1994). "Genesis of a Game". GB Action. No. 26. Europress. pp. 30–31. Retrieved 21 October 2022 – via Internet Archive.
  8. ^ "Why Amiga doesn't deserve to die". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 May 1994. p. 46. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Hewson 2016, p. 231
  10. ^ Gabrielsson, Sam (10 March 1998). "21st Century Entertainment Ltd R.I.P". The Tower of Pin. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  11. ^ a b Johnston, Chris (1 June 1998). "Take 2 Captures Tarantula". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 3 February 1999.
  12. ^ Cleveland, Adam (29 September 1999). "Rats!". IGN. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  13. ^ Carle, Chris (29 September 2000). "Austin Powers: Welcome To My Underground Lair". IGN. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  14. ^ Brown, Mark (16 September 2013). "History in Handheld: Grand Theft Auto". Pocket Gamer. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  15. ^ a b IGN Nintendo Team (31 October 2008). "Worst Reviewed Nintendo Console Games". IGN. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  16. ^ a b Lloyd, Mark (23 May 2019). "From Rockstar Lincoln studio head to anti-crunch advocate". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  17. ^ Forde, Matt (17 September 2017). "Feature: The Complete History of Rockstar Games on Nintendo Platforms". Nintendo Life. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  18. ^ "Could you test games for a living?". This Is Lincolnshire. 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009.
  19. ^ a b c Alexander, Leigh (27 January 2011). "Rockstar London Studio Head Resigns". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  20. ^ a b Martin, Matt (22 May 2012). "Ex-Rockstar bosses working with Activision Leeds studio". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  21. ^ a b Franklin, Ashley (12 July 2017). "Lincolnshire Sports Awards 2017 – Rockstar face tough competition in quest to make it three in a row". Lincolnshire Live. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  22. ^ Pidluznyj, Stefan (22 April 2016). "Extra stop at Hykeham for rail passengers heading into Lincoln on weekday evenings". The Lincolnite. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  23. ^ SCP (27 June 2017). "East Midlands Councils Growth Report" (PDF). East Midlands Councils. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  24. ^ Schreier, Jason (23 October 2018). "Inside Rockstar Games' Culture Of Crunch". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  25. ^ Kim, Matt (19 October 2018). "Rockstar Lincoln QA Tester Says Overtime is No Longer Mandatory". USgamer. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
  26. ^ Bailey, Dustin (6 August 2019). "Rockstar hires testers full-time after criticism – "things have been better since last year"". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Hewson, Andrew (9 May 2016). Hints & Tips for Videogame Pioneers (Kindle ed.). Hewson Consultants. ISBN 978-1-84499-136-5.
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