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Tapachula

Coordinates: 14°54′N 92°16′W / 14.900°N 92.267°W / 14.900; -92.267
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(Redirected from Tapachula, Chiapas)
For the station, see Tapachula railway station.
Tapachula
Municipality and city
Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez
Coat of arms of Tapachula
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Pearl of the Soconusco[1]
The location of Tapachula municipality in Chiapas
The location of Tapachula municipality in Chiapas
Tapachula is located in Mexico
Tapachula
Tapachula
Location in Mexico
Coordinates: 14°54′N 92°16′W / 14.900°N 92.267°W / 14.900; -92.267
Country Mexico
StateChiapas
Government
 • MayorAarón Yamil Melgar Bravo
Morena
Area
 • Municipality
378.4 sq mi (980.1 km2)
 • City17.47 sq mi (45.25 km2)
Elevation
581 ft (177 m)
Population
 (2020 census)[2]
 • Municipality
353,706
 • Density930/sq mi (360/km2)
 • City
217,550
 • City density12,000/sq mi (4,800/km2)
WebsiteOfficial Website

Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez, simply known as Tapachula, is a city and municipality located in the far southeast of the state of Chiapas, México, near the Guatemalan border and the Pacific Ocean. Economically, it is one of the most important cities in Chiapas; as capital of the agriculturally-rich Soconusco region, Tapachula also serves as a key port for trade between México and Central America. The area was originally inhabited by the Mam, as a region under the control of the Mam state of Xelaju, but was first established as a city by the Aztecs in the 13th century. Most of its economic importance has come since the late 19th century, with the establishment of coffee plantations. This practice initiated a steady stream of migration and immigration into the area, which continues to this day, and has left the city with a significant Asian and German cultural presence. There is a large Mayan and Nahua population.

Background

[edit]

The city of Tapachula is the capital of the Soconusco region of Chiapas, commonly called the “pearl of the Soconusco”.[1] The name “Tapachula” comes from Nahuatl and means “between the waters”, due to the area's frequent flooding.[1] It is located on a low-lying coastal plain, fed by various small rivers, about 120 meters (393’) above sea level.[3]

City's Old City Hall building in the main plaza

Tapachula is Mexico's main border city with Guatemala in the Pacific coast region, even though it is located some kilometers away from the border itself. The main commercial border crossing is in Ciudad Hidalgo, about 40 km (24 mi) away.[4] Nonetheless, it is the principal port for the shipment of goods and for people traveling between México and the rest of Central America further south, making it economically and socially similar to cities on the US southern border such as Laredo, Texas or San Diego, California.[3][4] The flow of goods through the area combined with local agricultural output makes Tapachula one of the most important cities in the state, socioeconomically, with one of the highest per capita incomes in the state of Chiapas.[1][4] As its wealth is relatively recent, since the late 19th century, Tapachula is mostly a modern-developed city.[1] Like border cities of the United States, Tapachula and other communities in the area have experienced their share of problems with illegal immigration, human trafficking, drug smuggling and violence, with most illegal aliens coming from Central America.[4] This has led to a strong and very visible police presence in the city, along with special security measures for major events (such as the Feria Internacional Tapachula).[4][5]

Monument with painted gourds in Tapachula, Chiapas

The city has had a strong Chinese presence since around 1900, when a number of people from the country came to México to work for the coffee businesses of the area. Most of the descendants of these first immigrants have since dispersed throughout the Soconusco region, but there is still Asian immigration to Tapachula to this day. Most modern immigrants work in commerce rather than in agriculture or hard labor.[6] The most visible evidence of Asian presence is the significant number of Chinese and other Asian restaurants in the city, especially in the downtown.[3][6] A number of businesses selling Chinese food and imported items are concentrated in the San Juan market.[6] The Casa de la Comunidad China (Chinese Community House) is located Cuarta Avenida Sur. The structure is dedicated to education about Chinese culture and was reopened in 2012 after renovations.[7] Tapachula signed a sister city agreement with Dongying, China in 2011.[8]

Most of the city's monumental structures in the historic center were built in the first decades of the 20th century, although there are a number of significant large homes near this same area built in the 1960s in Art Deco style such as the La Portaviandas building.[3] Outside the city downtown, the structures just about all date from the latter 20th century on due to recent growth.[1] The historic center is marked by a large, tree-lined plaza called Parque Miguel Hidalgo. The center of this plaza contains an octagon kiosk with Baroque ironwork with some Moorish influence. Parque Miguel Hidalgo is the center of the city surrounded by the old and new municipal palaces, the Perez Porta and the Teatro al Aire Libre (Open Air Theater), which often has marimba concerts.[3] The main monumental buildings of the area surround this plaza and include the old and new municipal palaces, the Perez Portal and the Teatro al Aire Libre (Open Air Theater).[3]

The San Agustín parish church dates from the 18th century, established to honor the patron saint of the city, Augustine. It is a simple construction with a red Spanish tile roof, supported by wood beams. The facade is a simple Neoclassical with six Ionic order columns, three on each side of the entrance, joined by false arches. The top of the facade has two bell towers. This design is based on the Teopisca church.[3] The church became a cathedral in 1958, shortly after the Tapachula diocese was established but that status has since been ceded to the San José Cathedral, consecrated in 2009.[9]

The Soconusco Archeological Museum faces Parque Hidalgo. This building houses a number of pieces from the various archeological sites of the region, especially Izapa and several coastal sites. One special piece is a skull covered in gold and incrusted with turquoise. Another is a stele called Number 25, because of the quality of its engravings.[1]

The Casa de Cultura was built in 1929 as the municipal palace when the city was prosperous because of the surrounding coffee plantations. Although the style is Art Deco, the facade is decorated with Oaxacan style fretwork, images of Aztec warriors and stylized serpents along with the Mexican and state coats of arms. Today, the building functions as a cultural center for the city.[1][3]

The municipal cemetery is notable as a testament to the immigrant past of the area, with gravestones with German names and Chinese characters.[1] The best examples of both date from the late 19th to early 20th century.[3]

One of Tapachula's most famous natives is the actress and singer Bibi Gaytan, who first achieved stardom in the 1990s.

Demographics

[edit]
Street near city downtown
Traffic jam on 4th South Avenue

The city of Tapachula is the governmental authority for a number of other communities which cover a combined area of 303 km2. It borders the municipalities of Motozintla, Cacahoatán, Tuxtla Chico, Frontera Hidalgo, Suchiate, Tuzantán, Huehuetán and Mazatán with the Pacific on the south and Guatemala to the northwest.[10]

As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 320,451.[11]

The municipality had 574 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Tapachula (Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez) (202,672), Puerto Madero (San Benito) (9,557), Vida Mejor I (6,460), Álvaro Obregón (5,717), Los Cafetales (3,054), Raymundo Enríquez (3,049), Carrillo Puerto (2,676), classified as urban, and Veinte de Noviembre (2,184), El Encanto (1,726), José María Morelos (1,717), Viva México (1,691), Llano de la Lima (1,579), Nuevo Pumpuapa (Cereso) (1,431), Cebadilla 1ra. Sección (1,384), Los Palacios (1,217), Congregación Reforma (1,132), Octavio Paz (1,124), Acaxman (1,099), San Nicolás Lagartero (1,071), Tinajas 1ra. Sección (1,055), Cantón Villaflor (1,046), Pavencul (1,039), and Cebadilla 2da. Sección (1,000), classified as rural.[11]

The cuisine of the municipality varies greatly as the topography extends from the ocean into the mountains.[3] Main annual events include Chinese New Year, San Benito, the Feria Tapachula, San Agustín, Jesús de la Buena Esperanza and San Miguel.[10]

The population of the municipality represents about forty percent of the entire population of the Socunusco region. Over sixty percent of the population is under the age of thirty and the average age is twenty two years. The average rate of population growth is just over two percent, about on par with that of the state. Population density is only 3.17 people per square kilometer, far under the 52 per square km for the state.[10] Because of its proximity to neighboring Guatemala, the Tapachula area has absorbed a number of ethnicities from this country but the main indigenous group remains the Mam.[3] About sixty three percent of the municipality's population is Catholic with about 19 percent professing some other type of Christianity. Most of the rest state that they have no faith. This is about average for the state.[10]

Of those over age fifteen, about twenty percent have not finished primary school, about sixteen percent have only a primary school education, with about 49% with some level higher than this. As of 2000, the municipality had an illiteracy rate of 12.36%, down from 16.32% in 1990.[10]

There are 578.84 kilometers of highway most of which are rural roads maintained by state and federal authorities. The main highway in the area is Federal Highway 200 which follows the coastline of Chiapas.[10]

History

[edit]
Mam girls. The Mam are one of the largest ethnic groups of the city and are the original inhabitants of the city, which was previously a territory subservient to the Mam Kingdom of Xelaju.

The name comes from the Nahuatl phrase “Tapachollan” which means ”between the waters”. The official name of the city was changed to "Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez" in 1997 in honor to priest Fray Matías de Córdova y Ordóñez.[12]

German Finca in Santo Domingo, near Tapachula

The first people to settle in the area migrated from the south in Central America and most likely are the ancestors of today's Mam people. The Olmecs dominated the area, driving many Mam to migrate back south. The Toltecs arrived next but never completely subjugated the native peoples. However, these conquests resulted in the Mam never developing major civilization. The city of Tapachula was founded as a tribute collection center for the Aztecs in 1486 by a military leader named Tiltototl, sent by Ahuitzotl to conquer the Soconusco.[12]

The Soconusco region has produced cacao since 2000 BC. After the Spanish conquest, it was administered under the Kingdom of Guatemala. This region was larger than it is today, with the very south of the old extension now part of Guatemala. As such, Tapachula became a border area, first among the Spanish colonial authorities of New Spain, Chiapas and the Captaincy General of Guatemala. For example, when the Diocese of Chiapas was created in 1539, it included the Tapachula area.[9] However, the Soconusco region had political differences with all of these authorities at one time or another. Tapachula became the capital of Soconusco region in 1794, replacing Escuintla.[12][13] In 1809, shortly before the start of the Mexican War of Independence, Tapachula protested the high rate of taxation to Spanish authorities to no avail.[10] During the war, it was officially declared a town in 1813,[12] and a parish in 1818, with the San Agustín parish church established in 1819.[9] At the end of the war, Tapachula, as capital of the Soconusco, declared its own independence from Spain and Guatemala in 1821,[12] and away from Mexico in 1824.[10] However, for most of the rest of the 19th century, the Soconusco would be disputed territory between Mexico (as part of Chiapas) and Guatemala, until a final border was drawn between the two countries in 1888. In the meantime, Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna declared Tapachula a city as he fought to force the region back under Mexican control.[12][13] The city was occupied by French troops during the French Intervention in Mexico until 1865 when they were expelled by Sebastián Escobar.[10]

The current municipality was created in 1915, with Tapachula as the governing entity. It was declared the provisional capital of Chiapas by forces loyal to Victoriano Huerta in 1924.[10][12]

The first air route to the city was established in 1929, connecting it with Tuxtla Gutiérrez and Mexico City.[10]

Tapachula became a diocese separate from Chiapas in 1957 covering the entire Chiapas coast area.[9]

It was reaffirmed as the capital of the Soconusco region in 1983.[12]

In 1984, a coat of arms was chosen for the city, designed by Edgar José Cabrera Arriaga.[12]

The growth of the city and its economy has presented problems in the early 21st century. The city during this time has grown outward, surrounding industrial structures such as petroleum storage facilities belonging to PEMEX and a terminal of the Chiapas-Mayab railroad. This raised questions of safety until both were moved further outside of the city limits in 2011. (PEMEX is still inside the city; it has never been moved outside of the city.)[14][15]

In September 2019, the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Chiapas unveiled a monument in a ceremony to commemorate the Bible at Los Cerritos Park. Dozens of local government officials, religious leaders, and church members attended the ceremony. The project and the monument were applauded as a community achievement and a historical moment that marks religious freedom. The intent of the project by the church was to recognize the Bible as the guide to the society and to bring awareness to the public in the reading of the Scriptures. The monument was the eighth memorial built by the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Chiapas. Monuments were previously unveiled since 2018 in the following cities: Palenque, Hiuxtla, Malpaso, Pichucalco, Cintalapa, and Usumacinta.[16]

Since Tapachula is a major border crossing between Mexico and Guatemala, it contains a substantial population of undocumented migrants from the Northern Triangle of Central America who are fleeing violence or unemployment in their home countries. The presence of this vulnerable population has made Tapachula a hub of human trafficking, both sex trafficking and labor trafficking.[17][18]

Sports

[edit]

From 2015, the Cafetaleros de Tapachula have represented the city in the Ascenso MX, the second division of Mexican football.

Geography

[edit]
Image of flickr
Tacaná Volcano

The municipality stretches over a section of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and west onto the coastal plain to the Pacific with an average altitude of 170 metres or 560 feet above sea level.[10] The main ecosystems in the municipality include low growth rainforest, medium growth rainforest and oak-pine forests. Many of these forest areas have been over exploited with significant loss of both plant and animal life. Ecological reserves include El Cabildo-Amatán, El Gancho-Murillo and part of the Tacaná Volcano.[10]

Climate

[edit]

The climate varies by altitude from hot in the low coastal areas to temperate in the higher elevations. There is a small area with a cold climate as part of the Tacaná Volcano. Precipitation also varies by altitude.[10] The climate of the city area is hot and humid most of the year.[3] The area is one of the rainiest in the world with annual rainfall in the mountains of about 3,900 millimetres or 150 inches drained by a number of rivers and streams that flow from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas over the coastal plain to the Pacific Ocean.[1] The main rivers are the Huehuetán, the Coatán and the Cuilco.[10] There are eighty-two communities considered to be at high risk to natural disasters due to flooding of rivers and insufficient roadways to evacuate. Fifty-two of these located on riverbanks of three rivers: Coatán, Texcuyuapan and Cahoacán. Much of the flood control of the area was damaged or destroyed by Hurricane Stan in 2005.[19]

Climate data for Tapachula (1951–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 39.0
(102.2) 		38.1
(100.6) 		38.8
(101.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.6
(103.3) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.3
(102.7) 		39.2
(102.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		38.1
(100.6) 		37.3
(99.1) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.6
(92.5) 		34.4
(93.9) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.3
(95.5) 		34.1
(93.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		33.5
(92.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.6
(81.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.6
(79.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		19.7
(67.5) 		20.9
(69.6) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.2
(68.4) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.5
(67.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		19.7
(67.5)
Record low °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		15.5
(59.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.0
(48.2) 		11.5
(52.7) 		9.0
(48.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 7.2
(0.28) 		6.3
(0.25) 		22.4
(0.88) 		80.7
(3.18) 		245.0
(9.65) 		362.5
(14.27) 		310.1
(12.21) 		330.4
(13.01) 		432.1
(17.01) 		294.1
(11.58) 		71.3
(2.81) 		9.3
(0.37) 		2,171.4
(85.5)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 0.8 0.9 2.0 7.3 17.5 22.3 21.0 22.2 23.9 19.6 6.6 1.7 145.8
Average relative humidity (%) 69 67 68 70 75 79 78 78 80 79 76 73 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 230 207 222 191 153 138 167 167 149 180 200 221 2,225
Source 1: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (humidity 1981–2000)[20][21][22]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[23][a]

Economy

[edit]
Sugar cane mill from Tapachula on display in INAH Regional Museum in Tuxtla Gutierrez

.

The municipality is considered to have a medium level of socioeconomic marginalization. As of 2000, there were 61,444 residences, of which over 72% were the property of the residents. The average household size was 4.36 inhabitants. About one quarter of the homes have dirt floors, thirteen percent have wood floors and about sixty two with cement or stone floors. Walls generally consist of cement block with about fourteen percent having wood walls. About sixty percent of the roofs are made with metal/asbestos laminate.[10]

Docks at Port Chiapas

Tapachula accounts for much of Chiapas' economic activities as the economic center of the Soconusco economic region and as a port for commerce between Mexico and Central America.[12] Hurricane Stan severely damaged the rail line through here connecting Oaxaca and Chiapas with Guatemala, with repairs still ongoing as of 2011.[15] Tapachula is served by commercial airlines using the Tapachula International Airport.

The first Feria Internacional Tapachula was held in 1963 with the name of Primera Gran Exposición Agrícola, Ganadera, Comercial e Industrial del Soconusco. It has been held yearly since then with participants from the region, the state of Chiapas, Mexico and other countries. The purpose of the fair is to promote the products of the region along with its cultural heritage.[24]

About eighteen percent of the working population works in agriculture and livestock. About twenty three percent of these workers are not paid a salary. About sixteen and a half percent work in mining and manufacturing.[10] The municipality is part of a region dedicated to the growing and export of cash crops, especially coffee and tropical fruit. The harvest cycles, along with the usual boom and bust economic cycles associated with such farming has spurred a worker migration pattern which has been studied.[4][25]

About 63% of the municipality's workforce is in commerce and services, well above the averages for the region and the state.[10] This sector includes tourism. The city's main attractions are in and around its main square called the Parque Miguel Hidalgo, with the rest of attractions located in or near the municipality.[10] Most foreign visitors to the city are from Guatemala, which include those who come to visit the area's beaches. Others mostly consist of those on their way to or from the same country. Despite the area's economic connection with Guatemala, most businesses here do not accept the quetzal for payment.[4] Area attractions within reach of the city and municipality include the Izapa archeological site, El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve, the La Encrucijada Reserve, the Cuilco River cascades and the Tacaná Volcano.[4]

Aside from the city, the other major economic center in the municipality is the new major port of Port Chiapas, with cruise ships beginning to stop here in 2007.[1][4] This is part of a state and region led effort to attract visitors to area attractions, especially the Coffee Route. This has attracted German and other European visitors to see plantations started by their countrymen over a century ago. Other attractions marketed to cruise ship tourists include the city of Tapachula and the mangrove sanctuaries on the coast. About 45 cruise ships visited the port in 2011.[4][26]

Government

[edit]

Municipal presidents

[edit]
Municipal president Term Political party Notes
Arturo Gutiérrez Palacios[27] 1915
Pedro F. Álvarez 1916–1917
Isaac Córdova 1918
Rafael García 1919–1920
Bernardo Parlange 1921
José Domingo Pérez 1922
Rafael Ortega 1923
Pascual Córdova 1924
Isabel Nolasco 1925
Humberto Elorza 1926–1927
Enrique Rodas 1927–1928
Enrique Elorza 1929
Glustein Cruz 1930 PNR
Bibiano Cruz 1931–1932 PNR
Sóstenes Ruiz Córdova 1933–1934 PNR
Juan Maldonado 1935–1936 PNR
Virgilio López Villers 1937–1938 PNR
Efraín Lazos 1939–1940 PRM
Agustín Fuentevilla 1941–1942 PRM
Belisario Villa Constantino 1943–1944 PRM
Romeo Gout 1945–1946 PRM
Luis Guízar Oceguera,
Carlos Elorza,
Pascual Lozano Montes 		1947–1948 PRI
Alfredo de Larbre S. 1949–1950 PRI
Gamaliel Becerra Ochoa 1951–1952 PRI
Rolando Gutiérrez Domínguez 1953–1955 PRI
Herman Tovar Corzo 1956–1958 PRI
Rafael Vilches Morga 1959–1961 PRI
Ezzio del Pino Trujillo 1962–1964 PRI
Jesús Calcáneo Beltrán 1965–1967 PRI
Francisco Ramos Bejarano 1968–1970 PRI
Alfonso Díaz Bullard 1971–1973 PRI
Fernando Acosta Ruiz 1974–1976 PRI
Antonio Melgar Aranda,
Roberto Moscoso Domínguez 		1977–1979 PRI
Jorge Águeda S.,
Antonio Cueto,
Alfredo Cerdio Sánchez 		1980–1982 PRI
Joaquín del Pino Trujillo 1983–1985 PRI
Didier Cruz Fuentevilla 1986–1988 PRI
Jaime Altamirano Ríos,
José Antonio Aguilar,
José Ruperto de la Cruz 		1989–1991 PRI
Norberto Antonio de Gives Córdova 1992–1995 PRI
Luis Aguilar Cueto,
Adolfo Zamora Cruz[28] 		1996–1998 PRI
Antonio de Jesús Díaz Athié[29] 1999–2001 PRI
Manuel de Jesús Pano Becerra[30] 01-01-2002–31-12-2004 PRI
Ángel Barrios Zea[31] 01-01-2005–31-12-2007 PAN
PRD
PT
Ezequiel Saúl Orduña Morgan[32] 01-01-2008–31-12-2010 PRI
Emanuel Nivon González[33] 01-01-2011–2012 PRD
PAN
Convergence
Panal
Unity for Chiapas
Samuel Alexis Chacón Morález[34] 2012–2015 PRI
Neftalí del Toro Guzmán[35] 2015–2018 PRI
PVEM
Panal
Óscar Gurría Penagos[36][37][38] 01-10-2018-20-02-2020 PT
Morena
PES 		Coalition "Together We Will Make History". Died in office
Rosa Irene Urbina Castañeda[39][40][41] 01-03-2020–10-03-2021 PT
Morena
PES 		Coalition "Together We Will Make History". Substitute. She applied for a temporary leave
José Alberto de Sancristóbal Morales[42] 11-03-2021–10-06-2021 PT
Morena
PES 		Coalition "Together We Will Make History". Acting municipal president
Rosa Irene Urbina Castañeda[43] 11-06-2021–30-09-2021 PT
Morena
PES 		Coalition "Together We Will Make History". Resumed, to finish the term
Rosa Irene Urbina Castañeda[44][45] 01-10-2021–30-09-2024 Morena
Aarón Yamil Melgar Bravo[46] 01-10-2024– Morena

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Station ID for Tapachula, Chis. is 76903 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jiménez González, Victor Manuel, ed. (2009). Chiapas: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado [Chiapas: Guide to discover the charms of the state] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México, SA de CV. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-607-400-059-7.
  2. ^ "Tapachula". City Population. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Tapachula" (in Spanish). Mexico: Secretaría de Turismo de Chiapas. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Budd, Jim (March 11, 2007). "Viajando Ligero / Tapachula redescubierta" [Light Traveler/Tapachula rediscovered]. Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 21.
  5. ^ "Mexico protegera a comerciantes durante la Feria Internacional de Tapachula" [Mexico will protect merchants during the Feria Internacional de Tapachula]. Noticias Financieras (in Spanish). Miami. March 9, 2004. p. 1.
  6. ^ a b c Flores, Gerardo (July 30, 2009). "Chinos, una historia de más de cien años en Tapachula" [The Chinese, a history of over 100 years in Tapachula]. Diario del Sur (in Spanish). Chiapas. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  7. ^ "Remodelarán Casa de la Comunidad China en Tapachula" [China and Tapachula sign sister cities agreement]. Diario del Sur (in Spanish). Chiapas. January 24, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  8. ^ "China y Tapachula pactan convenio de hermandad" [China and Tapachula sign sister cities agreement]. Diario del Sur (in Spanish). Chiapas. May 7, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d "Historia" [History] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: Diocese of Tapachula. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Tapachula". Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México-Estado de Chiapas (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. SEGOB Secretaría de Gobernación. 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  11. ^ a b "Tapachula". Catálogo de Localidades. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL). Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Tapachula" (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: Municipality of Tapachula. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  13. ^ a b Perez de los Reyes, Marco Antonio. "El Soconusco y su Mexicanidad (Breves Consideraciones)" [Soconusco and its Mexicanness (Brief Considerations)] (PDF). Jurídicas (in Spanish). 12. Mexico: UNAM. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  14. ^ Pensamiento, Daniel (April 7, 2000). "Saldran de Tapachula Pemex y ferrocarriles" [PEMEX and railroads will leave Tapachula]. El Norte (in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 16.
  15. ^ a b "Avanza en Tapachula reubicación de estación de tren" [Relocation of train station advances in Tapachula]. NOTIMEX (in Spanish). Mexico City. January 13, 2011. p. 1.
  16. ^ "Adventist Review Online | In Mexico, Church Unveils Monument to Highlight the Bible at a Public Park". www.adventistreview.org. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  17. ^ Clark, Jennifer Bryson, and Steve J. Shone. 2018. “Migration and Trafficking: The Unintended Consequences of Security and Enforcement Frameworks and the Revictimization of Vulnerable Groups.” in The SAGE Handbook of Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  18. ^ "Chiapas | UTRGV".
  19. ^ "Ubican 82 comunidades como zonas de alto riesgo en Tapachula" [82 communities indicated as high risk zones in Tapachula]. NOTIMEX (in Spanish). Mexico City. May 13, 2008. p. 1.
  20. ^ "Estado de Chiapas–Estacion: Tapachula (DGE)". NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1951–2010 (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  21. ^ "Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation for Tapachula (DGE) 1952-2008" (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  22. ^ "NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000" (PDF) (in Spanish). Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  23. ^ "Station 76903 Tapachula, Chis". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  24. ^ "Un poco de historia" [A little history] (in Spanish). Chiapas, Mexico: Diocese of Tapachula. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
  25. ^ Santacruz de León, Eugenio Eliseo; Elba Pérez Villalba (May–August 2009). "Atraso económico, migración y remesas: el caso del Soconusco, Chiapas, México Convergencia: Revista de Ciencias Sociales" [Economic backwardness, migration and remittances] (PDF). Convergenica (in Spanish). 50. State of Mexico: UAEM: 57–77. ISSN 1405-1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
  26. ^ "Tapachula,... [Derived headline]". NOTIMEX (in Spanish). Mexico City. March 28, 2010. p. 1.
  27. ^ "Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Chiapas. Tapachula" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  28. ^ "Consejo Estatal Electoral de Chiapas. CEE. Resultados electorales 1995. Tapachula" (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  29. ^ "Consejo Estatal Electoral de Chiapas. CEE. Resultados electorales 1998. Tapachula" (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  30. ^ "Instituto Estatal Electoral de Chiapas. IEE. Resultados finales del proceso electoral 2001. Tapachula" (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  31. ^ "Instituto Estatal Electoral de Chiapas. IEE. Resultados de la elección de ayuntamientos 2004. Tapachula" (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  32. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Proceso electoral 2007. Elección de ayuntamientos. Tapachula" (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  33. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Proceso electoral 2010. Elección de ayuntamientos. Tapachula" (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  34. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Proceso electoral local 2012. Resultados de la elección de ayuntamientos. Tapachula" (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  35. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Proceso electoral ordinario 2015. Resultados de la elección de ayuntamientos. Tapachula. PRI-PVEM-Panal: 42187 (20796 + 20073 + 1318) votos. Morena: 29208 votos" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  36. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Listado de Candidatas y Candidatos Electos al Cargo de Presidentas y Presidentes Municipales 2018. Tapachula" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  37. ^ "Fallece el Alcalde de Tapachula, Óscar Gurría Penagos en la capital chiapaneca". Nau. Noticias a Tiempo (in Spanish). 20 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  38. ^ "Fallece el alcalde de Tapachula, Óscar Gurría Penagos". Vanguardia de Veracruz (in Spanish). 21 February 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  39. ^ "Rosa Irene Urbina Castañeda rindió protesta como presidenta municipal sustituta de Tapachula". Noticiero en Redes (in Spanish). 1 March 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  40. ^ "Rosa Irene Urbina Castañeda rindió protesta como presidenta municipal sustituta de Tapachula". Escena Chiapas (in Spanish). 1 March 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  41. ^ "Tapachula. Semblanza. Presidenta municipal" (PDF) (in Spanish). Tapachula. Ayuntamiento 2021-2024. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  42. ^ "Rinde protesta nuevo presidente municipal interino de Tapachula". Milenio (in Spanish). 11 March 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  43. ^ "Rosy Urbina Regresa el Viernes a Presidir la Alcaldía de Tapachula". El Orbe (in Spanish). 10 June 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  44. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Mapa electoral 2021. Tapachula. Morena: 44950 votos. PAN-PRI-PRD: 19789 votos. PVEM: 17729 votos" (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  45. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Mapa electoral 2021. Tapachula. Morena: 44950 votos. PAN-PRI-PRD: 19789 votos. PVEM: 17729 votos" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  46. ^ "Instituto de Elecciones y Participación Ciudadana de Chiapas. IEPC. Planillas ganadoras en Ayuntamientos. Tapachula. Morena" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 October 2024.
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