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Tantalus

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For other uses, see Tantalus (disambiguation).

Tantalus
Mythological King
Tantalus by Gioacchino Assereto
Other namesAtys
AbodeLydia or Phrygia or Paphlagonia
Genealogy
Parents(1) Zeus and Pluto
(2) Tmolus and Pluto
Consort(i) Dione
(ii) Taygete
(iii) Eurythemista
(iv) Euryanassa
(v) Clytie
(vi) Eupryto
ChildrenPelops, Niobe, Broteas and Dascylus
Part of a series on the
Greek underworld
Residents
Geography
Prisoners
Visitors

Tantalus (Ancient Greek: Τάνταλος Tántalos), also called Atys, was a Greek mythological figure, most famous for his punishment in Tartarus: for revealing many secrets of the gods and for trying to trick them into eating his son, he was made to stand in a pool of water beneath a fruit tree with low branches, with the fruit ever eluding his grasp, and the water always receding before he could take a drink.

Tantalus was the father of Pelops, Niobe, and Broteas. He was a son of Zeus[1] or Tmolus[2] and a woman named Pluto. Thus, like other heroes in Greek mythology such as Theseus (his great-great-grandson) and the Dioskouroi, he had one divine and one mortal parent.

The Greeks used the proverb "Tantalean punishment" (Ancient Greek: Ταντάλειοι τιμωρίαι: Tantáleioi timōríai) in reference to those who have good things but are not permitted to enjoy them.[3] His name and punishment are also the source of the English word tantalize, meaning to torment with the sight of something desired but out of reach; tease by arousing expectations that are repeatedly disappointed.[4]

Etymology

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Plato in the Cratylus (395e) interprets Τάνταλος (Tántalos) as ταλάντατος (talántatos) [acc. ταλάντατον: talántaton in the original], "who has to bear much" from τάλας (tálas) "wretched".

The word τάλας (tálas) is held by some to be inherited from Proto-Indo-European, although R. S. P. Beekes rejects an Indo-European interpretation.[5]

Historical background

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Genealogical tree of Tantalus

There may have been a historical Tantalus, possibly the ruler of an Anatolian city named "Tantalís",[6] "the city of Tantalus", or of a city named "Sipylus".[7] Pausanias reports that there was a port under his name and a sepulcher of him "by no means obscure", in the same region.

Tantalus is sometimes referred to as "King of Phrygia",[8] although his city was located in the western extremity of Anatolia, where Lydia was to emerge as a state before the beginning of the first millennium BC, and not in the traditional heartland of Phrygia, situated more inland. References to his son as "Pelops the Lydian" led some scholars to the conclusion that there would be good grounds for believing that he belonged to a primordial house of Lydia.[9][10][11]

Other versions name his father as Tmolus, the name of a king of Lydia and, like Sipylus, of another mountain in ancient Lydia. The location of Tantalus' mortal mountain-fathers generally placed him in Lydia;[12] and more seldom in Phrygia[9] or Paphlagonia,[10] all in Asia Minor.

The identity of his wife is variously given: generally as Dione the daughter of Atlas;[13] the Pleiad Taygete, daughter of Atlas; Eurythemista, a daughter of the river-god Xanthus;[14] Euryanassa, daughter of Pactolus, another river-god of Anatolia, like the Xanthus;[14][15] Clytia, the child of Amphidamantes;[14][16] and Eupryto.[17] Tantalus was also called the father of Dascylus.[18]

Tantalus, through Pelops, was the progenitor of the House of Atreus, which was named after his grandson Atreus. Tantalus was also the great-grandfather of Agamemnon and Menelaus.

The geographer Strabo states that the wealth of Tantalus was derived from the mines of Phrygia and Mount Sipylus. Near Mount Sipylus are archaeological features that have been associated with Tantalus and his house since Antiquity. Near Mount Yamanlar in İzmir (ancient Smyrna), where the Lake Karagöl (Lake Tantalus) associated with the accounts surrounding him is found, is a monument mentioned by Pausanias: the tholos "tomb of Tantalus" (later Christianized as "Saint Charalambos' tomb") and another one in Mount Sipylus,[19] and where a "throne of Pelops", an altar or bench carved in rock and conjecturally associated with his son is found.

Based on a similarity between the names Tantalus and Hantili, it has been suggested that the name Tantalus may have derived from that of these two Hittite kings.[20]

Comparative table of Tantalus' family
Relation and Name Sources
Pin. (Sch.) Eur. Aris. Iso. Sch. Ap. Rh. Lyc. Dio. Sic. Hor. Par. Ov. Str. Stat. Apd. Tac. Plut. Hyg. Pau. Clem. Anti. Non. Ser. Gk. Ant. Tzet. W.S. R.G.
Parentage
Tmolus and Pluto ✔️ ✔️
Zeus ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Zeus and Pluto ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Spouse
Euryanassa ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Dione ✔️[21] ✔️ ✔️
Eupryto ✔️
Eurythemista ✔️
Children
Pelops ✔️[22] ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️[22] ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Niobe ✔️[23] ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️[23] ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Dascylus ✔️
Broteas ✔️

Mythology

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Karagöl ("The black lake") in Mount Yamanlar, İzmir, Turkey, associated with the accounts surrounding Tantalus and named after him as Lake Tantalus
Print of the fall of Tantalus. Preserved in the Ghent University Library.[24]

Tantalus became one of the inhabitants of Tartarus, the deepest portion of the Underworld, reserved for the punishment of evildoers; there Odysseus saw him.[25] The association of Tantalus with the underworld is underscored by the names of his mother Pluto ("riches", as in gold and other mineral wealth), and grandmother, Chthonia ("earth").

Tantalus was initially known for having been welcomed to Zeus' table in Olympus, like Ixion. There, he is said to have abused Zeus' hospitality and stolen ambrosia and nectar to bring it back to his people, and revealed the secrets of the gods.[26]

Most famously, Tantalus offered up his son, Pelops, as a sacrifice. He cut Pelops up, boiled him, and served him up in a banquet for several gods in order to test their omniscience. The gods became aware of the gruesome nature of the menu, so they did not touch the offering; only Demeter, distraught by the loss of her daughter, Persephone, absentmindedly ate part of the boy's shoulder.

Clotho, one of the three Fates, was ordered by Zeus to bring the boy to life again. She collected the parts of the body and boiled them in a sacred cauldron, rebuilding his shoulder with one wrought of ivory made by Hephaestus and presented by Demeter.

The revived Pelops grew to be an extraordinarily handsome youth. The god Poseidon took him to Mount Olympus to teach him to use chariots. Later, Zeus threw Pelops out of Olympus due to his anger at Tantalus.

Tantalus's punishment for his act was to stand in a pool of water beneath a fruit tree with low branches. Whenever he reached for the fruit, the branches raised his intended meal from his grasp. Whenever he bent down to get a drink, the water receded before he could get any.

Over his head towers a threatening stone (mentioned in Pindar's 8th Isthmian ode, lines 10–12) like the one that Sisyphus is punished to roll up a hill.[27] This fate has cursed him with eternal deprivation of nourishment.

In a different story, Tantalus was blamed for indirectly having stolen the gold dog which Rhea had once put to watch over infant Zeus (in another version, it was a mechanical dog crafted by Hephaestus to guard a temple of Zeus[28]). Tantalus's friend Pandareus stole the dog and gave it to Tantalus for safekeeping. When asked later by Pandareus to return the dog, Tantalus denied that he had it, saying he "had neither seen nor heard of a golden dog." According to Robert Graves in The Greek Myths, this incident is why an enormous stone hangs over Tantalus's head.[29] Others state that it was Tantalus who stole the dog, and gave it to Pandareus for safekeeping.

Tantalus was also the founder of the cursed House of Atreus in which variations on these atrocities continued. Misfortunes also occurred as a result of these acts, making the house the subject of many Greek tragedies. Tantalus's grave-sanctuary stood on Sipylus[30] but honours were paid him at Argos, where local tradition claimed to possess his bones.[31] In Lesbos, there was another hero-shrine in the small settlement of Polion and a mountain named after Tantalos.[32]

Tantalus in art

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Euripides, Orestes
  2. ^ "Tantalus". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  3. ^ Suida, s.v. tau.78
  4. ^ "Tantalize - Define Tantalize at Dictionary.com". dictionary.com. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  5. ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 1449.
  6. ^ George Perrot (2007). History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria And Lycia (in French and English). Marton Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4067-0883-7.
  7. ^ This refers to Mount Sipylus, at the foot of which his city was located and whose ruins were reported to be still visible in the beginning of the Common Era, although few traces remain today. See Sir James Frazer, Pausanias, and other Greek sketches (later retitled Pausanias's Description of Greece).
  8. ^ Thomas Bulfinch (June 2004). Bulfinch's Mythology. Kessinger Publishing Company. pp. 1855–2004. ISBN 1-4191-1109-4.
  9. ^ a b Strabo, 12.8.21
  10. ^ a b Diodorus Siculus, 4.74
  11. ^ Gantz, Timothy (1993). Early Greek myth : a guide to literary and artistic sources. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 536. ISBN 0-8018-4410-X. OCLC 26304278.
  12. ^ Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.24–38, 9.9; Strabo, 1.3.17; Pausanias, 5.1.6 & 9.5.7
  13. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.174; Hyginus, Fabulae 82 & 83
  14. ^ a b c Robert Graves. The Greek Myths, section 108 (1960)
  15. ^ Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 5; Tzetzes on Lycophron, 52
  16. ^ Scholia ad Euripides, Orestes 11
  17. ^ Apostol. Cent. 18.7
  18. ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 2.752
  19. ^ Various sites called the "tomb of Tantalus" have been shown to travellers since the time of Pausanias.
  20. ^ M. L. West (1999). The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth. Oxford University Press. p. 475. ISBN 978-0-19-815221-7.
  21. ^ This certainly pertains to her as the daughter of Atlas and thus, the sister of the Pleiades. Compare Hyginus, Fabulae 82 & 83; Ovid. Metamorphoses 6.174
  22. ^ a b Not named but certainly points out to him
  23. ^ a b Not named but certainly describes her
  24. ^ "De val van Tantalus". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  25. ^ Homer, Odyssey 11.582–92; Tantalus' transgressions are not mentioned; they must already have been well known to Homer's late-8th-century hearers.
  26. ^ Euripides, Orestes 10; Pindar, Olympian Odes 1.60 ff.
  27. ^ This detail was added to the myth by the painter Polygnotus, according to Pausanias (10.31.12), noted in Kerenyi 1959:61.
  28. ^ Eustathius of Thessalonica, On Homer's Odyssey 19.710
  29. ^ Graves, Robert (2012). The Greek Myths. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780143106715.
  30. ^ Pausanias, 2.22.3
  31. ^ Pausanias, 2.22.2
  32. ^ Stephen of Byzantium, noted by Kerenyi 1959:57, note 218.

Bibliography

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