Jump to content

Timeline of second-wave feminism

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a Timeline of second-wave feminism, from its beginning in the mid-twentieth century, to the start of Third-wave feminism in the early 1990s.

Timeline

[edit]

1960s

[edit]

1960

[edit]
  • Enovid was approved for sale in the United States 9 May 1960 as a contraceptive pill by the Food and Drug Administration. (It had been approved three years earlier for menstrual symptoms.) Within three years, 2.3 million women are using "The Pill", as it became known, in the United States.[1] The arrival of the pill ushered in and coincided with the second wave of feminism.[2]

1961

[edit]

1962

[edit]
  • The non-fiction book Sex and the Single Girl was released in the U.S. and sold two million copies in three weeks. Author Helen Gurley Brown encouraged women to become financially independent, and to become sexually active before marriage.[5]

1963

[edit]
Betty Friedan, author of The Feminine Mystique

1964

[edit]
  • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 became law in the U.S., and it barred employment discrimination on account of sex, race, etc. by private employers, employment agencies, and unions. However, the Bennett Amendment, a US labor law provision in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, §703(h) was passed to limit sex discrimination claims regarding pay to the rules in the Equal Pay Act of 1963. It says an employer can "differentiate upon the basis of sex" when it compensates employees "if such differentiation is authorized by" the Equal Pay Act.
  • The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established via the Civil Rights Act of 1964;[11] in its first five years, 50,000 complaints of gender discrimination were received.[12][failed verification]

1965

[edit]
Logo of Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

1966

[edit]
  • Twenty-eight women, among them Betty Friedan, founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) to function as a civil rights organization for women. Betty Friedan became its first president. The group is now one of the largest women's groups in the U.S. and pursues its goals through extensive legislative lobbying, litigation, and public demonstrations.[20]
  • Barbara Jordan was elected to the Texas Senate. She was the first African-American woman in the Texas legislature.[21]
  • Flight attendants filed Title VII complaints about being forced to quit when they married, got pregnant or reached age 35.[21]

1967

[edit]

1968

[edit]
  • Robin Morgan led members of New York Radical Women to protest the Miss America Pageant of 1968, which they decried as sexist and racist.[4]
  • The first American national gathering of women's liberation activists was held in Lake Villa, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois.[38]
  • The EEOC issued revised guidelines on sex discrimination, making it clear that the widespread practice of publishing "help wanted" advertisements that use "male" and "female" column headings violates Title VII.[39]
  • New York feminists buried a dummy of "Traditional Womanhood" at the all-women's Jeannette Rankin Brigade demonstration against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C.[4]
  • For the first time, feminists used the slogan "Sisterhood is Powerful".[40]
  • The first public speakout against abortion laws was held in New York City.[4]
  • Notes from the First Year, a women's liberation theoretical journal, was published by New York Radical Women.[41]
  • NOW celebrated Mother's Day with the slogan "Rights, Not Roses".[42]
  • Mary Daly, professor of theology at Boston College, published a scathing criticism of the Catholic Church's view and treatment of women entitled "The Church and the Second Sex".[43][44]
  • 850 sewing machinists at Ford in Dagenham, which is in Britain, went on strike for equal pay and against sex discrimination. This ultimately led to the passing of the Equal Pay Act 1970, the first legislation in the United Kingdom aimed at ending pay discrimination between men and women.[22]
  • The term "second-wave feminism" itself was brought into common parlance by journalist Martha Lear in a New York Times Magazine article in March 1968 titled "The Second Feminist Wave: What do These Women Want?"[45] She wrote, "Proponents call it the Second Feminist Wave, the first having ebbed after the glorious victory of suffrage and disappeared, finally, into the great sandbar of Togetherness."[45]: 323 

1969

[edit]
  • The case Weeks v. Southern Bell marked a major triumph in the fight against restrictive labor laws and company regulations on the hours and conditions of women's work in the U.S., opening many previously male-only jobs to women.[46]
  • The American radical organization Redstockings organized.[47]
  • Members of Redstockings disrupted a hearing on abortion laws of the New York Legislature when the panel of witnesses turned out to be 14 men and a nun. The group demanded repeal, not reform, of laws restricting abortion.[4]
  • NARAL Pro-Choice America, then called The National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws (NARAL), was founded.[48]
  • California adopted a "no fault" divorce law, allowing couples to divorce by mutual consent. It was the first state to do so; by 2010 every state had adopted a similar law. Legislation was also passed regarding equal division of common property.[40]
A Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C., 1970

1970s

[edit]
Cover of Kate Millett's 1970 book Sexual Politics

 

Photo of feminist Robin Morgan, author of Sisterhood is Powerful

 

Congresswoman Bella Abzug of New York in the 1970s

 

Publicity photo of Helen Reddy from The Carol Burnett Show

1970

[edit]

1971

[edit]
  • Refuge was founded in 1971 in Chiswick, West London, as the modern world's first safe house for women and children escaping domestic violence.[68]
  • Switzerland allowed women to vote in national elections. However, some cantons did not allow women to vote in local elections until 1994.[22]
  • Jane O'Reilly's article "The Housewife's Moment of Truth" was published in the first edition of Ms. Magazine, which appeared as an insert to New York Magazine. The O'Reilly article introduced the idea of "Click!", which O'Reilly described as the following: "The women in the group looked at her, looked at each other, and ... click! A moment of truth. The shock of recognition. Instant sisterhood... Those clicks are coming faster and faster. They were nearly audible last summer, which was a very angry summer for American women. Not redneck-angry from screaming because we are so frustrated and unfulfilled-angry, but clicking-things-into-place-angry, because we have suddenly and shockingly perceived the basic disorder in what has been believed to be the natural order of things."
  • Linda Nochlin's essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" was published in ARTnews. This essay is largely considered a pioneering text of the feminist art history movement.
  • The first women's liberation march in London occurred.[22]
  • In the U.S. Supreme Court Case Reed v Reed, for the first time since the Fourteenth Amendment went into effect in 1868, the Court struck down a state law on the ground that it discriminated against women in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of that amendment. The law in question—enacted in Idaho in 1864—required that when the father and mother of a deceased person both sought appointment as administrator of the estate, the man had to be preferred over the woman.[69]
  • The Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective was founded in New York. It was one of the first feminist theater groups formed to write and produce plays about women's issues and to provide work experience in theatrical professions which had been dominated by men.[70][71][72]
  • The song "I Am Woman" was published. It was a popular song performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy, which became an enduring anthem for the women's liberation movement.[73]
  • A Women's Equality Day resolution was passed in 1971 designating August 26 of each year as Women's Equality Day.[74]

1972

[edit]
Cover of Preview issue of Ms. magazine with a goddess Durga depiction
  • Britain's first second-wave feminist magazine, Spare Rib, was launched by Marsha Rowe and Rosie Boycott.
  • The Equal Pay Act of 1963 did not originally cover executives, administrators, outside salespeople, or professionals.[6] In 1972, Congress enacted the Education Amendments of 1972, which (among other things) amended the Fair Labor Standards Act to expand the coverage of the Equal Pay Act to these employees, by excluding the Equal Pay Act from the professional workers exemption of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
  • Egyptian feminist Nawal El-Saadawi published her book Women and Sex.[22]
  • Ms. magazine began.[75][76] It was the first national American feminist magazine.[77]
  • In February 1972, the US Government Printing Office approved using Ms. in official government documents.[78]
  • The National Action Committee (NAC) was established to spur action by the Canadian government to implement recommendations made by the Royal Commission on the Status of Women (1970). Funded in part by the federal government and founded as a wide coalition of women's groups, NAC was seen as the voice of Canadian women.
  • The Equal Rights Amendment was sent to the U.S. states for ratification. The amendment reads: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex".[79]
Feminist Movement leader Gloria Steinem

1973

[edit]
  • Women were allowed on the floor of the London Stock Exchange for the first time.[22]
  • American tennis player Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs in the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match in 1973. This match is remembered for its effect on society and its contribution to the women's movement.[87]
Symbol used for signs and buttons by ERA opponents
  • The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Roe v. Wade that laws prohibiting abortion are unconstitutional. States are constitutionally allowed to place regulations on abortion which fall short of prohibition after the first trimester.[88]
  • The U.S. Supreme Court held that sex-segregated help wanted ads are illegal in Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, 413 U.S. 376.[89]
  • AT&T agreed to end discrimination in women's salaries and to pay retroactive compensation to women employees.[4]
  • The [American] National Black Feminist Organization was formed.[4]
  • The term "sexual harassment" was used in 1973 in "Saturn's Rings", a report authored by Mary Rowe to the then President and Chancellor of MIT about various forms of gender issues.[90] Rowe has stated that she believes she was not the first to use the term, since sexual harassment was being discussed in women's groups in Massachusetts in the early 1970s, but that MIT may have been the first or one of the first large organizations to discuss the topic (in the MIT Academic Council), and to develop relevant policies and procedures. MIT at the time also recognized the injuries caused by racial harassment and the harassment of women of color which may be both racial and sexual.

1974

[edit]
  • Five all-male colleges at University of Oxford opened admissions to women.[91]
  • Contraception became free for women in the United Kingdom.[22]
  • Virago Press, a British feminist press, was set up by the publisher Carmen Callil. Its first title, Life As We Have Known It, was published in 1975.[22]
  • The Women's Aid Federation was set up to unite battered women's shelters in Britain.[22]
Betty Ford, former First Lady of the United States
  • The Equal Credit Opportunity Act became law in the U.S. It prohibits discrimination in consumer credit practices on the basis of sex, race, marital status, religion, national origin, age, or receipt of public assistance.[92]
  • In Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that employers cannot justify paying women lower wages because that is what they traditionally received under the "going market rate". A wage differential occurring "simply because men would not work at the low rates paid women" is unacceptable.[93]
  • The U.S. First Lady Betty Ford was pro-choice.[94] A moderate Republican, Ford lobbied to ratify the ERA, earning the ire of conservatives, who dub her "No Lady".[94][95]
  • The Mexican-American Women's National Association was founded.[96]
  • The American Coalition of Labor Union Women was founded.[97]
  • The Women's Educational Equity Act (WEEA) of 1974 was enacted in 1974 to promote educational equity for American girls and women, including those who suffer multiple discrimination based on gender and on race, ethnicity, national origin, disability, or age, and to provide funds to help education agencies and institutions meet the requirements of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.[98]
  • Dell Williams founded the first feminist sex toy business in the United States, Eve's Garden, in New York City in 1974.[99][100] Eve's Garden was also the first woman-owned and woman-operated sex toy business in America.[99]

1975

[edit]
  • The Equal Pay Act 1970 took effect in the UK.[22]
  • The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 became law in the UK, making it illegal to discriminate against women in education, recruitment, and advertising.[22]
  • The Employment Protection Act 1975 became law in the UK, introducing statutory maternity provision and making it illegal to fire a woman because she is pregnant.[22]
  • In Taylor v. Louisiana, the U.S. Supreme Court held that women could not be excluded from a venire, or jury pool, on the basis of having to register for jury duty, thus overturning Hoyt v. Florida, the 1961 case that had allowed such a practice.[101]
  • The U.N. sponsored the First International Conference on Women in Mexico City.[102]
  • U.S. federal employees' salaries could be garnished for child support and alimony.[103]
  • Tish Sommers, chairwoman of NOW's Older Women Task Force, coined the phrase "displaced homemaker".[104]
  • American feminist Susan Brownmiller published the landmark book Against Our Will, about rape.[105] She later became one of TIME's "Women of the Year" (see below).[105][106]
  • NOW sponsored "Alice Doesn't" Day, asking women across the country to go on strike for one day.[107]
  • Joan Little, who was raped by a guard while in jail, was acquitted of murdering her offender. The case established a precedent in America for killing as self-defense against rape.[108]
  • In New York City, the first women's bank opened.[109]
  • The United States armed forces opened its military academies to women.[101]
  • Time declared: "[F]eminism has transcended the feminist movement. In 1975 the women's drive penetrated every layer of society, matured beyond ideology to a new status of general—and sometimes unconscious—acceptance." The Time Person of the Year award goes to American Women, celebrating the successes of the feminist movement.[106]
  • The Equal Opportunities Commission came into effect in the UK (besides Northern Ireland, where it came into effect in 1976) to oversee the Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Acts.[22]
  • The first "Take Back the Night" march was held.[110] It was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in October 1975, after the murder of a microbiologist, Susan Alexander Speeth, who was stabbed to death while walking home alone.[110]

1976

[edit]
Barbara Jordan giving keynote address before the 1976 Democratic National Convention in New York City

1977

[edit]
  • The Canadian Human Rights Act was passed, prohibiting discrimination based on characteristics including sex and sexual orientation, and requiring "equal pay for work of equal value".[117]
German poster for International Women's Day, March 8, 1914

1978

[edit]
  • Marilyn Loden is credited with inventing the phrase "glass ceiling", during a 1978 speech.[123][124][125][126]
  • The Oregon v. Rideout jury decision, in which Rideout was acquitted of raping his wife, led many American states to allow prosecution for marital and cohabitation rape.[127]
  • The Pregnancy Discrimination Act banned employment discrimination against pregnant women in the U.S., stating a woman cannot be fired or denied a job or a promotion because she is or may become pregnant, nor can she be forced to take a pregnancy leave if she is willing and able to work.[128]
  • In 1978 a discrimination complaint was filed by the Coal Employment Project, a women's advocacy organization, against 153 coal companies. This action was based upon Executive Order 11246 signed in 1965 by U.S. President Lyndon Johnson, which bars sex discrimination by companies with federal contracts. The complaint called for the hiring of one woman for every three inexperienced men until women constituted 20 percent of the workforce. This legal strategy was successful. Almost 3,000 women were hired by the close of 1979 as underground miners.[129]
  • The Equal Rights Amendment’s deadline arrived with the ERA still three states short of ratification; there was a successful bill to extend the ERA's deadline to 1982, but it was still not ratified by then.[79]

1979

[edit]
  • The feminist art piece The Dinner Party, by American feminist artist Judy Chicago, was first put on display at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.[22]
  • Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that the exemption on request of women from jury service under Missouri law, resulting in an average of less than 15% women on jury venires in the forum county, violated the "fair-cross-section" requirement of the Sixth Amendment as made applicable to the States by the Fourteenth.

1980s

[edit]
  • In the U.S., the early 1980s were marked by the end of the second wave and the beginning of the feminist sex wars. Many historians view the second-wave feminist era in America as ending in the early 1980s with the intra-feminism disputes of the feminist sex wars over issues such as sexuality and pornography, which ushered in the era of third-wave feminism in the early 1990s.[130]
  • The Guerrilla Girls formed in the early 1980s as a response to sexism and racism in the art world. Known for their protest art and their usage of gorilla masks to remain anonymous, the group actively calls out issues within the contemporary art world.
  • In the 1980s the second wave spread to Turkey[131] and to Israel.[132]
Yvette Roudy, former French Minister of Women's Rights

1982

[edit]
  • The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was enacted by the Canada Act of 1982, and it declares (among other things), "15. (1) Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability. (2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.... 28. Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and female persons."[133]

1983

[edit]
  • In 1983, the women's minister of France, Yvette Roudy, passed a law obliging all companies with more than 50 employees to carry out a comparative salary survey between men and women.[134]

1985

[edit]
  • The Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law of 1985, effective in April 1986, prohibits gender discrimination with respect to recruitment, hiring, promotion, training, and job assignment.[135]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Nikolchev, Alexandra (7 May 2010). "A brief history of the birth control pill". PBS. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  2. ^ "Beyond The Bedroom: What The Birth Control Pill Really Did For Women". Forbes. Integrated Whale Media Investments. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  3. ^ "National Organization for Women (Informational Paper)". Learningtogive.org. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "A Women's Liberation Timeline 1960 - 1977". CWLU Herstory Project. 29 August 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  5. ^ Ouellette, Laurie (1 May 1999). "Inventing the Cosmo Girl: Class Identity and Girl-Style American Dreams". Media, Culture & Society. 21 (3): 361. doi:10.1177/016344399021003004. ISSN 0163-4437. S2CID 143024139.
  6. ^ a b "The Equal Pay Act Turns 40". The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012.
  7. ^ Addison, Heather; Goodwin-Kelly, Mary Kate; Roth, Elaine (2009). Motherhood misconceived: representing the maternal in U.S. film. SUNY Press. p. 29
  8. ^ National Organization for Women. "Honoring NOW's Founders and Pioneers". Now.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-02. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  9. ^ Mills, Niclaus (7 May 2013), "Gloria Steinem's 'a bunny's tale' – 50 years later", The Guardian, retrieved 14 January 2018
  10. ^ Steinem, Gloria (1 May 1963). "I-"A Bunny's Tale" - Gloria Steinem - Show Magazine". Show Magazine. pp. 90, 92, 94, 114. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  11. ^ Van Loo, Rory (2018-08-03). "Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era". Columbia Law Review. 119: 394. SSRN 3168798. Archived from the original on 2024-03-18 – via SSRN.
  12. ^ "IQ – Use of IQ in the United States legal system". Iq-tests.eu. 2002-06-20. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  13. ^ "Sex and Caste: A Kind of Memo". The CWLU Herstory Website. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  14. ^ Baxandall, Rosalyn; Gordon, Linda, eds. (2000). Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-01707-2.
  15. ^ "Griswold v. Connecticut". law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  16. ^ "Women and Marxism: Marxists Internet Archive". Marxists.org. 1940-08-20. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  17. ^ Wright, Susan (2005), The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Landmark Antidiscrimination Legislation, The Rosen Publishing Group
  18. ^ "Feminism Friday: The origins of the word "sexism"". Finallyfeminism101.wordpress.com. October 19, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  19. ^ Shapiro, Fred R. (1985). "Historical Notes on the Vocabulary of the Women's Movement". American Speech. 60 (1): 3–16. doi:10.2307/454643. eISSN 1527-2133. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 454643. When you argue... that since fewer women write good poetry this justifies their total exclusion, you are taking a position analogous to that of the racist—I might call you in this case a "sexist"—who says that since so few Negroes have held positions of importance relative to the majority race, their exclusion from history books is a matter of good judgment rather than discrimination. Both the racist and the seixst are acting as if all that has happened had never happened, and both of them are making decisions and coming to conclusions about someone's value by referring to factors which are in both cases irrelevant. quoting Leet, Pauline M. (18 November 1965). Women and the Undergraduate. Student-Faculty Forum. Franklin and Marshall College.
  20. ^ "Information about NOW". Now.org. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  21. ^ a b TEXT_Allen, Ashley
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1960–1969". BBC Radio 4. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  23. ^ "De gis" (PDF). Emancipatie.nl. 9 October 1967. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  24. ^ "Joke Smit: feministe en journaliste". Isgeschiedenis.nl. October 6, 2012.
  25. ^ Winkiel, Laura (1999). "The 'Sweet Assassin' and the Performative Politics of SCUM Manifesto". In Smith, Patricia Juliana (ed.). The Queer Sixties. N.Y.: Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-415-92169-5. (The author, PhD from English department, University of Notre Dame, was research fellow, Center for the Humanities, Wesleyan University).
  26. ^ Castro, Ginette, trans. Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell, American Feminism: A Contemporary History (N.Y.: N.Y. Univ. Press, 1990 (ISBN 0-8147-1448-X)), p. 264 (Chronology) (trans. from Radioscopie du féminisme américain (Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984) (French)) (author prof. Eng. lang. & culture, Univ. of Bordeaux III, France).
  27. ^ "Executive Orders Disposition Tables". Archives.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  28. ^ "The Women's Liberation Movement". Jofreeman.com. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  29. ^ "TIME Magazine Cover: The Pill". Time. April 7, 1967. Archived from the original on February 19, 2005. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
  30. ^ "National Organization for Women (N.O.W.) Bill of Rights, 1968". Archived from the original on October 26, 2004.
  31. ^ "Feminist Theory". Msu.edu. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  32. ^ ((cite web|url=http://historylink.org/File/2152))
  33. ^ Maren Lockwood Carden, The New Feminist Movement (1974, Russell Sage Foundation)
  34. ^ Echols, Alice (1989). Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967-1975. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816617876.
  35. ^ "Notes from the First Year – Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement". Library.duke.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  36. ^ Feminist Revolution, p. 147–148
  37. ^ "National Welfare Rights Organization (1966–1975)". The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  38. ^ Kesselman, Amy (1973-01-01). "Our Gang of Four". The CWLU Herstory Website. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  39. ^ "Milestones in the History of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: 1968". Eeoc.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  40. ^ a b c "Sisterhood Is Powerful – The Influential Feminist Anthology Sisterhood Is Powerful". Womenshistory.about.com. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  41. ^ "Notes from the First Year – Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement". Library.duke.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-12.
  42. ^ Deslippe, Dennis Arthur (2000). Rights, Not Roses: Unions and the Rise of Working-class Feminism, 1945–80. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02519-8.
  43. ^ Fox, Margalit (January 7, 2010). "Mary Daly, a Leader in Feminist Theology, Dies at 81". The New York Times.
  44. ^ Greer, Germaine, The Female Eunuch (N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1st ed. in U.S. 1971, © 1970 & 1971), p. 306 ("The summer ... was ... momentous for the women's movement ... [partly] because Valerie Solanas shot Andy Warhol.... S.C.U.M. ... was big news, battling ... for the front page.").
  45. ^ a b Lear, Martha Weinman (March 10, 1968). "The Second Feminist Wave: What do these women want?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  46. ^ "Special Collections & Archives – University Library – Georgia State University". Library.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  47. ^ Willis, "Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism", p. 124.
  48. ^ "National Abortion Rights Action League. Records, 1968–1976: A Finding Aid". Oasis.lib.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  49. ^ Clough, Patricia Ticineto (1994). "The Hybrid Criticism of Patriarchy: Rereading Kate Millett's Sexual Politics". The Sociological Quarterly. 35 (3): 473–486. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1994.tb01740.x. JSTOR 4121222.
  50. ^ Wilde, W. H.; Hooton, Joy and Andrews, Barry (1994) [1985]. The Oxford companion to Australian Literature (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0-19-553381-X. "... the book became almost a sacred text for the international women's liberation movement of the 1970s, notwithstanding sporadic criticism of aspects of its ideology from some feminists."
  51. ^ "Schultz v. Wheaton Glass Co". Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  52. ^ Jacobs, Alexandra (July 17, 2005). "A Feminist Classic Gets a Makeover". The New York Times.
  53. ^ "Curtis Publishing Company (Saturday Evening Post & Ladies Home Journal)". Scripophily.stores.yahoo.net. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  54. ^ Olsen, Kirstin (1994). Chronology of Women's History. Greenwood Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-313-28803-6.
  55. ^ "Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional, Inc". library.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011.
  56. ^ Peter Bondanella; Julia Conway Bondanella; Jody Robin Shiffman (1 January 2001). Cassell Dictionary of Italian Literature. A&C Black. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-304-70464-4.
  57. ^ The Black Woman: An Anthology (2005-03-29). The Black Woman: An Anthology (9780743476973): Toni Cade Bambara, Eleanor W Traylor: Books. Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0-7434-7697-3.
  58. ^ "Women's Strike for Equality (American history) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. 1970-08-26. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  59. ^ Love, Barbara J., ed. (2006). "Armistead, Betty Jameson". Feminists Who Changed America, 1963–1975. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03189-2.
  60. ^ Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000). Encyclopedia of Women's History in America (Second ed.). Facts on File. p. 374. ISBN 978-1-4381-1033-2.
  61. ^ Rosenberg, Rosalind (1992). Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century. New York: Hill and Wang.
  62. ^ "National Right to Life Convention kicks off in Jacksonville". Florida Independent. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  63. ^ "Title X: Three Decades of Accomplishment". Guttmacher.org. 2001-02-01. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  64. ^ "Gale – Free Resources – Women's History – Biographies – Coretta Scott King". Gale.cengage.com. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  65. ^ "About Mrs. King". The King Center. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  66. ^ Dahlerup, Drude. "Rødstrømpebevægelsen". Den Store Danske. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  67. ^ "Rødstrømperne og den nye kvindebevægelse, ca. 1970-1985". Danmarks Historien. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  68. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  69. ^ "The Supreme Court Historical Society – Learning Center – Women's Rights". Supremecourthistory.org. Archived from the original on 2012-10-14. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  70. ^ Rea, Charlotte, Women's Theatre Groups in The Drama Review, vol. 16, no 2, June 1972, pg 87.
  71. ^ Lowell, Sondra, "New Feminist Theater," Ms. Magazine, Aug. 1972. p. 17-21.
  72. ^ Johnston, Laurie, "Sexism in Theater Can Be a Boon: At the Drama Desk Luncheon," Theater Section, New York Times, February 8, 1973.
  73. ^ Arrow, Michelle (2007). "'It Has Become My Personal Anthem': 'I Am Woman', Popular Culture and 1970s Feminism". Australian Feminist Studies. 22 (53): 213–230. doi:10.1080/08164640701361774. S2CID 143230741.
  74. ^ "Women's Equality Day". Public.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  75. ^ "Ms magazine website". About Ms. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  76. ^ Steinem, Gloria. "Who is Gloria?". Gloria Steinem Official Website. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
  77. ^ Baydo, Gerald (March 25, 1998). A topical history of the United States. Routledge. p. 423. ISBN 9780415164009. Retrieved January 7, 2014 – via Google Books.
  78. ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 246. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  79. ^ a b "History". Equalrightsamendment.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  80. ^ "Eisenstadt v. Baird | The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law". Oyez.org. 1972-03-22. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  81. ^ www.generation-online.org, Mariarosa Dalla Costa + EE + AB. "The door to the garden". www.generation-online.org. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
  82. ^ a b "More Smiles, More Money." N+1 Magazine. August 2013
  83. ^ James, Selma (2008). "Is Transformation Possible? They Say We Can't. We Must". Off Our Backs. 38 (1): 40–43. JSTOR 20838923.
  84. ^ "Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972". Justice.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  85. ^ "History | National Women's Political Caucus". Nwpc.org. 2012-09-02. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  86. ^ "Gloria Steinem Addresses the Women of America – History.com Audio". History.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  87. ^ "Billie Jean King, Mylan WTT co-founder". WTT. Archived from the original on 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  88. ^ "Roe v. Wade". Law.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  89. ^ "We Are Woman: Women's History". Wearewoman.us. 2012-08-18. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  90. ^ Rowe, Mary, "Saturn's Rings," a study of the minutiae of sexism which maintain discrimination and inhibit affirmative action results in corporations and non-profit institutions; published in Graduate and Professional Education of Women, American Association of University Women, 1974, pp. 1–9. "Saturn's Rings II" is a 1975 updating of the original, with racist and sexist incidents from 1974 and 1975. Revised and republished as "The Minutiae of Discrimination: The Need for Support," in Forisha, Barbara and Barbara Goldman, Outsiders on the Inside, Women in Organizations, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1981, Ch. 11, pp. 155–171. ISBN 978-0-13-645382-6.
  91. ^ "Women at Oxford – University of Oxford".
  92. ^ "Equal Credit Opportunity Act – Civil Rights". Civilrights.uslegal.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  93. ^ "FindLaw | Cases and Codes". Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  94. ^ a b "Top Five Unique and Interesting Facts About Betty Ford – Yahoo! Voices". voices.yahoo.com. 2006-07-14. Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  95. ^ Eleanor Smeal (2011-07-09). "Betty Ford, champion of women's rights – CNN". Articles.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  96. ^ "NWHM National Coalition Exhibit". Nwhm.org. 2004-01-01. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  97. ^ "Timeline Index". UFCW. Archived from the original on 2012-01-19. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
  98. ^ "Archived: Women's Educational Equity". .ed.gov. 1999-09-30. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  99. ^ a b Revolution in the Garden (2005). Revolution in the Garden (9781596370388): Dell Williams, Lynn Vannucci: Books. Silverback Books. ISBN 978-1596370388.
  100. ^ Boles, Janet K.; Hoeveler, Diane Long (2004). Hd Feminism 2ed(52) – Janet K. Boles, Janet K. Boles Diane Long Hoeveler – Google Books. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810849464. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
  101. ^ a b "Timeline". San Diego State University Women's Studies. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010.
  102. ^ Reger, Jo (2011). "feminism". In Ritzer, George; Ryan, J. Michael (eds.). The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-4051-8352-9.
  103. ^ "FindLaw | Cases and Codes". Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  104. ^ "The Feminist Chronicles, 1953–1993 – 1975 – Feminist Majority Foundation". Feminist.org. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  105. ^ a b "Against Our Will". Susanbrownmiller.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  106. ^ a b "WOMEN OF THE YEAR: Great Changes, New Chances, Tough Choices". Time. January 5, 1976. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  107. ^ "Freedom On Film :: Civil Rights In Georgia". Civilrights.uga.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  108. ^ "The African American Experience". Testaae.greenwood.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  109. ^ Pace, Eric (October 24, 2003). "Judy H. Mello Is Dead at 60; Executive of Women's Bank". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  110. ^ a b Hibsch, Jimmy (22 September 2010). "Students 'Take Back the Night' on Columbia streets". The Maneater.
  111. ^ "Historical Timeline of Reproductive Rights in the United States". Trustblackwomen.org. 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  112. ^ a b "Barbara Jordan Biography – Facts, Birthday, Life Story". Biography.com. 1936-02-21. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  113. ^ a b "Women of the CBC > Barbara Jordan Biography". Avoiceonline.org. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  114. ^ "Organization of Pan Asian American Women (American organization) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  115. ^ "The International Tribunal on Crimes Against Women". everything2.com. Retrieved 2013-08-05.
  116. ^ "Wisconsin Public School Observance Days". Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  117. ^ "Canadian Human Rights Act". Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  118. ^ "NATIONAL WOMEN'S CONFERENCE, 1977 | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)". Tshaonline.org. 1977-11-27. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  119. ^ "Factsheets : Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)". Afhso.af.mil. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  120. ^ "The Spokesman-Review – Google News Archive Search".
  121. ^ "State of Washington v. Wanrow".
  122. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21. Retrieved 2013-09-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  123. ^ BusinessNews Publishing (2013). Summary: Full Frontal PR: Review and Analysis of Laermer and Prichinello's Book. Primento. p. 6. ISBN 9782806243027. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  124. ^ Marilyn Loden On Feminine Leadership. Pelican Bay Post. May 2011.
  125. ^ "100 Women: 'Why I invented the glass ceiling phrase'". BBC News. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
  126. ^ "100 Women: 'Why I invented the glass ceiling phrase'". BBC News. 13 December 2017.
  127. ^ Woodworth, Whitney (13 August 2016). "Rape and Marriage: A look back at the Rideout case". Statesman Journal. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  128. ^ "The Pregnancy Discrimination Act". Eeoc.gov. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  129. ^ Moore, Marat (1996). Women in the mines : stories of life and work. New York: Twayne Publishers. pp. xl–xlii. ISBN 0-8057-7834-9. OCLC 33333565.
  130. ^ As noted in:
  131. ^ Badran, Margot, Feminism in Islam: Secular and Religious Convergences (Oxford, Eng.: Oneworld, 2009 (ISBN 978-1-85168-556-1)), p. 227 (author sr. fellow, Ctr. for Muslim Christian Understanding, Georgetown Univ., U.S., & fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Ctr. for Scholars, Washington, D.C.).
  132. ^ Freedman, Marcia, Theorizing Israeli Feminism, 1970–2000, in Misra, Kalpana, & Melanie S. Rich, Jewish Feminism in Israel: Some Contemporary Perspectives (Hanover, N.H.: Univ. Press of New England (Brandeis Univ. Press) (Brandeis Ser. on Jewish Women), 1st ed. 2003 (ISBN 1-58465-325-6)), pp. 9–10 (author taught philosophy, Haifa Univ., & women's studies, Oranim Teacher's Seminary, 2d-wave feminist leader, & cofounder Women's Party, editor Kalpana Misra assoc. prof. pol. sci., Univ. of Tulsa, & editor Melanie S. Rich psychologist & chair, Partnership 2000 Women's Forum).
  133. ^ "Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms". Efc.ca. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  134. ^ Jon Henley in Paris (2005-05-11). "France tries again to give women equal pay | World news". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
  135. ^ Linda N. Edwards (1988). "Equal Employment Opportunities in Japan: A View From The West". Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 41 (2): 240–250. doi:10.1177/001979398804100206. JSTOR 2523634. S2CID 154462766.


[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism&oldid=1257959041"