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Swarm robotic platforms apply swarm robotics[1] in multi-robot collaboration.[2] They take inspiration from nature (e.g. collective problem solving mechanisms seen in nature such as honey bee aggregation[3][4]). The main goal is to control a large number of robots (with limited sensing/processing ability) to accomplish a common task/problem. Hardware limitation and cost of robot platforms limit current research in swarm robotics to mostly performed by simulation software (e.g. Stage,[5] ARGoS[6]). On the other hand, simulation of swarm scenarios that needs large numbers of agents is extremely complex and often inaccurate due to poor modelling of external conditions and limitation of computation.

Comparison of platforms

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Several mobile robot platforms have previously been developed to study swarm applications.

Robot Sensor / Module Motion/ Max. Speed Size/Diameter Autonomy Time University/Institute Open source software Open source hardware Description Image
AMiR distance, light, bearing wheel, 10 cm/s 6.5 cm 2 h University Putra Malaysia Yes AMiR[7] is a low-cost swarm robotic platform, developed as an open-source / open-hardware mobile robot. Many researches mostly on honeybee aggregation[3] (BEECLUST) was conducted with AMiR (e.g. Fuzzy decisioning[4]).
Alice distance, camera wheel, 4 cm/s 2.2 cm 10 h École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland Alice is a swarm robotic platform built in a very small package size. Alice has been used in many swarm research applications such as the embodiment of cockroach aggregation.[8]
The Alice microrobot
Cellulo structured dense pattern sensing camera, capacitive touch omnidirectional ball wheel, 20 cm/s 7.5 cm 1-2 h École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland Cellulo[9][10] is one of the world's first tangible swarm robot platforms, combining autonomous swarms with haptic-enabled multi-user tangible interaction. Initially invented as an educational platform, research is now being conducted on rehabilitation, gaming and human-computer interaction with Cellulo in addition to education.
Cellulo robots in a tangible swarm interaction scenario.
Colias distance, light, bump, bearing, range wheel / 35 cm/s 4 cm 1-3 h CIL at University of Lincoln, UK Yes Colias[11][12] is a low-cost open-source (open-hardware) platform that was developed for use in swarm robotic applications.[13]
Swarm of Colias robot
Colias-III Camera, distance, light, bump, bearing, range wheel, 35 cm/s 4 cm 1-3 h CIL at University of Lincoln, UK Yes Colias-III[14] is an extended version of the Colias micro-robot. It was mainly developed for implementation of bio-inspired vision systems.
Colias-III
Droplets Light vibration 4.4 cm 24h+ Correll Lab at the University of Colorado Yes[15] Yes Droplets are an open hard- and software experimental platform for large-scale swarming research.[15][16][17] The team raised funds via crowdfunding to build 1000 of these 'Droplets'.[18] Infinite experiments due to a powered floor that doubles as global communication medium for swarm programming.[19]
E-puck distance, camera, bearing, accele, mic wheel / 13 cm/s 7.5 cm 1-10 h École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland Yes[20] Yes E-puck[21] is one of the most successful robots and was primarily designed for educational purposes. However, due to its simplicity, it is frequently employed in swarm robotics research as well. It has user replaceable batteries and an autonomy time of 2-4 h.
e-puck mobile robot
Jasmine distance, light, bearing wheel, N/A 3 cm 1-2 h University of Stuttgart, Germany Yes[22] Yes Jasmine[23] is a swarm robotic platform which was used in many swarm robotic researches.[3]
Swarm of open-source Jasmine micro-robots
Kilobot distance, light vibration, 1 cm/s 3.3 cm 3 - 24 h Harvard University, USA Yes[24] Yes[25] Kilobot[26] is a relatively recent swarm robotic platform with novel functions such as group charging and group programming. Due to its simplicity and low power consumption, it has a long autonomy time of up to 24 h. Robots are charged manually in groups in a special charging station.
Kobot distance, bearing, vision, compass wheel, N/A 12 cm 10 h KOVAN Research Lab, Middle East Technical University, Turkey Kobot[27] is a mobile robot specifically designed for swarm robotic research. It has several sensors that makes it an ideal platform for implementing various swarm robotic scenarios such as coordinated motion. It has approximately 10 h of autonomy time. It has a user replaceable battery which is recharged manually. It has been used in implementation of a self-organised flocking scenario.[28]
Mona distance, bump, range, RF wheel, 5 cm/s 6.5 cm Perpetual The University of Manchester, UK Yes[29] Yes[30] Mona[31] is an open-source robot mainly designed to test the proposed Perpetual Robotic Swarm.[32] It has been designed as a modular platform allowing deployment of additional modules that are attached on top of the platform, such as wireless communication or a vision board. Latest version of the robot was developed as a robotic platform for education and research purposes.
Mona robot platform
R-One light, IR, gyro, bump, accelerometer wheel, 30 cm/s 10 cm 6 h Rice University, USA Yes[33] R-one[34] is a low-cost Robot for research and teaching purposes. It was used in several study on swarm robotics.
S-bot light, IR, position, force, speed, temp, humidity, acc., mic treels 12 cm 2 h École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland S-bot[35] is one of the most influential and capable swarm robotic platforms ever built. s-bots have a unique gripper design capable of gripping objects and other s-bots. They have an autonomy time of approximately 1 h.
Spiderino range, light, bearing (with extension) six legs, 6 cm/s 8 cm 4-20 h University of Klagenfurt, Austria Yes[36] Yes Spiderino[37] is a low-cost research robot based on the locomotion unit of a Hexbug spider toy. The modification replaces the robot head with a 3D-printed adapter, consisting of two parts to provide space for sensors, a larger battery, and a printed circuit board (PCB) with an Arduino microcontroller, Wi-Fi module, and motor controller.
SwarmBot range, bearing, camera, bump wheel, 50 cm/s 12.7 cm 3 h Rice University, USA SwarmBot[38] is another successful platform developed for swarm robotics research. It has approximately 3 h of autonomy time and robots are able to find and dock to charging stations which are placed on walls.
Acoustic Swarm[39] microphone, speaker, IMU wheel, 44 cm/s 3 cm 1-3 h University of Washington, USA Yes[40] Yes Acoustic swarm[41] is a platform where tiny robots cooperate with each other using acoustic signals to navigate with centimeter-level accuracy. The swarm devices spread out across a surface as well as navigate back to the charging station where they can be recharged.

References

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  1. ^ H. Hamann, Swarm Robotics: A Formal Approach, Springer, New York, 2018.[ISBN missing]
  2. ^ Şahin, Erol. "Swarm robotics: From sources of inspiration to domains of application Archived 2017-01-04 at the Wayback Machine". International workshop on swarm robotics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.[ISBN missing]
  3. ^ a b c Schmickl, Thomas, et al. "Get in touch: cooperative decision making based on robot-to-robot collisions". Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 18.1 (2009): 133–155.
  4. ^ a b Arvin, Farshad, et al. "Cue-based aggregation with a mobile robot swarm: a novel fuzzy-based method". Adaptive Behavior (2014). doi:10.1177/1059712314528009.
  5. ^ Vaughan, Richard. "Massively multi-robot simulation in stage". Swarm Intelligence 2.2–4 (2008): 189–208.
  6. ^ Pinciroli, Carlo, et al. "ARGoS: a modular, multi-engine simulator for heterogeneous swarm robotics". 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems.
  7. ^ Arvin, Farshad, et al. "Development of a Miniature Robot for Swarm Robotic Application". International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering 1.4 (2009): 436.
  8. ^ Garnier, Simon, et al. "The embodiment of cockroach aggregation behavior in a group of micro-robots". Artificial Life 14.4 (2008): 387-408.
  9. ^ Özgür, Ayberk; Lemaignan, Séverin; Johal, Wafa; Beltran, Maria; Briod, Manon; Pereyre, Léa; Mondada, Francesco; Dillenbourg, Pierre (2017). "Cellulo". Proceedings of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction - HRI '17. pp. 119–127. doi:10.1145/2909824.3020247. ISBN 9781450343367. S2CID 2277067.
  10. ^ Özgür, Ayberk (2018). Cellulo: Tangible Haptic Swarm Robots for Learning (PhD). EPFL. doi:10.5075/epfl-thesis-8241.
  11. ^ "Low-cost autonomous robots replicate swarming behavior". New Atlas. 2014-09-22. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  12. ^ Arvin, Farshad, et al. "Colias: An Autonomous Micro-robot for Robotic Swarm Applications." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 11 (2014): 113.
  13. ^ Na, S. et al. (2020) ‘Bio-inspired artificial pheromone system for swarm robotics applications’, Adaptive Behavior. doi: 10.1177/1059712320918936.
  14. ^ Hu, Cheng, et al. "A Bio-inspired Embedded Vision System for Autonomous Micro-robots: the LGMD Case", IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, 2016.
  15. ^ a b "Droplets". Correll Lab. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  16. ^ "Ping Pong Ball-Sized Robots Can Swarm Together To Form A Smart Liquid". Popular Science. 19 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  17. ^ Solon, Olivia. "Swarm of tiny robots form 'liquid that thinks' (Wired UK)". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 31 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. ^ "Droplets – Swarm Robotics". Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  19. ^ "Droplets: A low-cost swarm robotics platform for teaching and experimentation | Robohub". robohub.org. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
  20. ^ "e-puck". Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  21. ^ Mondada, Francesco, et al. "The e-puck, a robot designed for education in engineering." Proceedings of the 9th conference on autonomous robot systems and competitions. Vol. 1. No. LIS-CONF-2009-004. IPCB: Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco, 2009.
  22. ^ "Swarmrobot Open-source micro-robotic project". www.swarmrobot.org. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  23. ^ Kernbach, Serge, et al. "Re-embodiment of honeybee aggregation behavior in an artificial micro-robotic system." Adaptive Behavior 17.3 (2009): 237-259.
  24. ^ "acornejo/kilobot-labs". GitHub. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  25. ^ "Self-organizing Systems Research Group". www.eecs.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  26. ^ Rubenstein, Michael, et al. "Kilobot: A low cost robot with scalable operations designed for collective behaviors." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 62.7 (2014): 966-975.
  27. ^ Turgut, Ali E., et al. "Kobot: A mobile robot designed specifically for swarm robotics research." Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, METUCENG-TR Tech. Rep 5 (2007)
  28. ^ Turgut, Ali E., et al. "Self-organized flocking in mobile robot swarms." Swarm Intelligence 2.2-4 (2008): 97-120.
  29. ^ "Mona Robot". Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  30. ^ "Mona robot's basic functions and test code in Arduino: MonaRobot/Mona-Platform". GitHub. 2019-08-31.
  31. ^ F.Arvin, J. Espinosa, B. Bird, A. West, S.Watson, B.Lennox Arvin, Farshad; Espinosa, Jose; Bird, Benjamin; West, Andrew; Watson, Simon; Lennox, Barry (2018). "Mona: an Affordable Open-Source Mobile Robot for Education and Research". Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems. 94 (3–4): 761–775. doi:10.1007/s10846-018-0866-9. S2CID 116022614., Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 2018
  32. ^ F.Arvin, S.Watson, A.E.Turgut, J. Espinosa, T.Krajník, B.Lennox "Perpetual Robot Swarm: Long-Term Autonomy of Mobile Robots Using On-the-fly Inductive Charging", Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 2017
  33. ^ "Multi-Robot Systems Lab - Rice University, Houston TX". mrsl.rice.edu. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  34. ^ McLurkin, James, et al. "A low-cost multi-robot system for research, teaching, and outreach." Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. 597-609.
  35. ^ Mondada, Francesco, et al. "SWARM-BOT: A new distributed robotic concept." Autonomous robots 17.2-3 (2004): 193-221.
  36. ^ "Spiderino". Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  37. ^ Jdeed, Midhat, et al. "Spiderino - a low-cost robot for swarm research and educational purposes". In 13th Workshop on Intelligent Solutions in Embedded Systems (WISES 2017), pages 35–39, July 2017.
  38. ^ McLurkin, James, et al. "Speaking Swarmish: Human-Robot Interface Design for Large Swarms of Autonomous Mobile Robots Archived 2017-01-05 at the Wayback Machine". AAAI Spring Symposium: To Boldly Go Where No Human-Robot Team Has Gone Before. 2006.
  39. ^ Itani, Malek; Chen, Tuochao; Yoshioka, Takuya; Gollakota, Shyamnath (2023-09-21). "Creating speech zones with self-distributing acoustic swarms". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 5684. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5684I. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40869-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10514314. PMID 37735445.
  40. ^ "Acoustic swarm robots". GitHub. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  41. ^ "Creating Speech Zones Using Self-distributing Acoustic Swarms". acousticswarm.cs.washington.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
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