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Swarm robotics

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Swarm of open-source Jasmine micro-robots recharging themselves
A team of iRobot Create robots at the Georgia Institute of Technology
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Swarm robotics is an approach to the coordination of multiple robots as a system which consist of large numbers of mostly simple physical robots. In a robot swarm, the collective behavior of the robots results from local interactions between the robots and between the robots and the environment in which they act.[1] It is supposed that a desired collective behavior emerges from the interactions between the robots and interactions of robots with the environment. This idea emerged on the field of artificial swarm intelligence, as well as the studies of insects, ants and other fields in nature, where swarm behaviour occurs. [2]

Definition

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The research of swarm robotics is to study the physical body and the controlling behaviours of robots. It is inspired but not limited by[3] the emergent behaviour observed in social insects, called swarm intelligence. Relatively simple individual rules can produce a large set of complex swarm behaviours. A key component is the communication between the members of the group that build a system of constant feedback. The swarm behaviour involves constant change of individuals in cooperation with others, as well as the behaviour of the whole group.

Unlike distributed robotic systems in general, swarm robotics emphasizes a large number of robots, and promotes scalability, for instance by using only local communication.[4] That local communication for example can be achieved by wireless transmission systems, like radio frequency or infrared.[5]

Five Principles of Robotic Swarm Intelligence

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The design of swarm robotics systems is guided by swarm intelligence principles, which promote fault tolerance, scalability, and flexibility.[1] While various formulations of swarm intelligence principles exist, one widely recognized set includes:

  1. Awareness: Each swarm member must be aware of its surroundings and capabilities.
  2. Autonomy: Individual robots should function as autonomous units, not slaves to a central controller. This enables self-coordinated task allocation.
  3. Solidarity: Swarm members must cooperate in solidarity. Upon completing a task, each robot should independently seek new tasks based on its current position.
  4. Expandability: The system should allow for dynamic expansion, permitting new members to be added seamlessly.
  5. Resiliency: The swarm must be self-healing. If members are removed, the remaining robots should take over unfinished tasks.[6]

Applications

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Miniaturization and cost are key factors in swarm robotics. These are the constraints in building large groups of robots; therefore the simplicity of the individual team member is emphasized. This motivates a swarm-intelligent approach to achieve meaningful behavior at swarm-level, instead of the individual level. The goals include keeping the cost of individual robots low to allow scalability, making each robot less demanding of resources and more energy efficient.

Compared with individual robots, a swarm can commonly decompose its given missions to their subtasks;[7] a swarm is more robust to partial failure and is more flexible with regard to different missions.[8]

One such swarm system is the LIBOT Robotic System[9] that involves a low cost robot built for outdoor swarm robotics. The robots are also made with provisions for indoor use via Wi-Fi, since the GPS sensors provide poor communication inside buildings. Another such attempt is the micro robot (Colias),[10] built in the Computer Intelligence Lab at the University of Lincoln, UK. This micro robot is built on a 4 cm circular chassis and is a low-cost and open platform for use in a variety of swarm robotics applications.

Applications

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Potential applications for swarm robotics are many. They include tasks that demand miniaturization (nanorobotics, microbotics), like distributed sensing tasks in micromachinery or the human body. One of the most promising uses of swarm robotics is in search and rescue missions.[11] Swarms of robots of different sizes could be sent to places that rescue-workers cannot reach safely, to explore the unknown environment and solve complex mazes via onboard sensors.[11] On the other hand, swarm robotics can be suited to tasks that demand cheap designs, for instance mining or agricultural shepherding tasks.[12]

More controversially, swarms of military robots can form an autonomous army. U.S. Naval forces have tested a swarm of autonomous boats that can steer and take offensive actions by themselves. The boats are unmanned and can be fitted with any kind of kit to deter and destroy enemy vessels.[13]

During the Syrian Civil War, Russian forces in the region reported attacks on their main air force base in the country by swarms of fixed-wing drones loaded with explosives.[14]

Most efforts have focused on relatively small groups of machines. However, a swarm consisting of 1,024 individual robots was demonstrated by Harvard in 2014, the largest to date.[15]

Another large set of applications may be solved using swarms of micro air vehicles, which are also broadly investigated nowadays. In comparison with the pioneering studies of swarms of flying robots using precise motion capture systems in laboratory conditions,[16] current systems such as Shooting Star can control teams of hundreds of micro aerial vehicles in outdoor environment[17] using GNSS systems (such as GPS) or even stabilize them using onboard localization systems[18] where GPS is unavailable.[19][20] Swarms of micro aerial vehicles have been already tested in tasks of autonomous surveillance,[21] plume tracking,[22] and reconnaissance in a compact phalanx.[23] Numerous works on cooperative swarms of unmanned ground and aerial vehicles have been conducted with target applications of cooperative environment monitoring,[24] simultaneous localization and mapping,[25] convoy protection,[26] and moving target localization and tracking.[27]

Additionally, progress has been made in the application of autonomous swarms in the field of manufacturing, known as swarm 3D printing. This is particularly useful for the production of large structures and components, where traditional 3D printing is not able to be utilized due to hardware size constraints. Miniaturization and mass mobilization allows the manufacturing system to achieve scale invariance, not limited in effective build volume. While in its early stage of development, swarm 3D printing is currently being commercialized by startup companies. Using the Rapid Induction Printing metal additive manufacturing process, Rosotics[28] was the first company to demonstrate swarm 3D printing using a metallic payload, and the only to achieve metallic 3D printing from an airborne platform.[29]

Drone swarming

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Drone swarms are used in target search, drone displays, and delivery. A drone display commonly uses multiple, lighted drones at night for an artistic display or advertising. A drone swarm in delivery can carry multiple packages to a single destination at a time and overcome single drone's payload and battery limitations.[30] A drone swarm may undertake different flight formations to reduce overall energy consumption due to drag forces.[31]

Drone swarming can also come with additional control issues connected to human factors and the swarm operator. Examples of this include high cognitive demand and complexity when interacting with multiple drones due to changing attention between different individual drones.[32][33] Communication between operator and swarm is also a central aspect.[34]

Acoustic swarms

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In 2023, University of Washington and Microsoft researchers demonstrated acoustic swarms of tiny robots that create shape-changing smart speakers.[35] These can be used for manipulating acoustic scenes to focus on or mute sounds from a specific region in a room.[36] Here, tiny robots cooperate with each other using sound signals, without any cameras, to navigate cooperatively with centimeter-level accuracy. These swarm devices spread out across a surface to create a distributed and reconfigurable wireless microphone array. They also navigate back to the charging station where they can be automatically recharged.[37]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Dorigo, Marco; Birattari, Mauro; Brambill, Manuele (2014). "Swarm Robotics". Scholarpedia. 9 (1): 1463. Bibcode:2014SchpJ...9.1463D. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1463.
  2. ^ "What is the primary purpose of Swarm Robotics?". 2024-05-29. Retrieved 2024-09-01. "Swarm Robotics" is a captivating field that takes inspiration from the collective behavior of social insects like ants, bees, and termites.
  3. ^ Hunt, Edmund R. (2019-03-27). "The social animals that are inspiring new behaviours for robot swarms". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-03-28.
  4. ^ Hamann, H. (2018). Swarm Robotics: A Formal Approach. New York: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-74528-2.
  5. ^ N. Correll, D. Rus. Architectures and control of networked robotic systems. In: Serge Kernbach (Ed.): Handbook of Collective Robotics, pp. 81-104, Pan Stanford, Singapore, 2013.
  6. ^ Alfonso (2016-09-20). Five Principles of Swarm Intelligence. Retrieved 2024-08-14 – via YouTube.
  7. ^ Hu, J.; Bhowmick, P.; Lanzon, A. (2020). "Two-layer distributed formation-containment control strategy for linear swarm systems: Algorithm and experiments". International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control. 30 (16): 6433–6453. doi:10.1002/rnc.5105.
  8. ^ Kagan, E.; Shvalb, N.; Gal, I. (2019). Autonomous Mobile Robots and Multi-Robot Systems: Motion-Planning, Communication, and Swarming. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 9781119212867.
  9. ^ Zahugi, Emaad Mohamed H.; Shabani, Ahmed M.; Prasad, T. V. (2012), "Libot: Design of a low cost mobile robot for outdoor swarm robotics", 2012 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), pp. 342–347, doi:10.1109/CYBER.2012.6392577, ISBN 978-1-4673-1421-3, S2CID 14692473
  10. ^ Arvin, F.; Murray, J.C.; Licheng Shi; Chun Zhang; Shigang Yue, "Development of an autonomous micro robot for swarm robotics," 2014 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA), vol., no., pp.635,640, 3-6 Aug. 2014 doi: 10.1109/ICMA.2014.6885771
  11. ^ a b Hu, J.; Niu, H.; Carrasco, J.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "Voronoi-Based Multi-Robot Autonomous Exploration in Unknown Environments via Deep Reinforcement Learning" IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2020.
  12. ^ Hu, J.; Turgut, A.; Krajnik, T.; Lennox, B.; Arvin, F., "Occlusion-Based Coordination Protocol Design for Autonomous Robotic Shepherding Tasks" IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems, 2020.
  13. ^ Lendon, Brad (6 October 2014). "U.S. Navy could 'swarm' foes with robot boats". CNN.
  14. ^ Madrigal, Alexis C. (2018-03-07). "Drone Swarms Are Going to Be Terrifying and Hard to Stop". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-03-07.
  15. ^ "A self-organizing thousand-robot swarm". Harvard. 14 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  16. ^ Kushleyev, A.; Mellinger, D.; Powers, C.; Kumar, V., "Towards a swarm of agile micro quadrotors" Autonomous Robots, Volume 35, Issue 4, pp 287-300, November 2013
  17. ^ Vasarhelyi, G.; Virágh, C.; Tarcai, N.; Somorjai, G.; Vicsek, T. Outdoor flocking and formation flight with autonomous aerial robots. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2014), 2014
  18. ^ Faigl, J.; Krajnik, T.; Chudoba, J.; Preucil, L.; Saska, M. Low-Cost Embedded System for Relative Localization in Robotic Swarms. In ICRA2013: Proceedings of 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2013.
  19. ^ Saska, M.; Vakula, J.; Preucil, L. Swarms of Micro Aerial Vehicles Stabilized Under a Visual Relative Localization. In ICRA2014: Proceedings of 2014 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. 2014.
  20. ^ Saska, M. MAV-swarms: unmanned aerial vehicles stabilized along a given path using onboard relative localization. In Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS). 2015
  21. ^ Saska, M.; Chudoba, J.; Preucil, L.; Thomas, J.; Loianno, G.; Tresnak, A.; Vonasek, V.; Kumar, V. Autonomous Deployment of Swarms of Micro-Aerial Vehicles in Cooperative Surveillance. In Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS). 2014.
  22. ^ Saska, M.; Langr J.; L. Preucil. Plume Tracking by a Self-stabilized Group of Micro Aerial Vehicles. In Modelling and Simulation for Autonomous Systems, 2014.
  23. ^ Saska, M.; Kasl, Z.; Preucil, L. Motion Planning and Control of Formations of Micro Aerial Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control. 2014.
  24. ^ Saska, M.; Vonasek, V.; Krajnik, T.; Preucil, L. Coordination and Navigation of Heterogeneous UAVs-UGVs Teams Localized by a Hawk-Eye Approach Archived 2017-08-10 at the Wayback Machine. In Proceedings of 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. 2012.
  25. ^ Chung, Soon-Jo, et al. "A survey on aerial swarm robotics." IEEE Transactions on Robotics 34.4 (2018): 837-855.
  26. ^ Saska, M.; Vonasek, V.; Krajnik, T.; Preucil, L. Coordination and Navigation of Heterogeneous MAV–UGV Formations Localized by a ‘hawk-eye’-like Approach Under a Model Predictive Control Scheme. International Journal of Robotics Research 33(10):1393–1412, September 2014.
  27. ^ Kwon, Hyukseong; Pack, Daniel J. (2012). "A Robust Mobile Target Localization Method for Cooperative Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Sensor Fusion Quality". Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems. 65 (1–4): 479–493. doi:10.1007/s10846-011-9581-5. S2CID 254656907.
  28. ^ "Rosotics - Solving Industry's Largest Problems".
  29. ^ "Technology". 25 July 2020. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  30. ^ Alkouz, Balsam; Bouguettaya, Athman; Mistry, Sajib (Oct 18–24, 2020). "Swarm-based Drone-as-a-Service (SDaaS) for Delivery". 2020 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS). pp. 441–448. arXiv:2005.06952. doi:10.1109/ICWS49710.2020.00065. ISBN 978-1-7281-8786-0. S2CID 218628807.
  31. ^ Alkouz, Balsam; Bouguettaya, Athman (Dec 7–9, 2020). "Formation-based Selection of Drone Swarm Services". MobiQuitous 2020 - 17th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services. pp. 386–394. arXiv:2011.06766. doi:10.1145/3448891.3448899. ISBN 9781450388405. S2CID 226955877.
  32. ^ Hocraffer, Amy; Nam, Chang S. (2017). "A meta-analysis of human-system interfaces in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm management". Applied Ergonomics. 58: 66–80. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.05.011. PMID 27633199.
  33. ^ Lewis, Michael (2013). "Human Interaction With Multiple Remote Robots". Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics. 9 (1): 131–174. doi:10.1177/1557234X13506688.
  34. ^ Kolling, Andreas; Phillip, Walker; Nilanjan, Chakraborty; Katia, Sycara; Michael, Lewis (2016). "Human interaction with robot swarms: A survey" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems. 46 (1): 9–26. doi:10.1109/THMS.2015.2480801. S2CID 9975315.
  35. ^ Itani, Malek; Chen, Tuochao; Yoshioka, Takuya; Gollakota, Shyamnath (2023-09-21). "Creating speech zones with self-distributing acoustic swarms". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 5684. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5684I. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40869-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10514314. PMID 37735445.
  36. ^ "UW team's shape-changing smart speaker lets users mute different areas of a room". UW News. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  37. ^ "Creating Speech Zones Using Self-distributing Acoustic Swarms". acousticswarm.cs.washington.edu. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
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