Livelihood
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A person's livelihood (derived from life-lode, "way of life"; cf. OG lib-leit)[1] refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities (food, water, shelter and clothing) of life". Livelihood is defined as a set of activities essential to everyday life that are conducted over one's life span. Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. An individual's livelihood involves the capacity to acquire aforementioned necessities in order to satisfy the basic needs of themselves and their household. The activities are usually carried out repeatedly and in a manner that is sustainable and providing of dignity.[2] For instance, a fisherman's livelihood depends on the availability and accessibility of fish.
The concept of Sustainable Livelihood (SL)[3][4][5][6] is an attempt to go beyond the conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication.[7]
These had been found to be too narrow because they focused only on certain aspects or manifestations of poverty, such as low income, or did not consider other vital aspects of poverty such as vulnerability and social exclusion. It is now recognized that more attention must be paid to the various factors and processes which either constrain or enhance poor people's ability to make a living in an economically, ecologically, and socially sustainable manner.
The SL concept offers a more coherent and integrated approach to poverty. The sustainable livelihoods idea was first introduced by the Brundtland Commission on Environment and Development, and the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development expanded the concept, advocating for the achievement of sustainable livelihoods as a broad goal for poverty eradication.
In 1992 Robert Chambers and Gordon Conway[8] proposed the following composite definition of a sustainable rural livelihood, which is applied most commonly at the household level: "A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term."[9]
In social sciences
[edit]In social sciences, the concept of livelihood extends to include social and cultural means, i.e. "the command an individual, family, or other social group has over an income and/or bundles of resources that can be used or exchanged to satisfy its needs. This may involve information, cultural knowledge, social networks and legal rights as well as tools, land and other physical resources."[10]
The concept of livelihood is used in the fields such as political ecology in research that focuses on sustainability and human rights.
Contributors to literature and practice
[edit]- Robert Chambers
- Ian Scoones[11]
- Anthony Bebbington[12]
- Lasse Krantz
- Per Knutsson
- Ruedi Hoegger[13][14]
- Ruedi Baumgartner[14]
- Smita Premchander[15][16][17][18][19]
- K V Raju
- Vijay Mahajan[20]
- G K Karanth[21][22]
- V Ramaswamy[23][24]
- Frank Ellis[25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
- Dr. C. Shambu Prasad[32][33]
- Dr. Girish G. Sohani i[34][35]
- KS Gopal[36][37][38]
- Madhukar Shukla
- Ajit Kanitkar[39][40][41][42][43][44]
- Sankar Datta[20][45]
See also
[edit]- Right Livelihood Award
- Three Principles of the People#Mínshēng, a related concept in Chinese political economy
References
[edit]- ^ Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855). "On False Etymologies". Transactions of the Philological Society (6): 68.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of English. Oxford University Press. 2010. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001. ISBN 9780199571123 – via www.oxfordreference.com.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "IDS Bookshop - Item details". Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Data" (PDF). www.sarpn.org.
- ^ Krantz, Lasse (2001). "The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction" (PDF). SIDA: 1.
- ^ "Documents" (PDF). opendocs.ids.ac.uk.
- ^ "Info" (PDF). www.humanecologyreview.org.
- ^ Blaikie P., Cannon T., Davis I., Wisner B. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability, and Disasters. New York, NY: Routledge, 2004,
- ^ "Ian Scoones". www.ids.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ Bebbington, Anthony (1999). "Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty" (PDF).
- ^ "Nothing found for Publications Prarticle 2005 09 29 5069774463 Prarticle 2005 09 29 1875579521 Skatpublication 2005 11 22 4965887530 File". skat.ch. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
- ^ a b "In Search of Sustainable Livelihood Systems - SAGE Publications Inc". www.sagepub.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Premchander, Smita - SAGE Publications Inc". www.sagepub.com. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-07. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries" (PDF). www.kfpe.ch. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ a b "Ruralfinance.org - Min økonomi blogg". Ruralfinance.org. Archived from the original on 2013-07-02. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Gkkaranth". Archived from the original on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
- ^ "G K Karanth - Publications". www.researchgate.net. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "V Ramaswamy". www.isec.ac.in.
- ^ The Threshing Floor Disappears: Rural Livelihood System in Transition. Institute for Social and Economic Change. 2003-01-01.
- ^ "Opinion data" (PDF). www.odi.org.uk.
- ^ Ellis, Frank (2000-06-29). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780198296966.
- ^ "Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries". Goodreads. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Research data" (PDF). r4d.dfid.gov.uk.
- ^ "Professor Frank Ellis - UEA". www.uea.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Ellis, Frank (2000-05-01). "The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries". Journal of Agricultural Economics. 51 (2): 289–302. doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.2000.tb01229.x. ISSN 1477-9552.
- ^ "Workshop info" (PDF). ced.org.in.
- ^ "Shambu Prasad Chebrolu - Institute of Rural Management Anand - Academia.edu". ximb.academia.edu. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Meeting with BAIF Group from India | Babcock Institute". Archived from the original on 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^ "Info" (PDF). www.baif.org.in.
- ^ "Pradan - Workshop on NREGA: Beyond Wages to Sustainable Livelihoods". www.pradan.net. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Food Security for Dryland Communities". www.ddsindia.com.
- ^ Watch, National Social. "Land, Livelihoods & Food Security By K.S. Gopal". www.socialwatchindia.net. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ "Ajit Kanitkar / Team / Expanding Livelihood Opportunities for Poor Households / Economic Fairness / Ford Foundation". Archived from the original on 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^ Deshpande Foundation (2013-06-11), Ajit Kanitkar : DD 2013 - Keynote Panel - Tipping Point, retrieved 2016-03-24
- ^ "Ajit Kanitkar | Economic and Political Weekly". Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
- ^ "My schedule for Ashoka Future Forum". ashokafutureforum2013a.sched.org. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
- ^ Kanitkar, Ajit; Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung (1995-01-01). Grassroots entrepreneurship: entrepreneurs and microenterprises in rural India. New Age International Publishers. ISBN 9788122407396.
- ^ "Data" (PDF). www.irma.ac.in.
- ^ "Sankar Datta". SAGE. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
