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Sulfonyl halide

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In inorganic chemistry, sulfonyl halide groups occur when a sulfonyl (>S(=O)2) functional group is singly bonded to a halogen atom. They have the general formula RSO2X, where X is a halogen. The stability of sulfonyl halides decreases in the order fluorides > chlorides > bromides > iodides, all four types being well known. The sulfonyl chlorides and fluorides are of dominant importance in this series.[1][2]

Structure

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Sulfonyl halides have tetrahedral sulfur centres attached to two oxygen atoms, an organic radical, and a halide. In a representative example, methanesulfonyl chloride, the S=O, S−C, and S−Cl bond distances are respectively 142.4, 176.3, and 204.6 pm.[3]

Sulfonyl chlorides

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General structure of a sulfonic acid chloride

Sulfonic acid chlorides, or sulfonyl chlorides, are a sulfonyl halide with the general formula RSO2Cl.

Production

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Arylsulfonyl chlorides are made industrially in a two-step, one-pot reaction from an arene (in this case, benzene) and chlorosulfuric acid:[4]

The intermediate benzenesulfonic acid can be chlorinated with thionyl chloride as well. Benzenesulfonyl chloride, the most important sulfonyl halide, can also be produced by treating sodium benzenesulfonate with phosphorus pentachlorides.[5]

Benzenediazonium chloride reacts with sulfur dioxide and hydrochloric acid to give the sulfonyl chloride:

For alkylsulfonyl chlorides, one synthetic procedure is the Reed reaction:

Reactions

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Sulfonyl chlorides react with water to give the corresponding sulfonic acid:

RSO2Cl + H2O → RSO3H + HCl

These compounds react readily with many other nucleophiles as well, most notably alcohols and amines (see Hinsberg reaction). If the nucleophile is an alcohol, the product is a sulfonate ester; if it is an amine, the product is a sulfonamide. Using sodium sulfite as the nucleophilic reagent, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride is converted to its sulfinate salt, CH3C6H4SO2Na.[6] Chlorosulfonated alkanes are susceptible to crosslinking via reactions with various nucleophiles.[7]

Sulfonyl chlorides readily undergo Friedel–Crafts reactions with arenes giving sulfones, for example:

RSO2Cl + C6H6 → RSO2C6H5 + HCl

The desulfonation of arylsulfonyl chlorides provides a route to aryl chlorides:

ArSO2Cl → ArCl + SO2

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is made industrially in this way.

Treatment of alkanesulfonyl chlorides having α-hydrogens with amine bases can give sulfenes, highly unstable species that can be trapped:

RCH2SO2Cl → RCH=SO2 + HCl

Sulfonamides can be prepared by reaction of sulfonyl chlorides with amines:

RSO2Cl + R'2NH → RSO2NR'2 + HCl

A readily available sulfonyl chloride source is tosyl chloride.[8]

Reduction with tetrathiotungstate ions (WS2−4) induces dimerization to the disulfide.[9]

Common sulfonyl chlorides

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Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) is produced industrially by chlorosulfonation of polyethylene. CSPE is noted for its toughness, hence its use for roofing shingles.[7]

An industrially important derivative is benzenesulfonyl chloride. In the laboratory, useful reagents include tosyl chloride, brosyl chloride, nosyl chloride and mesyl chloride.

Sulfonyl fluorides

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Sulfonyl fluorides have the general formula RSO2F. They can be produced by treating sulfonic acids with sulfur tetrafluoride:[10]

SF4 + RSO3H → SOF2 + RSO2F + HF

Perfluorooctanesulfonyl derivatives, such as PFOS, are produced from their sulfonyl fluoride, which are produced by electrofluorination[11]

In the molecular biology, sulfonyl fluorides are used to label proteins. They specifically react with serine, threonine, tyrosine, lysine, cysteine, and histidine residues. The fluorides are more resistant than the corresponding chlorides and are therefore better suited to this task.[12]

Some sulfonyl fluorides can also be used as deoxyfluorinating reagents, such as 2-pyridinesulfonyl fluoride (PyFluor) and N-tosyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonimidoyl fluoride (SulfoxFluor).[13][14]

Sulfonyl bromides

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Sulfonyl bromides have the general formula RSO2Br. In contrast to sulfonyl chlorides, sulfonyl bromides readily undergo light-induced homolysis affording sulfonyl radicals, which can add to alkenes, as illustrated by the use of bromomethanesulfonyl bromide, BrCH2SO2Br in Ramberg–Bäcklund reaction syntheses.[15][16]

Sulfonyl iodides

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Sulfonyl iodides, having the general formula RSO2I, are quite light-sensitive. Methanesulfonyl iodide evolves iodine in vacuum and branched-alkyl sulfonyl iodides are worse.[17] Perfluoroalkanesulfonyl iodides, prepared by reaction between silver perfluoroalkanesulfinates and iodine in dichloromethane at −30 °C, react with alkenes to form the normal adducts, RFSO2CH2CHIR and the adducts resulting from loss of SO2, RFCH2CHIR.[18]

Arenesulfonyl iodides, prepared from reaction of arenesulfinates or arenehydrazides with iodine, are much more stable[17] and can initiate the synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) containing C–I, C–Br and C–Cl chain ends.[19] Their reduction with silver gives the disulfone:[17]

2 ArSO2I + 2Ag → (ArSO2)2 + 2 AgI
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In the episode "Encyclopedia Galactica" of his TV series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Carl Sagan speculates that some intelligent extraterrestrial beings might have a genetic code based on polyaromatic sulfonyl halides instead of DNA.

References

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  1. ^ Kosswig, Kurt (2000). "Sulfonic Acids, Aliphatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_503. ISBN 3527306730.
  2. ^ Drabowicz, J.; Kiełbasiński, P.; Łyżwa, P.; Zając, A.; Mikołajczyk, M. (2008). N. Kambe (ed.). Alkanesulfonyl Halides. Science of Synthesis. Vol. 39. pp. 19–38. ISBN 9781588905307.
  3. ^ Hargittai, Magdolna; Hargittai, István (1973). "On the molecular structure of methane sulfonyl chloride as studied by electron diffraction". J. Chem. Phys. 59 (5): 2513. Bibcode:1973JChPh..59.2513H. doi:10.1063/1.1680366.
  4. ^ Lindner, Otto; Rodefeld, Lars. "Benzenesulfonic Acids and Their Derivatives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_507. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  5. ^ Adams, Roger; Marvel, C. S.; Clarke, H. T.; Babcock, G. S.; Murray, T. F. (1921). "Benzenesulfonyl chloride". Organic Syntheses. 1: 21; Collected Volumes, vol. 1, p. 84.
  6. ^ Field, L; Clark, R.D. (1958). "Methyl p-Tolyl Sulfone". Organic Syntheses. 38: 62. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.038.0062. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  7. ^ a b Happ, Michael; Duffy, John; Wilson, G. J.; Pask, Stephen D.; Buding, Hartmuth; Ostrowicki, Andreas (2011). "Rubber, 8. Synthesis by Polymer Modification". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.o23_o05. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  8. ^ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.39 (1973); Vol. 48, p.8 (1968) Online Article
  9. ^ Dhar, Preeti; Ranjan, Rajeev; Chandrasekaran, Srinivasan (1990) [8 Sep 1989]. "Chemistry of Tetrathiotungstates: A Novel Synthesis of Disulfides from Sulfonyl Derivative". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 55 (12). American Chemical Society: 3728–3729. doi:10.1021/jo00299a010.
  10. ^ Boswell, G. A.; Ripka, W. C.; Scribner, R. M.; Tullock, C. W. (2011). "Fluorination by Sulfur Tetrafluoride". Organic Reactions. pp. 1–124. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or021.01. ISBN 978-0-471-26418-7.
  11. ^ Lehmler, H. J. (2005). "Synthesis of Environmentally Relevant Fluorinated Surfactants—a review". Chemosphere. 58 (11): 1471–1496. Bibcode:2005Chmsp..58.1471L. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.078. PMID 15694468.
  12. ^ Narayanan, Arjun; Jones, Lyn H. (2015). "Sulfonyl fluorides as privileged warheads in chemical biology". Chemical Science. 6 (5): 2650–2659. doi:10.1039/C5SC00408J. PMC 5489032. PMID 28706662.
  13. ^ Nielsen, Matthew K.; Ugaz, Christian R.; Li, Wenping; Doyle, Abigail G. (5 August 2015). "PyFluor: A Low-Cost, Stable, and Selective Deoxyfluorination Reagent". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 137 (30): 9571–9574. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b06307. PMID 26177230.
  14. ^ Guo, Junkai; Kuang, Cuiwen; Rong, Jian; Li, Lingchun; Ni, Chuanfa; Hu, Jinbo (28 May 2019). "Rapid Deoxyfluorination of Alcohols with N-Tosyl-4-chlorobenzenesulfonimidoyl Fluoride (SulfoxFluor) at Room Temperature". Chemistry – A European Journal. 25 (30): 7259–7264. doi:10.1002/chem.201901176. PMID 30869818. S2CID 76667829.
  15. ^ Block, E.; Aslam, M. (1993). "A General Synthetic Method for the Preparation of Conjugated Dienes from Olefins using Bromomethanesulfonyl Bromide: 1,2-Dimethylenecyclohexane". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. Coll. Vol. 8, p. 212.
  16. ^ Block, E.; Aslam, M.; Eswarakrishnan, V.; Gebreyes, K.; Hutchinson, J.; Iyer, R.; Laffitte, J.-A.; Wall, A. (1986). "α-Haloalkanesulfonyl Bromides in Organic Synthesis. 5. Versatile Reagents for the Synthesis of Conjugated Polyenes, Enones and 1,3-Oxathiole 1,1-Dioxides". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 (15): 4568–4580. doi:10.1021/ja00275a051.
  17. ^ a b c Danehy, James P. (1971). "The Sulfur–Iodine Bond". In Senning, Alexander (ed.). Sulfur in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 1. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 336–337. ISBN 0-8247-1615-9. LCCN 70-154612.
  18. ^ Huang, W.-Y.; L.-Q., Hu (1989). "The chemistry of perfluoroalkanesulfonyl iodides". Journal of Fluorine Chemistry. 44 (1): 25–44. doi:10.1016/S0022-1139(00)84369-9.
  19. ^ Percec, V.; Grigoras, C. (2005). "Arenesulfonyl iodides: The third universal class of functional initiators for the metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization of methacrylates and styrenes". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 43 (17): 3920–3931. Bibcode:2005JPoSA..43.3920P. doi:10.1002/pola.20860.
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