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Steven M. Smith

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Steven M. Smith
Steven Smith at the Stone Forest in China
Born
Luton, Bedfordshire, England, UK
NationalityAustralian and British
Alma materUniversity of Leicester (BSc)
Indiana University (MA)
University of Warwick (PhD)
Known forKarrikins
SpouseDr Brenda Winning
ChildrenOne daughter
AwardsFellowship of the Institute of Biology (1998)
Australian Research Council, Federation Fellowship (2004)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Visiting Professorship (2013)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, President’s International Fellowship, (2014)
Scientific career
FieldsPlant Genetics and Biochemistry
InstitutionsRothamsted Experimental Station
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

John Innes Institute
University of Edinburgh
University of Western Australia
Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology

University of Tasmania
Thesis Synthesis of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
Doctoral advisorR. John Ellis
Doctoral studentsIan A. Graham[1][2]
Websitewww.stevensmithresearch.com

Steven M. Smith is Emeritus Professor of Plant Genetics and Biochemistry at the University of Tasmania in Australia and Chief Investigator in the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture.

Education and early life

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Smith was born and raised in Luton, Bedfordshire, England. He attended Luton Grammar School and Luton Sixth Form College before becoming an Assistant Scientific Officer at Rothamsted Experimental Station in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. Working at Rothamsted inspired him to embark on a career in plant sciences and he obtained university entrance qualifications through ‘day-release’ and evening classes at Luton College of Technology.

Career

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He was awarded first class honours in Biological Sciences from the University of Leicester, then went to Indiana University USA to study for a master's degree under the supervision of Carlos Miller, the discoverer of kinetin. Smith returned to the UK to study for a PhD under the supervision of Professor R. John Ellis, at the University of Warwick during which time he conducted some of his research at the Plant Breeding Institute, in Cambridge. He was then awarded a Fellowship to carry out research at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Division of Plant Industry in Canberra, Australia. After a short period at the John Innes Institute in Norwich, he was appointed to a lectureship in the Botany Department at the University of Edinburgh. He spent 20 years in Edinburgh rising to become Head of the Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences. He served the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council as a Teaching Quality Assessor and was External Examiner at Ngee Ann Polytechnic in Singapore. Following the award of an Australian Research Council Federation Fellowship in 2004, Smith moved to the University of Western Australia and became Winthrop Professor of Plant Genomics. He was founding member of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology in 2005, and was a Chief Investigator until 2014. He also established and was Director of the Centre of Excellence for Plant Metabolomics. In 2015 he was appointed Professor of Plant Genetics and Biochemistry in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Tasmania. In 2013 and 2014 he was awarded Fellowships by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and appointed Visiting Professor in the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology in Beijing.

Research

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Smith's research is directed towards understanding plant growth and development at the molecular level, and seeking ways to improve plant productivity and value.

During his PhD studies Smith collaborated with John Bedbrook at the Plant Breeding Institute to clone the first cDNA encoding a plant enzyme.[3] This enzyme is ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, abbreviated to RuBisCO, which is responsible for carbon dioxide fixation by plants. In Edinburgh in the pre-genomics era, he collaborated with Chris Leaver and cloned several key enzymes of plant metabolism, including malate synthase, isocitrate lyase and PEP carboxykinase. He conceived an idea with Anthony Trewavas of creating transgenic plants expressing the calcium-sensitive luminous jellyfish protein, aequorin, to report calcium signalling in plants. Together they obtained funding, created the plants and showed that they could report rapid calcium signalling in response to cold, fungi, touch and wind.[4][5] This work predated similar research using green fluorescent protein from the same jellyfish. In 1996 Smith and his PhD student Takeshi Takaha reported the discovery of cyclic glucans containing up to 200 glucose residues, which they named cycloamylose.[6] Cycloamylose and related cycloglucans are now used extensively in food and biotechnology industries. Further research on starch metabolism with Alison Smith and Sam Zeeman at the John Innes Centre led to the discovery of a novel pathway of starch breakdown in leaves.[7] Smith was also instrumental in defining pathways of energy metabolism involving peroxisomes, particularly fatty acid beta-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle.[8]

Karrikins: a new family of plant growth regulators

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Smith's current and most important contribution to plant biology lies in the establishment of karrikins as a major family of naturally occurring plant growth regulators, determination of karrikin mode of action and evolution of the karrikin response.[9][10][11][12][13][14] Karrikins are small organic compounds produced by bushfires. They are washed into the soil by rain and stimulate germination of dormant seeds of fire-following plants that reside in the soil seed-bank.[15] This response to karrikins is a specific evolutionary adaption of numerous fire-following plant species, providing them with the opportunity to grow and reproduce successfully in the post-fire environment.[16]

Smith discovered that Arabidopsis thaliana can respond to karrikins under specific conditions and this provided the breakthrough required to discover their mode of action.[17] His group was able to isolate karrikin-insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis, and the subsequent identification of the mutated genes revealed that karrikin perception and response required an alpha/beta hydrolase known as KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) and an F-box protein known as MORE AXILARY GROWTH2 (MAX2).[18][19] These discoveries revealed that karrikin signalling occurs by a similar mechanism to the signalling of chemically-related strigolactone hormones.[20] Crucially, he established that karrikins and strigolactones are perceived independently, and elicit different responses in plants.[19][21]

His research has further revealed that the usual function of KAI2 is to perceive an endogenous signalling compound that is neither karrikin nor strigolactone, but is probably very similar.[22][23] He proposes that duplication of an ancestral KAI2 gene in early land plants led to the evolution of two genes in seed plants one of which perceives strigoactones and the other perceives the endogenous karrikin-like compound.[24][25]

Awards and recognition

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Personal

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Smith is married to Dr Brenda Winning and they have one daughter, born in 1998. Smith is a side drummer in the City of Hobart Highland Pipe Band.

References

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  1. ^ Graham, Ian Alexander (1989). Structure and function of the cucumber malate synthase gene and expression during plant development (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. Open access icon
  2. ^ Graham, Ian A.; Smith, Laura M.; Brown, John W. S.; Leaver, Christopher J.; Smith, Steven M. (1989). "The malate synthase gene of cucumber". Plant Molecular Biology. 13 (6): 673–684. doi:10.1007/BF00016022. PMID 2491683. S2CID 23684986.
  3. ^ Bedbrook, John R.; Smith, Steven M.; Ellis, R. John (23 October 1980). "Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding the precursor to the small subunit of chloroplast ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase". Nature. 287 (5784): 692–697. Bibcode:1980Natur.287..692B. doi:10.1038/287692a0. S2CID 4243808.
  4. ^ Knight, Marc R.; Campbell, Anthony K.; Smith, Steven M.; Trewavas, Anthony J. (8 August 1991). "Transgenic plant aequorin reports the effects of touch and cold-shock and elicitors on cytoplasmic calcium". Nature. 352 (6335): 524–526. Bibcode:1991Natur.352..524K. doi:10.1038/352524a0. PMID 1865907. S2CID 4239898.
  5. ^ Knight, M. R.; Smith, S. M.; Trewavas, A. J. (1 June 1992). "Wind-induced plant motion immediately increases cytosolic calcium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 89 (11): 4967–4971. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.4967K. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.11.4967. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 49209. PMID 11536497.
  6. ^ Takaha, Takeshi; Yanase, Michiyo; Takata, Hiroki; Okada, Shigetaka; Smith, Steven M. (9 February 1996). "Potato D-enzyme Catalyzes the Cyclization of Amylose to Produce Cycloamylose, a Novel Cyclic Glucan". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (6): 2902–2908. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.6.2902. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8621678.
  7. ^ Smith, Alison M.; Zeeman, Samuel C.; Smith, Steven M. (1 January 2005). "Starch Degradation". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 56 (1): 73–98. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144257. PMID 15862090.
  8. ^ Pracharoenwattana, Itsara; Cornah, Johanna E.; Smith, Steven M. (1 July 2005). "Arabidopsis Peroxisomal Citrate Synthase Is Required for Fatty Acid Respiration and Seed Germination". The Plant Cell. 17 (7): 2037–2048. doi:10.1105/tpc.105.031856. ISSN 1532-298X. PMC 1167550. PMID 15923350.
  9. ^ Flematti, Gavin R.; Dixon, Kingsley W; Smith, Steven M. (21 December 2015). "What are karrikins and how were they 'discovered' by plants?". BMC Biology. 13 (1): 108. doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0219-0. PMC 4687367. PMID 26689715.
  10. ^ Khan, Amina (30 March 2010). "Smoke linked to stronger, thicker plant growth". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  11. ^ Vivian, Geoff. "Finding the signalling system for plant 'smoke' response". Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  12. ^ "Groundbreaking plant scientist joined the University of Tasmania". 4 December 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  13. ^ "Bushfire science helping seeds germinate quicker and stronger". ABC Rural. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  14. ^ "Chemicals in smoke can help forests regenerate after fire | Pacific Beat". www.radioaustralia.net.au. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  15. ^ Nelson, David C.; Riseborough, Julie-Anne; Flematti, Gavin R.; Stevens, Jason; Ghisalberti, Emilio L.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Smith, Steven M. (1 February 2009). "Karrikins Discovered in Smoke Trigger Arabidopsis Seed Germination by a Mechanism Requiring Gibberellic Acid Synthesis and Light". Plant Physiology. 149 (2): 863–873. doi:10.1104/pp.108.131516. ISSN 1532-2548. PMC 2633839. PMID 19074625.
  16. ^ Nelson, David C.; Flematti, Gavin R.; Riseborough, Julie-Anne; Ghisalberti, Emilio L.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Smith, Steven M. (13 April 2010). "Karrikins enhance light responses during germination and seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (15): 7095–7100. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.7095N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911635107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2872431. PMID 20351290.
  17. ^ Nelson, David C.; Scaffidi, Adrian; Dun, Elizabeth A.; Waters, Mark T.; Flematti, Gavin R.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Beveridge, Christine A.; Ghisalberti, Emilio L.; Smith, Steven M. (24 May 2011). "F-box protein MAX2 has dual roles in karrikin and strigolactone signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (21): 8897–8902. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.8897N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1100987108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3102411. PMID 21555559.
  18. ^ Nelson, David C.; Flematti, Gavin R.; Ghisalberti, Emilio L.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Smith, Steven M. (1 January 2012). "Regulation of Seed Germination and Seedling Growth by Chemical Signals from Burning Vegetation". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 63 (1): 107–130. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105545. PMID 22404467.
  19. ^ a b Waters, Mark T.; Nelson, David C.; Scaffidi, Adrian; Flematti, Gavin R.; Sun, Yueming K.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Smith, Steven M. (1 April 2012). "Specialisation within the DWARF14 protein family confers distinct responses to karrikins and strigolactones in Arabidopsis". Development. 139 (7): 1285–1295. doi:10.1242/dev.074567. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 22357928.
  20. ^ Smith, Steven M. (1 January 2013). "Plant biology: Witchcraft and destruction". Nature. 504 (7480): 384–385. Bibcode:2013Natur.504..384S. doi:10.1038/nature12843. PMID 24336204.
  21. ^ Smith, Steven M; Li, Jiayang (1 October 2014). "Signalling and responses to strigolactones and karrikins". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. SI: Cell signalling and gene regulation. 21: 23–29. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2014.06.003. PMID 24996032.
  22. ^ Scaffidi, Adrian; Waters, Mark T.; Ghisalberti, Emilio L.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Flematti, Gavin R.; Smith, Steven M. (1 October 2013). "Carlactone-independent seedling morphogenesis in Arabidopsis". The Plant Journal. 76 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/tpj.12265. ISSN 1365-313X. PMID 23773129.
  23. ^ Scaffidi, Adrian; Waters, Mark T.; Sun, Yueming K.; Skelton, Brian W.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Ghisalberti, Emilio L.; Flematti, Gavin R.; Smith, Steven M. (1 July 2014). "Strigolactone Hormones and Their Stereoisomers Signal through Two Related Receptor Proteins to Induce Different Physiological Responses in Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 165 (3): 1221–1232. doi:10.1104/pp.114.240036. ISSN 1532-2548. PMC 4081333. PMID 24808100.
  24. ^ Waters, Mark T.; Scaffidi, Adrian; Sun, Yueming K.; Flematti, Gavin R.; Smith, Steven M. (1 August 2014). "The karrikin response system of Arabidopsis". The Plant Journal. 79 (4): 623–631. doi:10.1111/tpj.12430. ISSN 1365-313X. PMID 24433542.
  25. ^ Waters, Mark T.; Scaffidi, Adrian; Moulin, Solène L. Y.; Sun, Yueming K.; Flematti, Gavin R.; Smith, Steven M. (1 July 2015). "A Selaginella moellendorffii Ortholog of KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 Functions in Arabidopsis Development but Cannot Mediate Responses to Karrikins or Strigolactones". The Plant Cell. 27 (7): 1925–1944. doi:10.1105/tpc.15.00146. ISSN 1532-298X. PMC 4531350. PMID 26175507.
  26. ^ "HCR Clarivate Analytics". HCR Clarivate Analytics. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
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