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Giant sea bass

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Giant sea bass
A giant sea bass at the California Academy of Sciences
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Acropomatiformes
Family: Stereolepididae
Genus: Stereolepis
Species:
S. gigas
Binomial name
Stereolepis gigas
Ayres, 1859
Synonyms[2]
  • Stereolepis californicus Gill, 1863
  • Megaperca ischinagi Hilgendorf, 1878

The giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) is a fish native to the North Pacific Ocean. Although commonly referred to as a giant sea bass, black sea bass or giant black sea bass, it is actually a wreckfish in the family Polyprionidae rather than in the sea bass family Serranidae.[3]

Characteristics

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A particularly large giant sea bass

There are published reports of giant sea bass exceeding 2.1 metres (7 ft) in length.[4] A 2014 study by Hawk and Allen found specimens up to 2.003 metres (6 ft 6.9 in) long. As growth in the giant sea bass slows with increasing age, the study also reported that the Von Bertalanffy function predicts a maximum length of 2.0622 metres (6 ft 9.19 in) at an indefinite age. Reports of giant sea bass weighing as much as 600 pounds (270 kg) cannot be verified. A specimen weighing 435 pounds (197 kg) was reported in 1971.[5] Aside from its tremendous size, the giant sea bass is also known for its lengthy lifespan. They mature around the age of 11 or 12, around the weight of 50 pounds (23 kg).[4] While some unverifiable reports have claimed that giant sea bass live to 90 or 100 years of age, Hawk and Allen report that while they found several specimens that were very close to the expected maximum size of the fish, none were older than 76 years of age.[6]

In the eastern North Pacific, its range is from Humboldt Bay, California, to the Gulf of California, Mexico, most common from Point Conception southward. In the northwestern Pacific it occurs around Japan.[7] It usually stays near kelp forests, drop-offs, or rocky bottoms and sand or mudflats.[8] Juvenile giant sea bass can be found at depths around 69 feet (21 m), with adults of the species found at depths below 66 feet (20 m).[9] Juveniles of the species are brightly colored in red or orange, however they become gray or brown as they mature.[10]

Diet

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Within kelp forests giant sea bass are the apex predator.[10] Giant sea bass feed on crustaceans, as well as a wide variety of fish. For populations off the coast of California, anchovies and croaker are prominent food sources. Mackerel, sheephead, whitefish, sand bass, and several types of crab also make up the sea bass's diet. Despite their great size and bulky appearance, giant sea bass have been known to move extremely quickly, outstripping bonito.[4]

History and conservation

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Drawing, 1897

Recreational fishing of the giant sea bass began in the late 19th century.[11]: 150  Caught off the Central and Southern California coasts in the 20th century, the peak catch of the giant sea bass was in 1932.[8] Once relatively common in Southern California waters, the fish was facing the threat of local extinction there by the 1980s.[12]

Giant sea bass were also a popular "big game" quarry for both freediving and scuba spearfishermen. In the 1970s, spearfishing for this species was made illegal by the California Department of Fish and Game. One notable incident precipitated an abrupt change in the law. Several freedivers had taken seven fish at Santa Cruz Island. They then sold the catch illegally to a fish market in San Pedro. Fish and Game wardens discovered that the fish had been speared by observing the holes and slip tips left behind in their bodies.[13]

By the late 1970s, biologists with the California Department of Fish and Game, recognized that the local population of giant sea bass had declined. Actions were taken, resulting in protection from commercial and sport fishing that went into effect in 1982.[1] In 1996, the species was listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.[14] As of 2004, it is suggested that the population size of giant sea bass in California may be increasing as it is under protection; however, there is no hard data to support it.[1] In 2016, the first successful captive breeding of the species occurred at that Aquarium of the Pacific.[12] The total breeding population in California in 2018 is estimated to be around 500 individuals, of which 40 to 50 return to spawn around Catalina Island each year.[15]

Giant sea bass remain understudied in the Mexican portion of its range, although efforts are underway to monitor the population size, genetic connectivity, and fishing pressure along the Pacific coast of the Baja peninsula.[16] More than half of the range of the giant sea bass are within Mexican waters.[17] In Mexico, the giant sea bass is called mero gigante.[10] The peak catch of giant sea bass in Mexican waters occurred in 1932, when the catch was over 800,000 pounds (360,000 kg).[11]: 209  Prior to 1964, commercial catches of giant sea bass in Mexican waters were above 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg).[11]: 209  In 1981, United States commercial fishermen were initially allowed to catch up to 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of giant sea bass per trip into Mexican waters, and no more than 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) per year; in 1988 the regulation changed to only allow a single giant sea bass fish to be taken in per trip if taken incidentally.[18] Within those waters for over half a century the average catch of giant sea bass by Mexican fishermen has been 55 tonnes (55,000 kg).[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Cornish, A. (Grouper & Wrasse Specialist Group) (2004). "Stereolepis gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T20795A9230697. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T20795A9230697.en. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Polyprionidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Stereolepis gigas". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
  4. ^ a b c Schultz, Ken (2004). Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Saltwater Fish. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. p. 182. ISBN 9780471449959.
  5. ^ Hawk & Allen 2014, pp. 132–133.
  6. ^ Hawk & Allen 2014, p. 133.
  7. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). "Sterolepis gigas monthDecember". FishBase.
  8. ^ a b "Giant sea bass". Animals. Monterey Bay Aquarium. 1999. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  9. ^ "Giant Sea Bass". Online Learning Center. Aquarium of the Pacific. 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  10. ^ a b c "About Giant Sea Bass". Marine Science Institute. UC Santa Barbara. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Leet, William S.; Dewees, Christopher M.; Klingbeil, Richard; Larson, Eric J., eds. (December 2001). California's Living Marine Resources: A Status Report. California Department of Fish and Game Resource Agency. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. ISBN 978-1-879906-57-0. LCCN 2001098707.
  12. ^ a b Sahagun, Louis (4 March 2020). "Scientists seed local seas with imperiled fish. Can giant sea bass make a comeback?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
  13. ^ Terry, Maas. "Black Seabass Return". Blue Water Freedivers. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  14. ^ "Giant (Black) Sea Bass". Channel Islands National Park. National Park Service. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  15. ^ Sahagun, Louis (21 July 2018). "Giant sea bass are mysterious to scientists. Understanding them could help the species survive". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  16. ^ Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo; Villasenor-Derbez, Juan Carlos; Sgarlatta, Maria Paula; Rowell, Timothy J.; Dominguez-Guerrero, Isai; Hernandez, Arturo; Gomez, Antonio Gomez; Cota, Juan Jose; Santana-Morales, Omar; Dominguez-Reza, Ricardo; Castro, Jhonatan. "Proyecto Mero Gigante".
  17. ^ a b Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo (4 August 2021). "Giant sea bass are thriving in Mexican waters scientific research that found them to be critically endangered stopped at the US-Mexico border". The Conversation. Waltham, Massachusetts. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
    Ramirez-Valdez, Arturo (9 August 2021). "Marine Ecologist Surprised To Find "Critically Endangered" Giant Sea Bass Thriving in Mexican Waters". SciTechDaily. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  18. ^ Department of Fish and Game. Giant Sea Bass (Stereolepis gigas) (PDF) (Report). State of California. Retrieved 11 August 2021.

Sources

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  • Hawk, Holly A.; Allen, Larry G. (December 2014). [chrome-extension://efaidhttps://calcofi.org/downloads/publications/calcofireports/v55/Vol_55_Hawk-Allen.pdf "Age and Growth of the Giant Sea Bass, Sterolepsis gigas"] (PDF). California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Report. 55 (1): 128–134. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help)
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