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Standard Vanguard

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Standard Vanguard
1951 Standard Vanguard Phase I Saloon
Overview
ManufacturerStandard Motor Company
Production1948–1963
AssemblyUnited Kingdom
Australia
New Zealand (Motor Assemblies)[1]
Body and chassis
Classexecutive car
Chronology
PredecessorStandard Fourteen
SuccessorTriumph 2000
Standard Atlas (for Utility models)

The Standard Vanguard is a car which was produced by the Standard Motor Company in Coventry, England, from 1947 until 1963.

The car, announced in July 1947, was completely new, with no resemblance to previous models. Designed in 1945,[2] it was Standard's first post-World War II car and intended for export around the world. It was also the first model to carry the new Standard badge, which was a heavily stylised representation of the wings of a griffin.[3] The styling of the 1947 car may have been intentionally modeled on the Soviet GAZ-M20 Pobeda, as many Soviet newspapers of the time claimed, and if true, it may be the only example of a Western car copying a Soviet one, instead of the opposite happening.[4][5]

In the wake of World War II, many potential customers in the UK and in English-speaking export markets had recently experienced several years of military or naval service, and therefore a car name related to the Royal Navy carried a greater resonance than it would for later generations. The name of the Standard Vanguard recalled HMS Vanguard, the last of the Royal Navy's battleships, launched in 1944 amid much media attention; permission to use the name involved Standard in extensive negotiations with senior Royal Navy personnel.

The Vanguard was first exhibited to the public at the Brussels Motor Show in February 1948.[6] It began to come off the assembly lines in the middle of 1948 but all production was allotted to the export trade.[7] An estate car and a utility pick up version were announced in September, and then a 12 cwt delivery van.[8] Aprons were fitted over the Vanguard's rear wheels from September 1949.[9]

In 1950,[10] the Vanguard and the Triumph Renown were the first cars to be fitted with a Laycock de Normanville overdrive. The Laycock overdrive operated on the second and third gears of the three-speed transmission, creating, in effect, a five-speed gearbox.

In Scandinavia, Standard marketed the Standard Ten saloon as the Vanguard Junior.

Vanguard Phase I

[edit]
Standard Vanguard Phase I
Standard Vanguard Phase I Saloon
Overview
Production1947–1953
174,799 made
DesignerWalter Belgrove
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine2088 cc Standard I4
TransmissionThree speed manual
Overdrive optional from 1950.
Dimensions
Wheelbase94 in (2,388 mm)[13]
Length166 in (4,216 mm)[13]
Width69 in (1,753 mm)[13]
Height64 in (1,626 mm)[13]
Curb weight1,215–1,290 kg (2,679–2,844 lb)

Chassis and running gear

[edit]

The car used a conventional chassis on which was mounted the slab sided body. Suspension was independent at the front with coil springs, and a live axle and leaf springs at the rear. Front and rear anti-roll bars were fitted. The brakes were cable driven with 9-inch (228 mm) drums all round, and to make the most of the interior space a column gear change was used initially on the right of the steering wheel then later on the left.[citation needed]

Engine

[edit]

The same wet liner engine was used throughout the range until the advent of the Six model in 1960, and was an overhead-valve unit of 85 mm (3.3 in) bore and 92 mm (3.6 in) stroke with single Solex downdraught carburettor. The compression ratio was 6.7:1. Wet cylinder liners were fitted. The engine was essentially the same as that made by Standard for the Ferguson TE20 tractor, with some changes for automobile use.[citation needed]

Transmission

[edit]

At first, the transmission included a three-speed gearbox with synchromesh on all forward ratios, controlled using a column-mounted lever. The option of Laycock-de-Normanville overdrive was announced at the end of 1949 and became available in June 1950, priced for UK buyers at slightly under £45 including purchase tax.[14] Laycock overdrives were cable operated on top gear until 1954 when an electric solenoid was added.[citation needed]

Broadening the range of available bodies

[edit]

An estate car joined the range in 1950 and, for Belgium only, some convertibles were made by the Impéria Automobiles coach-building company.

Road test data

[edit]

A car tested by The Motor magazine in 1949 had a top speed of 78.7 mph (126.7 km/h) and could accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 21.5 seconds. A fuel consumption of 22.9 miles per imperial gallon (12.3 L/100 km; 19.1 mpg‑US) was recorded. The test car cost £671 including taxes.[13]

Commercial

[edit]

In line with the post-war British export drive, virtually the total output was exported for the first two years of production and only in 1950 did significant home market deliveries start. The Vanguard was intended to achieve export sales, with a particular focus on Australia. During the immediate post-war period, cars were in short supply, creating a "seller's market". Restricted availability of the Vanguard helped attract willing buyers.

Closer to home, in the slowly recovering West German market the Standard Vanguard recorded 405 sales in 1950, making it the country's third most popular imported automobile, in a list otherwise featuring much smaller cars from French and Italian manufacturers. In fact, the Vanguard sales in 1950 accounted for more than 70% of the British cars sold in West Germany that year, customers of other UK manufacturers having reportedly been caught out in the late 1940s by the lack of a dealer network and difficulties in obtaining replacement parts.[15]

  • Standard Vanguard Phase I Saloon
    Standard Vanguard Phase I Saloon
  • Standard Vanguard Phase I Estate
    Standard Vanguard Phase I Estate
  • Standard Vanguard Phase I Coupe Utility
    Standard Vanguard Phase I Coupe Utility
  • Standard Vanguard Phase I Van
    Standard Vanguard Phase I Van
  • Standard Vanguard Phase I Convertible by Imperia of Belgium
    Standard Vanguard Phase I Convertible by Imperia of Belgium

Phase IA - 1952 facelift

[edit]

The body was updated in 1952 with a lowered bonnet line, a wider rear window and a new grille featuring a wide horizontal chrome bar in place of the narrow, more closely packed slats of the original grille.[16] This became known as the Phase 1A.[12]

  • Standard Vanguard Phase 1A Saloon
    Standard Vanguard Phase 1A Saloon
  • Standard Vanguard Phase 1A Estate
    Standard Vanguard Phase 1A Estate
  • Standard Vanguard Phase 1A Pickup
    Standard Vanguard Phase 1A Pickup

Vanguard Phase II

[edit]
Standard Vanguard Phase II
Standard Vanguard Phase II Saloon
Overview
Production1953–1956
81,074 made
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine
TransmissionThree speed manual
Overdrive optional.
Dimensions
Wheelbase94 in (2,400 mm)[18]
Length168 in (4,300 mm)[18]
Width69 in (1,800 mm)[18]
Curb weight1,232–1,326 kg (2,716–2,923 lb)

The Swiss importer for the Vanguard was an energetic firm called AMAG, which later took on the Swiss Volkswagen franchise. AMAG themselves assembled the Swiss market Phase I Vanguards,[16] and it was at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1953[18] that an extensive re-design was unveiled: the Phase II Vanguard was of a contemporary Ponton three-box "notch-back" design. Boot/trunk capacity increased by 50% in comparison to that of the Phase I, and visibility was improved with a further enlarged rear window.[16] A new, extended, grille now encompassed the parking lights.[12]

Mechanically there were few changes, but the clutch changed from cable to hydraulic operation and the engine compression ratio increased to 7.2:1. The previously fitted anti-roll bar was no longer used. Wider 6.00x16 tyres were fitted to improve road holding.[citation needed]

A car that was tested by The Motor magazine, without the optional overdrive, had a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h) and could accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 19.9 seconds. A fuel consumption of 23.5 miles per imperial gallon (12.0 L/100 km; 19.6 mpg‑US) was recorded.[18]

In February 1954 Standard became the first British car maker to offer a diesel engine as a factory fitted option.[19] The chassis was stiffened to take the weight of the heavier engine and performance suffered with 65 mph (105 km/h) about the top speed. Like the petrol engines, the diesel was a Standard-built "20C" engine developed for the Ferguson tractor. The diesels fitted to the tractor were restricted to 2200 rpm and developed 25 horsepower (19 kW), but road-going engines in Vanguards had no limiter and so produced 60 horsepower (45 kW) at 3800 rpm. However, they retained the tractor's "Ki-Gass", de-compressor and over-fuelling systems, all of which had to be manually operated when starting the engine from cold. 1,973 diesel Vanguards were made.[citation needed]

In 1954 The Motor magazine tested the diesel version and recorded a top speed of 66.2 mph (106.5 km/h) acceleration from 0–50 mph (80 km/h) in 31.6 seconds and a fuel consumption of 37.5 miles per imperial gallon (7.5 L/100 km; 31.2 mpg‑US). The test car, which had overdrive, cost £1,099 including taxes.[20]

For 1955, the Australian-built coupé utility was given a re-styled tail which resulted in extra room in the cargo area.[12] It also featured a new full-width rear window and improved cabin features.[12] As the coupe utility variant of the Phase III style was not yet available, an updated Phase II utility was offered in 1956 with a mesh grille, two-tone paint and new interior trim.[12]

  • Standard Vanguard Phase II Saloon
    Standard Vanguard Phase II Saloon
  • Standard Vanguard Phase II Estate
    Standard Vanguard Phase II Estate
  • Standard Vanguard Phase II Utility
    Standard Vanguard Phase II Utility
  • Assembly at AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik in Sweden
    Assembly at AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik in Sweden

Vanguard Phase III & Vanguard Sportsman

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Standard Vanguard Phase III
Standard Vanguard Sportsman
Standard Vanguard Phase III Saloon
Overview
Production1955–1958 (Phase III)
37,194 produced
1956–1957 (Sportsman)
901 produced[19]
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine2,088 cc (127.4 cu in) I4
Transmission4-speed manual
Overdrive optional
Automatic from 1957.
Dimensions
Wheelbase102.5 in (2,604 mm)[21]
Length172 in (4,369 mm)[21]
Width67.5 in (1,714 mm)[21]
Height61.5 in (1,562 mm)[21]
Curb weight1,198–1,235 kg (2,641–2,723 lb)

The Phase III, released to the market for the mid-October 1955 British International Motor Show,[22] was a radical change with the elimination of the separate chassis. There was an overlap in availability of the old model with the Phase II estate continuing into 1956.

UK fuel was no longer restricted to the 72 octane "Pool petrol" of the 1940s and early 1950s, and with the modest increases in available octane levels, the Vanguard's compression ratio was increased to 7.0:1. The 2,088 cc (127.4 cu in) engine with its single Solex downdraught carburettor now produced 68 bhp (51 kW; 69 PS).

The front suspension was independent, using coil springs, and was bolted to a substantial sub-frame which also carried the recirculating ball steering gear. Semi-elliptic leaf springs were used on the rear axle. Lockheed hydraulic brakes with 9 in (229 mm) drums were fitted front and rear. The three-speed gearbox had a column change and the optional overdrive was operated by a switch on the steering column. A four-speed floor change became an option.[citation needed]

The new body was lower and had an increased glass area, making it look much more modern, and the old two-piece flat windscreen gave way to a one-piece curved design. The wheelbase increased by 8 in (203 mm), giving much better passenger accommodation. A heater was now a standard fitting. Bench seats were fitted in front and rear with folding centre arm rests. They were covered in Vynide, with leather available as an option.[citation needed]

The car was lighter than the superseded model, and the gearing was changed to deliver better economy with performance virtually unchanged.[citation needed]

A car with overdrive was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1956. It had a top speed of 83.7 mph (134.7 km/h), could accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 21.7 seconds and had a fuel consumption of 25.9 miles per imperial gallon (10.9 L/100 km; 21.6 mpg‑US). The test car cost £998 including taxes.[21]

For 1957, the Australian-produced Phase III was given a facelift with a new mesh grille.[12] In addition the saloon now sported fins on the rear guards.[12]

Vanguard Sportsman

[edit]

A performance model, the Vanguard Sportsman, intended to be badged as the Triumph Renown until shortly before launch, was announced in August 1956[23] with a tuned 90 bhp (67 kW)[23] engine having similar features to the Triumph TR3 sports car. These included an increased compression ratio to 8.0:1, twin SU carburettors,[24] and improved pistons. However, the Sportsman's inlet manifold and carburettors sat at a different angle from those of the TR3,[citation needed] and its engine had the same 85 mm bore as the Vanguard's,[24] rather than the 83 mm bore of the TR3.[25] The final-drive ratio was lowered to 4.55:1 to give better acceleration, and larger 10 in (254 mm) drums fitted to the brakes. The standard version had a bench front seat but separate seats were an option.[citation needed]

Although sharing the same basic body shell with the other Vanguard variations, the Sportsman had design variations, including a squarer front grille, which gave the car a slightly higher, squarer appearance than the standard models.[23]

Just 901 examples of the Sportsman model were made up to 1958.[19] Sportsmans then became available to special order, and around another fifty (mostly estate cars) were built between 1958 and 1960. A small number were built before the Vignale makeover in 1958. Popular Classics magazine's test of a Sportsman in 1994 stated that a total of 962 were built.[23]

A Sportsman with overdrive was tested by The Motor in 1956 and it recorded a top speed of 90.7 mph (146 km/h), acceleration from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 19.2 seconds and a fuel consumption of 25.6 miles per imperial gallon (11.0 L/100 km; 21.3 mpg‑US). The test car cost £1231 including taxes.[26]

  • Standard Vanguard Phase III Saloon
    Standard Vanguard Phase III Saloon
  • Standard Vanguard Sportsman
    Standard Vanguard Sportsman

Standard Ensign and Ensign De Luxe

[edit]
Standard Ensign
Standard Ensign De Luxe
1960 Standard Ensign Saloon
Overview
Production1957 to 1961 (Ensign)
18,852 produced
1962 to 1963 (Ensign De Luxe)
2,318 produced[19]
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine
  • 1670 cc I4 (Ensign)
  • 2138 cc I4 (Ensign De Luxe)
  • 1622 cc Perkins P4C diesel I4
Transmission4-speed manual
Dimensions
Curb weight1,165–1,298 kg (2,568–2,862 lb)

A basic model, the Standard Ensign, with 1670 cc engine,[27] was announced in October 1957 restyled by Michelotti.[citation needed] The Ensign shared its body with the Vanguard Series III, but had a cheapened specification in various respects, including a mesh front grille and a simplified instrument panel and dashboard. Despite the generally lower specification, the Ensign was the first Vanguard-based car to have a four-speed gearbox. The gear lever was moved from the column to the floor, and overdrive was optional. Many were bought for company fleets and for the armed forces.[28] Production ceased in 1961 with 18,852 examples having been produced.[19] Production included 901 Mk II versions, produced only in 1961.[19]

An Ensign De Luxe version followed in 1962 and 1963 with a larger 2138 cc engine. Unlike the smaller-engined original version, the De Luxe was also available as an estate car.[24]

A 1670 cc Ensign was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1958. It recorded a top speed of 77.6 mph (124.9 km/h), acceleration from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 24.4 seconds and a fuel consumption of 28.5 miles per imperial gallon (9.9 L/100 km; 23.7 mpg‑US). The test car cost £899 including taxes of £300.[29]

In January 1960 a diesel engined Ensign was announced, featuring the compact "P4C" 1.6 litre four-cylinder engine produced by specialists Perkins of Peterborough.[30] Claimed output was 43 bhp (32 kW), with fuel consumption stated as "about 50 mpg" (5.6 L/100 km; 42 mpg-US).[30]

  • Rear view
    Rear view
  • Interior
    Interior
  • Standard Ensign Estate
    Standard Ensign Estate

Vanguard Vignale

[edit]
Standard Vanguard Vignale
Overview
Production1958–1961
26,267 made[19]
DesignerGiovanni Michelotti
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine2088 cc I4
Transmission4-speed manual
Overdrive optional
automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase102 in (2,591 mm)[29]
Length172 in (4,369 mm)[29]
Width68.5 in (1,740 mm)[29]
Height60 in (1,524 mm)[29]
Curb weight1,135–1,226 kg (2,502–2,703 lb)

A face-lift of the Phase III was designed by Italian stylist Giovanni Michelotti and coach-builders Vignale in 1958, and was introduced at the October 1958 Earls Court Motor Show.[33] The windscreen and rear window were deeper, and there was a revised grill and trim. A floor change four-speed manual gearbox was now fitted, and the provision of a three-speed gear box with column change offered as an option. An overdrive was also offered an option, as was an automatic. One automatic car is known to have survived - there may be others.[citation needed]

The car had front and rear bench seats, which were covered, as standard, in Vynide. Leather was an option on the home market and cloth for exported models. A heater and (unusual for the time) electric windscreen washers were factory fitted, although a radio remained an option.[citation needed]

A Vignale with overdrive was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1959. It recorded a top speed of 82.8 mph (133.3 km/h), acceleration from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 20.8 seconds and a fuel consumption of 28.0 miles per imperial gallon (10.1 L/100 km; 23.3 mpg‑US). The test car cost £1147 including taxes of £383.[34]

  • Standard Vanguard Vignale Saloon
    Standard Vanguard Vignale Saloon
  • Standard Vanguard Vignale Estate
    Standard Vanguard Vignale Estate
  • Standard Vanguard Vignale Utility
    Standard Vanguard Vignale Utility

Vanguard Six

[edit]
Standard Vanguard Six
Overview
Production1960–1963
9953 made
DesignerGiovanni Michelotti
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine1998 cc Triumph "Six" I6
TransmissionThree or four-speed manual
Overdrive optional
automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase102 in (2,591 mm)[35]
Length
  • 172 in (4,369 mm)[35]
  • 173.5 in (4,407 mm) (Estate)[36]
Width67.5 in (1,714 mm)[36]
Height60 in (1,524 mm)[35]

Introduced at the end of 1960, the last of the Vanguards featured a six-cylinder 1,998 cc engine with push-rod overhead valves: this was the engine subsequently installed in the Triumph 2000. The compression ratio was 8.0:1, and twin Solex carburettors were fitted giving an output of 80 bhp (60 kW) at 4500 rpm.[35] Externally the only differences from the Vignale were the badging but the interior was updated.

Australian production included coupe utility and van variants.[12] Early in the model run the rear lights of the coupe utility were changed from a vertical to a horizontal layout with a different rear body side panel.[12]

A Vanguard Six was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1960. It recorded a top speed of 87.2 mph (140.3 km/h), acceleration from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 17.0 seconds and a fuel consumption of 24.9 miles per imperial gallon (11.3 L/100 km; 20.7 mpg‑US). The test car cost £1021 including taxes of £301.[35]

  • Standard Vanguard Six Saloon
    Standard Vanguard Six Saloon
  • Standard Vanguard Six Estate
    Standard Vanguard Six Estate
  • Standard Vanguard Six Utility (later version with horizontal rear lights)
    Standard Vanguard Six Utility (later version with horizontal rear lights)

Replacement and end of Standard

[edit]

Leyland Motors took over Standard-Triumph in 1960 and the prototype Triumph 2000 progressed with new money, the engine being used by the Vanguard Six from 1961 to early 1963. The six was lighter than the old four and was a development based on the Standard Ten unit.[citation needed]

Both the Ensign and the Vanguard were replaced in 1963 by the Triumph 2000, and the Standard name disappeared from the British market after 60 years.

Vanguard Utility

[edit]
1950 Standard Vanguard coupé utility
1959 Standard Vanguard Vignale Utility

In 1950, the Australian subsidiary of the Standard Motor Company introduced a coupé utility version of the Vanguard Phase I. It was fitted with the same 2088 cc four-cylinder engine as used in the saloon.[37] Utility versions of the Vanguard were produced in Australia over the following years,[38] with production ending in 1964.[39]

The Vanguard Utility was sold in the UK as a pickup truck. The main purchaser was the Royal Air Force, which had them in Phase I and II form. The Phase II commercials remained available until 1958, when they were replaced by the Phase 3. Around 50 phase 3 pickups went to Welsh Water and the workshop manual pictures a pickup with a body by Awson. A gown van and a breakdown tender are shown in the brochure.[citation needed]

Sales in the UK were modest, mostly due to stiff competition from the British Motor Corporation and from Standard's other commercial vehicles including the 5 cwt and later 7 cwt vehicles. By 1962, production had ended and it was replaced by the Standard Atlas van.[citation needed]

Die-Cast models

[edit]
  • Dinky Toys made a model of the Phase I.
  • Corgi Toys included a model of the Phase III saloon in their range from 1957 to 1961 as model No 207.[40] Additionally, a Phase III saloon presented as a Royal Air Force Staff Car was available from 1958 to 1962 as model No 352.[41]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Webster 2002, pp. 71–72.
  2. ^ Standard Motor Company, Business and Finance The Times (London, England), 10 November 1947 page 8
  3. ^ The Standard Car Review. January 1947. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ "Standard Vanguard 1950". TheTransportJournal.com. Rajesh Sinha. Retrieved 23 November 2024.
  5. ^ Arvid Linde: Preston Tucker and Others: Tales of Brilliant Automotive Innovators and Innovations, Veloce Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84584-431-8, p: 123.
  6. ^ Brussels Motor Show The Times, 14 February 1948 page 3
  7. ^ News in Brief The Times 2 June 1948 page 3
  8. ^ The Standard Vanguard The Times 23 September 1948 page 2
  9. ^ Motor Show To-Day The Times, 28 September 1949 page 4
  10. ^ An Overdrive Gear The Times 6 June 1950 page 2
  11. ^ a b c Sedgwick & Gillies 1993, p. 185.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Alan McMillan, Vanguard Spotters Guide, 2009, www.stcc.com.au, as archived at web.archive.org on 19 February 2017
  13. ^ a b c d e "The Standard Vanguard Road Test". The Motor. 1949.
  14. ^ "Standard Vanguard Saloon (with overdrive)". Autocar. 11 August 1950.
  15. ^ Augstein 1951, p. 27.
  16. ^ a b c Gloor 2007.
  17. ^ Standard Commercial Vehicles sales brochure (brochure), retrieved 26 October 2011
  18. ^ a b c d e "The Phase II Standard Vanguard Road Test". The Motor. 11 March 1953.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Sedgwick & Gillies 1986.
  20. ^ "The Standard Diesel Vanguard". The Motor. 106 (2752). 10 November 1954.
  21. ^ a b c d e "The Standard Vanguard III". The Motor. 109 (2830). 20 June 1956.
  22. ^ New Standard Vanguard The Times 14 October 1955 page 4
  23. ^ a b c d Rodgerson, Carl (June 1994), "High Standards", Popular Classics, pp. 87–91
  24. ^ a b c Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, p. 287.
  25. ^ Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, p. 318.
  26. ^ "The Standard Sportsman". The Motor. 110 (2841). 5 September 1956.
  27. ^ Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, pp. 286–287.
  28. ^ Robson 2011, p. 160.
  29. ^ a b c d e "The Standard Ensign". The Motor. 107 (2913). 22 January 1958.
  30. ^ a b "News summary: Current events and recent announcements: New Diesel car" Practical Motorist, January 1960
  31. ^ (Australia)Advertisement for Standard Vanguard (Vignale) utility, Australian Motor Industries Ltd, Australian Motor Manual (magazine), 1 August 1960, page 29
  32. ^ "Standard 1959". www.classiccarcatalogue.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  33. ^ "The Standard Motor Company. Lord Tedder Describes Expansion And Development". The Times. No. 54316. London. 24 November 1958. p. 14.
  34. ^ "The Standard Vignale Vanguard". The Motor. 114 (2963). 7 January 1959.
  35. ^ a b c d e "The Standard Vanguard Six". The Motor. 118 (3055). 7 December 1960.
  36. ^ a b Boddy, William (January 1961). "Impressions of two British Estate Cars". Motor Sport. p. 46.
  37. ^ "Standard Introduces A Vanguard Pick-up". Australian Monthly Motor Manual: 834–835. March 1950.
  38. ^ Larry O'Toole, The Good Old Aussie Ute, 2000, Graffiti Publications Pty. Ltd., pages 226 to 231
  39. ^ "Australian History". Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  40. ^ Force 1991, p. 166.
  41. ^ Force 1991, p. 174.

References

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