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Codium

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Codium
Codium spongiosum off the Réunion coast
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: UTC clade
Order: Bryopsidales
Family: Codiaceae
Genus: Codium
Stackhouse, 1797
Type species
Codium tomentosum
Species

See text

Codium cylindricum Holmes, type definition herbarium specimen pressed

Codium is a genus of edible green macroalgae (or seaweed) under the order Bryopsidales. The genus name is derived from a Greek word that pertains to the soft texture of its thallus. One of the foremost experts on Codium taxonomy was Paul Claude Silva at the University of California, Berkeley.[1][2] Silva was able to describe 36 species for the genus, and in honor of his work on Codium,[1] the species C. silvae was named after the late professor.[3]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

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This genus is the largest member of the algal family Codiaceae and consequently under order Bryopsidales and it currently has about 143 confirmed species and four (4) unresolved members.[4] Stackhouse, unfortunately, failed to provide holotype specimens for C. tomentosum (type species) and some of its dichotomously branching congeners leading to misidentifications; P.C. Silva delineated C. tomentosum, C. fragile, and C. vermilara and established neotypes for each species to finally resolve this taxonomic blunder.[5]

Morphology

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Being a member of the order Bryopsidales, Codium is coenocytic and siphonous.[4] Their spongy thallus is composed of a single, multinucleated, branched, tubular cell called siphon which terminates at a swollen end called the utricle.[2][3][4] These siphons intertwine with each other to form the clear mesh-like center of the Codium thallus called the medulla while the utricles surround this central layer to form a green to dark-green palisade layer called the cortex.[5][4]

The genus has a wide variety of thalli forms: (1) mat-forming, the thalli encrusts and adheres to given a substrate using its medullary filaments; (2) spherical, the thalli forms a ball and is superficially attached to an area using rhizoidal filaments; and (4) erect thalli, typically dichotomously branched with its medulla surrounded by utricles.[6] In addition to its thalli variations, the utricles which forms its thallus also has variety of forms, mainly based on their apical wall thickness and apex shapes.[6]

Similar to most seaweed species, Codium species also exhibit a wide range of morphological plasticity which has been a great challenge to its morphology-based taxonomy.[6][7][8]

Distribution

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In terms of its natural range, Codium has a latitudinal range that encompasses the tropical to temperate areas, however, this genus is not found in the frigid polar regions of the world.[9][6]

Ireland

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Two of these species are very rare in Ireland. Codium adhaerens has been recorded from a few sites on the west coast and from Tory Island on the north coast in County Donegal. In 1837 it was found in Church Bay in County Antrim,[10] but has not been found there since.

There are other species of "doubtful validity":- Codium amphibium is included in William Henry Harvey's Phycologia Britannica Pl.xxxv. and noted as: "spreading in patches of great extent along the edge of the sea, over the surface of a turf-bog which meets the shore at Roundstone Bay" (Ireland).

Worldwide

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Invasion of Codium spp.

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Even though Codium species are well-distributed across the globe, certain species have managed to escape their natural range and invade other areas. In the case of C. fragile spp. tomentosoides, commonly known as "oyster thief", the increasing marine traffic has made it possible for it to escape its natural locality (Japan) and spread to Europe and USA forcing devastating biodiversity and aquacultural losses.[12]

Ecology

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Codium has been observed to inhabit both from the intertidal zone down to the subtidal area.[4]

Life history

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Codium, like most ulvophycean seaweeds, exhibit a diplontic life history wherein the dominant diploid (2N) thallus produces the male and female gametangia that will produce the haploid (N) gametes through meiosis.[13] Moreover, Codium are also capable of fragmentation, which has led to its unwanted spread across the globe.

Exploitation, harvesting and cultivation

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South Korea is the leading consumer and producer of farmed Codium (commonly known as cheonggak) in the world; with about 4000 metric tons of fresh weight produced in 2017 and valued at 2 million US dollars.[14] Farming and cultivation of Codium in South Korea is a thriving industry; their method first involves seeding a rope line with isolated pieces of utricles and medullary filaments[15] and finally transferring it into the open sea for the grow-out cultivation.[16]

Chemical composition/Natural products chemistry

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A recent review on the bioactivity of the genus Codium has revealed that most of its polysaccharides, glycoproteins, galactans, anionic macromolecules, and other extracts/compounds have shown to have a variety of uses as immunostimulatory, anticoagulant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent.[17]

Utilization and Management

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Codium is used either fresh or dry and is typically cooked and seasoned with soy sauce and vinegar or mixed with kimchi.[14]

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Codium.
  1. ^ a b Moe, R. (2019). "In Memoriam: Paul Claude Silva (31 October 1922–12 June 2014)". Phycologia. 54 (1): 89–94. doi:10.2216/14-111R1.1. S2CID 86361100.
  2. ^ a b C. van den Hoek; D. G. Mann; M. H. Jahns (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30419-1.
  3. ^ a b Womersley, H. B. S. (1984). The marine benthic flora of southern Australia. Part I. Adelaide, South Australia: Handbooks Committee of South Australian Government. p. 329. ISBN 0-7243-4552-3.
  4. ^ a b c d e Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. (2023). "Codium". AlgaeBase. National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  5. ^ a b Silva, P.C. (1955). "The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 34 (3): 565–577. doi:10.1017/S0025315400008821. S2CID 86037013.
  6. ^ a b c d Verbruggen, Heroen; Leliaert, Frederik; Maggs, Christine A.; Shimada, Satoshi; Schils, Tom; Provan, Jim; Booth, David; Murphy, Sue; De Clerck, Olivier; Littler, Diane S.; Littler, Mark M.; Coppejans, Eric (July 2007). "Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) based on plastid DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 44 (1): 240–254. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.01.009. PMID 17346993.
  7. ^ Lee, H.W.; Kim, M.S. (2015). "Species delimitation in the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) from Korea using DNA barcoding". Acta Oceanologica Sinica. 34 (4): 114–124. doi:10.1007/s13131-015-0651-6. S2CID 83909900.
  8. ^ González, A.V.; Chacana, M.E.; Silva, P.C. (2012). "Codium bernabei sp. nov. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta), a coalescing green seaweed from the coast of Chile". Phycologia. 51 (6): 666–671. doi:10.2216/12-025.1. S2CID 84445524.
  9. ^ De Oliveira-Carvalho, M.D.F.; Oliveira, M.C.; Pereira, S.M.B.; Verbruggen, H. (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis of Codium species from Brazil, with the description of the new species C. pernambucensis (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)". European Journal of Phycology. 47 (4): 355–365. doi:10.1080/09670262.2012.718363. S2CID 51823495.
  10. ^ Morton,O. 1994. Marine Algae of Northern Ireland. Ulster Museum. ISBN 0 900761 28 8
  11. ^ Abbott, Isabella A. (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and human affairs. Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0. Food and food products from seaweeds
  12. ^ Petrocelli, A.; Cecere, E. (2016-01-15). 11. Invasive Seaweeds: Impacts and Management Actions. De Gruyter Open Poland. doi:10.1515/9783110438666-016. ISBN 978-3-11-043866-6.
  13. ^ Sahoo, Dinabandhu; Seckbach, Joseph, eds. (2015). The Algae World. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7321-8. ISBN 978-94-017-7320-1. S2CID 8016645.
  14. ^ a b Hwang, E.K.; Park, C.S. (2020). "Seaweed cultivation and utilization of Korea". Algae. 35 (2): 107–121. doi:10.4490/algae.2020.35.5.15. ISSN 1226-2617. S2CID 225689208.
  15. ^ Hwang, Eun-Kyoung; Baek, Jae-Min; Park, Chan-Sun (2005). "Artificial Seed Production Using the Reproduction Methods in Codium fragile (Chlorophyta)". Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 38 (3): 164–171. doi:10.5657/kfas.2005.38.3.164. ISSN 0374-8111.
  16. ^ Hwang, E.K.; Baek, J.M.; Park, C.S. (2008). "Cultivation of the green alga, Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, by artificial seed production in Korea". Journal of Applied Phycology. 20 (5): 469–475. doi:10.1007/s10811-007-9265-5. S2CID 22367953.
  17. ^ Meinita, M.D.N.; Harwanto, D.; Choi, J.S. (2022). "A concise review of the bioactivity and pharmacological properties of the genus Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)". Journal of Applied Phycology. 34 (6): 2827–2845. doi:10.1007/s10811-022-02842-8. PMC 9559154. PMID 36259048.
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