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For programs that provide access to unapproved medical treatments, see Expanded access.

Special access programs (SAPs) in the U.S. Federal Government are security protocols that provide highly classified information with safeguards and access restrictions that exceed those for regular (collateral) classified information. SAPs can range from black projects to routine but especially-sensitive operations, such as COMSEC maintenance or presidential transportation support. In addition to collateral controls, a SAP may impose more stringent investigative or adjudicative requirements, specialized nondisclosure agreements, special terminology or markings, exclusion from standard contract investigations (carve-outs), and centralized billet systems.[1] Within the Department of Defense, SAP is better known as "SAR" by the mandatory Special Access Required (SAR) markings.

History

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March 22, 1940

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Shortly before America's involvement in World War II Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 8381, creating the three security levels for his country's most important documents- Restricted, Confidential, and Secret.[2]

February 1, 1950

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After the conclusion of World War II, President Harry S. Truman issues Executive order 10104, and creates the "Top Secret classification" designation.[3]

November 5, 1953

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Dwight D. Eisenhower issues Executive order 10501. It drops the "restricted" classification level. It removes classification authority from 28 government entities and limits its use in 17 more. There are now explicit guidelines for the remaining three classification levels to prevent a systematic flood of classified documents coming from the Pentagon and other agencies. The Pentagon responds by creating its own "special access" labels to further insulate classified information from outside influence.[4][5]

March 8, 1972

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In Executive Order number 11652 Richard M. Nixon legitimizes the use of special access controls and the "special access program" is finally made official.[5][6]

Types and categories

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Types

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Two types of SAP exist – acknowledged and unacknowledged. The existence of an acknowledged SAP may be publicly disclosed, but the details of the program remain classified. An unacknowledged SAP (or USAP) is made known only to authorized persons, including members of the appropriate committees of the United States Congress. Waived SAPs are a subset of unacknowledged SAPs in the Department of Defense. These SAPs are exempt by statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense from most reporting requirements and, within the legislative branch, the only persons who are required to be informed of said SAPs are the chairpersons and ranking committee members of the Senate Appropriations Committee, Senate Armed Services Committee, House Appropriations Committee, and the House Armed Services Committee.[7] Oftentimes, this notification is only oral.[8][9]

Categories

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There are three categories of SAPs within the Department of Defense:[10]

  • Acquisition SAPs (AQ-SAPs), which protect the "research, development, testing, modification, and evaluation or procurement" of new systems;
  • Intelligence SAPs (IN-SAPs), which protect the "planning and execution of especially sensitive intelligence or CI units or operations";
  • Operations and Support SAPs (OS-SAPs), which protect the "planning, execution, and support" of sensitive military activities.

Only the Director of National Intelligence may create IN-SAPs. Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) control systems may be the most well-known intelligence SAPs. The treatment of SCI is singular among SAPs, and it seems there is some disagreement within the government as to whether or not SCI is a SAP. Defense Department sources usually state that it is,[11][12] and at least one publication refers to a separate SCI-SAP category alongside the three listed above.[13] The Intelligence Community, drawing on the DNI's statutory responsibility to protect intelligence sources and methods, finds a legal basis for SCI separate from that of SAPs, and consequently consider SCI and SAPs separate instances of the more general controlled access program.[14]

Marking

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SAP documents require special marking to indicate their status. The words SPECIAL ACCESS REQUIRED, followed by the program nickname or codeword, are placed in the document's banner line.

Abbreviations

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Abbreviations may be used for either element. Portion markings use SAR and the program's abbreviation. For example, a secret SAP with the nickname MEDIAN BELL would be marked SECRET//SPECIAL ACCESS REQUIRED-MEDIAN BELL. Portions would be marked (S//SAR-MB).[15]

Multiple SAPs

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Multiple SAPs are separated by slashes.

Compartments

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Compartments within SAPs may be denoted by a hyphen, and are listed alphanumerically. Subcompartments are separated by spaces, and are also listed alphanumerically. Markings do not show the hierarchy beyond the sub-compartment level. Sub-sub-compartments are listed in the same manner as sub-compartments.[16] A more complex banner line with multiple SAPs and subcompartments might read TOP SECRET//SAR-MB/SC-RF 1532-RG A691 D722.[17]

Variations

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Older documents used different standard for marking. The banner line might read SECRET//MEDIAN BELL//SPECIAL ACCESS REQUIRED, and the portion marking would read (S//MB).[18] Other variations move the special access warning to a second line, which would read MEDIAN BELL Special Control and Access Required (SCAR) Use Only or some other phrase directed by the program security instructions.[19]

Involved individuals

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SAP access ergo policy on classified security categories de facto is understood informally as described as those who need to know have access, access is "on a need to know basis".[20] A SAP can only be initiated, modified, and terminated within their department or agency; the Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Homeland Security, the Attorney General, the Director of National Intelligence; their principal deputies (e.g. the Deputy Secretary of State in DoS and the Deputy Secretary of Defense in DoD); or others designated in writing by the President.[21] These offices are better known as 'classification authorities.' They retain the right to declassify or revise classification levels.

The U.S. Secretary of Defense is obliged to submit a report, submitted not later than the 1st of March for each year, to the defense committee on special access programs.[22]

Examples

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The following national or international SAPs, unless otherwise noted, are identified in 32 CFR 154.17:

  • Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI), national intelligence information concerning sources and methods which is protected by control systems defined by the Director of National Intelligence. Note that SCI markings are separate from those of other SAPs.
  • Single Integrated Operational Plan-Extremely Sensitive Information (SIOP-ESI, replaced by NC2-ESI), the national plan for nuclear war. Note that SIOP-ESI was listed among non-IC dissemination control markings on classified documents, not with other SAPs.
  • Presidential support activities
  • Nuclear Weapon Personnel Reliability Program
  • Chemical Personnel Reliability Program[23]
  • Access to North Atlantic Treaty Organization classified information at the staff level

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Information Security Program (PDF) (Report). Pentagon, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense, for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence. 1997-01-14. p. 86. Archived from the original on 2023-02-05. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
  2. ^ "Executive Order No. 8381: Defining Certain Vital Military and Naval Installations and Equipment (PDF), 5 Fed. Reg. 1147 (1940-03-26). Retrieved 2024-11-05. Archived from the original on 2024-11-05
  3. ^ "Executive Order No. 10104: Defining Certain Vital Military and Naval Installations and Equipment as Requiring Protection Against the General Dissemination of Information Relative Thereto," (PDF) 5 Fed. Reg. 1147 (1950-02-03). Retrieved 2024-11-05. Archived (National Archives) from the original on 2006-01-04.
  4. ^ "Executive Order 10501: Safeguarding Official Information in the Interests of the Defense of the United States," (PDF) 18 Fed. Reg. 7049 (1953-11-10). Retrieved 2024-11-05.. Archived (CIA) from the original on 2017-01-03.
  5. ^ a b Relyea, Harold C. (2010). Security Classified and Controlled Information: History, Status, and Emerging Management Issues. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 9781437935776. Archived from the original on 2024-09-03. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  6. ^ "EXECUTIVE ORDER 11652 -- 'CLASSIFICATION AND DECLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION AND MATERIAL' | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved 2019-06-01.
  7. ^ "10 U.S. Code § 119—Special access programs: congressional oversight". Legal Information Institute. Cornell University. Archived from the original on September 5, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  8. ^ United States Senate (1997). Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy: pursuant to Public Law 236, 103rd Congress (PDF). Senate Document 105-2. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-054119-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  9. ^ "Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
  10. ^ AR 380-381, 2004, p. 11
  11. ^ Exec. Order No. 12356, 32 CFR 154.17 (2016) Archived from the original on November 6, 2024.
  12. ^ and NISPOM, 2006, p. 9-3-1 [full citation needed]
  13. ^ AR 380-5, 2000, p. 11
  14. ^ DCID 3/29, 1995
  15. ^ Authorized Classification and Control Markings Register v1.2, p. 9
  16. ^ Intelligence Community Authorized Classification and Control Markings Register and Manual, v5.1, p. 67-68
  17. ^ For the aforementioned notional MEDIAN BELL program, and the RED FAN 1532 and RED GLUE A691 and D722 sub-compartments of the notional SPACKLE CEILING program. It is possible that A691 is a sub-sub-compartment of D722, or vice versa.
  18. ^ AR 380-5, 2000, p. 221
  19. ^ AR 380-381, 2004, p. 37
  20. ^ F.A.S. - Intelligence and Security Doctrine Archived 2021-07-25 at the Wayback Machine published by the Federation of American Scientists [Retrieved 2015-12-13]
  21. ^ Executive Order 13526
  22. ^ 10 U.S.C. § 119 Archived from the original on May 21, 2012.
  23. ^ AR 380-67, 1988, p. 17
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