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Griotte de Kleparow

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Griotte de Kleparow
Leaves and fruit (unripe) of 'Griotte de Kleparow'. When ripe, the fruit is a dark brownish-red.
GenusPrunus
SpeciesPrunus cerasus
Hybrid parentageEither cultivar of Prunus cerasus or hybrid of
Prunus cerasus × Prunus avium
Cultivar'Griotte de Kleparow'
OriginKlepariv (Kleparów), a suburb of Lviv, 16th century

Griotte de Kleparow (Ukrainian: Череха клепарівська, Polish: Wiśnia Kleparowska, French: Griotte de Kleparow, German: Kleparower Süssweichsel, lit. 'Sweet Cherry of Klepariv') is a dark-red morello, or Griotte, type of cherry which originated from the outskirts of Lviv, modern Ukraine.

Origin and history

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The 'Griotte de Kleparow' was first selected and grown in the historical area of Klepariv, now a suburb of the city of Lviv, Ukraine. It is of unknown parentage, although it is probably a cultivar of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). One source states that it is a hybrid of sour cherry and wild cherry (Prunus avium).[1]

In 1555 Lviv's city council issued a law ordering its citizens to protect this variety of tree and encouraging its cultivation.[1] This variety became very popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, and its cultivation spread to other parts of Europe, the United States,[2] and Australia.[3]

It was first botanically described in 1792 by Johann Kraft in his Pomona Austriaca.[4] The first known use of the term 'Griotte de Kleparow' was in Great Britain in 1831,[5] and thereafter this was the most commonly used name internationally in botanical and pomological literature.

In Ukraine, the cultivation of 'Griotte de Kleparow' was neglected in the 1930s and it probably has disappeared. Worldwide, the number of cherry cultivars grown has been dramatically reduced, and this variety is no longer commercially grown. It is probably extinct in most countries, though there is some interest in its preservation in France by a heritage fruit society.[6]

In 2021, a group of activists bought ten 'Griotte de Kleparow' saplings to initiate the return of the cherry cultivar to Lviv.[7][8] In 2022 the saplings were planted at the botanical garden of the University of Lviv, and the possibility of purchasing certified saplings to inhabitants of Lviv was planned.[9]

General description

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Variations in fruit of 'Griotte de Kleparow'. Fruit on the left is the more typical shape (source: from Illustriertes Handbuch der Obstkunde, 1875), while the fruit on the right is from Dictionnaire de Pomologie, 1877.

The characteristics of the cultivar have been described in a number of texts:[2][10][11]

Tree: strong in growth, large, productive. Branches long, slender, and drooping.

Leaves: Summer leaves have light green color with little red nuances. Big leaves, are oval and extended, have a long and sharp end, and are very dented, supported by short, strong, red leaf stalks. Stipules are of medium length, a bit extended at the base, strongly dented. Leaves during period of fruit production have short ends, shrunken at their base, have intense green color and are supported by medium-length leaf stalks.

Flowers: medium or rather small, elliptic, concave petals, covering partially each other; short, a little bit large, almost sharp, strong red divisions of calyx. Pedicel is short and strong.

Fruit: medium size, generally attached in pairs, roundish-cordate to roundish-oblate, sides often compressed; suture shallow, often a line; stem long, slender, set in a wide, deep cavity. Skin tough, clinging to the flesh, glossy, dark brownish-red, deep black when ripe. Stalk 50 mm long. It ripens at the end of July.

Flesh: tender, fibrous, light to dark colored, juicy, with a rich, sweet and sub-acid flavor, aromatic; quality fair.

Pit: small, turgid, almost spherical.

Propagation: The cultivar can be grown from seed.

Uses

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Griotte is the French word for Morello cherry (a type of sour cherry), and the 'Griotte de Kleparow' is distinguished from other sour cherry varieties like the Montmorency cherry by having darker flesh and juice. The cultivar became popular in Europe for use as a table (dessert) fruit and for making cherry juice.[12]

In Germany in 1824, Lippold and Boumann described it as follows:

A very appreciable cherry with dark brown colored juice, maturing in August, and just as good for preserving, as it is for cherry juice. The tree becomes very large, and is very commendable, since it fruits annually and plentifully and never suffers from frost. [13]

In the United States, an 1837 nursery catalog offered grown plants for sale for $0.75 to $1.00 each, and described the trees as "acquiring a medium height, with compact and spherical heads, and able to sustain severe northern climates." It also stated that the cultivar was "most esteemed for quality" and "best for tarts, wine and preserves."[2]

In Great Britain, in 1842 the cultivar was listed as one of 61 cherry varieties "worthy of cultivation" and useful for the table (dessert).[14]

Other names

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'Griotte de Kleparow' has many synonyms in botanical and pomological literature. Some of the synonyms include:

  • Череха клепарівська[15]
  • Prunus caproniana Schübl. var. kleparoviensis Zaw.[16]
  • Belle de Kleparow[17]
  • Belle Polonaise[18]
  • Bonne Polonaise[13]
  • Cerise de Kleparow[18]
  • Czerecha kleparowska
  • Griotte Kleparite[11]
  • Kleparovka[18]
  • Kleparovoska[11]
  • Kleparower Süssweichsel[12]
  • Kleparower Weichsel[14]
  • Kleparower[13]
  • Kleparowska[19]
  • Pohlnische Weichsel[4]
  • Polnische grosse Weichsel[4]
  • Polnische Kirsche[11]
  • Polnische Weichsel[18]
  • Ratafia polonica[18]
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References

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  1. ^ a b Lemko, I. (2003) Lviv above all. "Piramida", ISBN 966-7188-70-1 (in Ukrainian)
  2. ^ a b c William Prince & Sons (1837) Annual catalogue of fruit and ornamental trees and plants cultivated at the Linnean Botanic Garden and Nurseries. William Prince & Sons, New York
  3. ^ Catalogue Fruit Trees. Experimental Garden, Survey Paddock, Richmond, Melbourne Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. (1863) Wilson & Mackinnon, East Melbourne. p.6
  4. ^ a b c Kraft, Johann (1792). Pomona Austriaca. Abhandlung von den Obstbäumen: worinn ihre Gestalt, Erziehung und Pflege angezeigt und beschrieben wird. Gräffer, Vienna (in German)
  5. ^ Royal Horticultural Society (1831). A catalogue of the fruits cultivated in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London. 2nd Edition. Printed for the Society, by W. Nicol, Clevelend Row.
  6. ^ "Quelques cerises du "Montbéliard" et du Doubs (20 variétés)" Archived 2009-08-06 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  7. ^ Tereshchuk, Halyna (2021-12-18). Тільки у Львові – клепарівські черехи. Забутий черешневий смак повернуть містові [Only in Lviv – Griotte de Kleparow. The forgotten cherry taste will return to the city]. Radio Svoboda. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27.
  8. ^ Клепарівські черехи: відродження гастрономічного бренду Львова. Радіодень [Griotte de Kleparow: revival of the gastronomic brand of Lviv. Radio day]. Suspilne Lviv. 2021-12-22. Archived from the original on 2021-12-27.
  9. ^ Клепарівські черехи повернулися [Griotte de Kleparow cherries have returned]. Ratusha. 2022-04-06.
  10. ^ Pomologie Générale (1882) Vol. 11, p.150] (in French)
  11. ^ a b c d Hedrick, U. P. (1914). The Cherries of New York. Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year 1914. Vol.2, Albany, J. B. Lyon company, state printers.
  12. ^ a b Lucas E., Oberdieck G. (1875) Illustriertes Handbuch der Obstkunde. Stuttgart. (in German)
  13. ^ a b c Lippold, J. F., Baumann, G. (1824) Taschenbuch des verständigen gärtners, Vol. 1, J. G. Cotta's chen Buchhandlung, Stuttgart. (in German)
  14. ^ a b Royal Horticultural Society (1831). A catalogue of the fruits cultivated in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London. 3rd Edition. Printed for the Society, by W. Nicol, Clevelend Row.
  15. ^ "Вишня" Encyclopedia of Ukraine (1993) Vol.1, Lviv (in Ukrainian)
  16. ^ Woloszczak, E. (1904) "Flora Polonica exsiccata". Botanisches Zentralblatt, Cassell. (in German)
  17. ^ Bulletin (1868). Société des lettres, sciences et arts du département de la Lozère. (in French)
  18. ^ a b c d e Dochnahl, Friedrich Jakob. (1858) Der sichere Führer in der Obstkunde auf botanisch-pomologischem Wege., Wilhelm Schmid, Nürnberg. (in German)
  19. ^ Towarzystwo Popierania Polskiej Nauk Rolnictwa i Leśnictwa (1939). Roczniki nauk rolniczych, Vol. 46, Państwowe Wydawn. Rosnicze i Leśne. (in Polish)
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